SUBTEST 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Maya Civilization
A
(250-900 CE) a civilization from the modern-day Yucatan Peninsula; known for its advancement in mathematics, astronomy, and architecture, including elaborate pyramids.
2
Q
Renaissance
A
The rebirth of Europe’s interest in ancient civilizations of Greece and Rome including interest in art and literature. (roughly 1300 CE to 1600 CE); spurred by trading and the Crusades.
3
Q
Manor
A
Unit of land, originally a feudal lordship, consisting of a lord’s lands and other lands rented to tenants.
4
Q
Samurai
A
Warriors in feudal Japan; military nobility.
5
Q
Muhammad
A
The founder of the religion known as Islam.
6
Q
Tetrarchy
A
A system of government established by Emperor Diocletian in 293 AD, dividing the Roman Empire into four regions, each ruled by an Augustus (senior emperor) and a Caesar (junior emperor) to improve administration and stability.
7
Q
Copernicus
A
First to discredit the church-accepted theory of an Earth-centered universe.
8
Q
Normans
A
A people from France who invaded Great Britain in 1066 CE
9
Q
Silk Road
A
A trade route that ran (100 BCE to 1300 CE) from China through Afghanistan and into Persia and Eastern Europe that carried goods and ideas between civilizations.
10
Q
Byzantine Empire
A
A vast, ancient empire; the eastern portion of the empire survived until conquered by the Ottoman army in 1453
11
Q
Umayyad Caliphate
A
The first great Caliphate Empire following the prophet Muhammad’s death, and the first great Muslim dynasty (661 - 750); responsible for the rapid expansion of Islam westward through North Africa into Spain and eastward throughout the Middle East and into India.
12
Q
Shogun
A
Hereditary commander-in-chief of feudal Japan.
13
Q
Edict of Milan (313 CE)
A
A religious tolerance edict passed by Roman Emperor Constantine in 313 AD; allowed for the spread of Christianity throughout Europe and ended the legal persecution of early Christians.
14
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
The beginning of the decline in the Catholic Church’s political power, shifting away from the view that good works could earn a person a spot in heaven, to the belief that salvation came only through the grace of God.
15
Q
Cherokee Native Americans
A
A collection of tribes with common cultural elements. Lived in the southeastern United States but were a widely dispersed population. Relied on agriculture, hunting and gathering.
16
Q
Olmec
A
The first Meso-American civilization.
17
Q
Crusades
A
Religious wars that were fought in an effort to recover the Holy Lands from the Muslims.
18
Q
Francis Bacon
A
Introduced the idea of the scientific method and experimentation based on empirical (verifiable) evidence.
19
Q
Division of The Roman Empire
A
Divided by the Emperor Diocletian into the Eastern and Western Empires (285 CE)
20
Q
Printing Press
A
An invention by Johannes Gutenberg in 1450 that allowed for the mass production of printed works.
21
Q
William the Conqueror
A
Leader of the Normans, conquered Great Britian in 1066.
22
Q
Hopi Native Americans
A
Lived in villages called pueblos in northeastern Arizona. Relied on agriculture. Were known as peaceful people.
23
Q
Nationalism
A
Nationalism is a strong, often excessive, sense of loyalty and devotion to one’s own nation, often accompanied by a belief in its superiority over others.
24
Q
Roman Catholic Church
A
The most powerful Medieval institution, supreme in religious matters and a force in political matters as well.
25
Pre-Columban Cultures
The cultures of the Americas before European settlement. Usually includes indigenous cultures as they continued to develop centuries or decades after Columbus' discovery.
26
Caliphate
An Islamic state under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph.
e.g. The Umayyad Caliphate extended Islam into Europe.
27
Enlightenment
17th century intellectual movement centered on the belief that societies could improve through reason, science, and progress, primarily led by the philosophers: Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu.
28
Heliocentricity
The accepted astronomical model that the sun is at the center of our solar system; theory was put forth by Copernicus in 1543 and expanded upon by Galileo in 1632.
29
Feudalism
A social system in Europe divided by class. Kings allowed the lords to own the land, the knights were warriors, and the peasants/serfs did the work.
30
Irrigation
The process of moving water from rivers, streams, and aquifers onto drier areas.
31
Hernan Cortes
Spanish Conquistador whose expedition led to the fall of the Aztec Empire in 1521.
32
Eastern Orthodox Church
Began in CE 1054, when the Church of the Eastern Roman Empire split.
33
Teotihuacan
A civilization known for pyramids, temples and roads.
34
Francisco Pizarro
Captured Cusco in 1532 with the help of internal feuding and smallpox.
35
Toltec
A civilization known for skill in metal work and pottery.
36
Fertile Crescent
A crescent-shaped area from the Mediterranean Sea on the West to the Persian Gulf on the East and that contained extremely fertile soil. Some of the first agricultural communities were settled there and it is sometimes referred to as "The Cradle of Civilization."
37
Mehmed the Conqueror
Ottoman sultan responsible for the capture of Constantinople.
38
Feudal Era
The time period from 1192-1868 when power in Japan was concentrated in the shogun, the daimyo, and the samurai.
39
Iroquois Confederacy / Iroquois League
A confederacy of six different tribes that was the most powerful native group in the Northeast; expanded tribes through war and conquest. Member tribes: Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Tuscarora.
40
English Renaissance Period
Era of English literature situated during the reign of Elizabeth I, famous for drama (plays) and a focus on human character (1550-1660)
e.g. Hamlet (and the rest of Shakespeare's works), Dr. Faustus by Christopher Marlowe
41
Great Schism
The split of the Catholic Church into the Western Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church
42
Scientific Revolution
Refers to the advances made in European scientific and mathematical thought based on a new philosophy of experimentation and belief in progress.
43
Middle Ages / Medieval Period
Period in Europe after the Fall of Rome and up to the Fall of Constantinople (476 CE to 1453 CE); characterized by Kings controlling territories or smaller empires than what Rome had been. Includes the Black Death.
44
Galileo Galilei
Italian mathematician and scientist who furthered Copernicus' idea of heliocentrism, discovered Jupiter's moons, and was credited with the scientific method.
45
Pope Urban II
Pope who called for a Holy Crusade to drive the Muslim Turks away from Constantinople and take back the Holy Land of Jerusalem.
46
Geocentric
Ancient theory of an Earth-centered universe; put forth by Ptolemy.
47
Ottoman Empire / Turkish Empire
Founded in the late 1200s in modern-day Turkey, the Ottoman empire expanded to control Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Eastern Europe.
48
Mohican Native Americans
A confederacy of five tribes along the Hudson River. Lived primarily on agriculture, but also some hunting and gathering. Lived in longhouses.
49
Justinian I
Byzantine emperor who successfully reclaimed lost land and established the Justinian Code.
50
City-state
A sovereign political entity consisting of a single independent city and its surrounding territories, typically possessing complete self-governance and independent political authority.
51
Constantine
Emperor of Rome (306-337 CE); legalized Christianity in the Roman Empire.
52
Islam
A monotheistic faith regarded as revealed to Muhammad as the prophet of Allah.
53
Medici
The most powerful Florentine family, gained their wealth as bankers and used it to beautify Florence with art and architecture during the Renaissance.
54
Koran
The central text of the Islamic religion
55
Rene Descartes
Developed the theory of deductive reasoning; also called the Father of Modern Philosophy.
56
Charlemagne / Charles The Great
Ruler of Western Europe and strived to unite Germanic countries and convert them to Christianity, typically through military force.
57
95 Theses
Marthin Luther's document outlining the 95 corrupt practices that he attributed to the Catholic Church.
58
Constantinople
The capital of the Byzantine Empire, captured by the Ottoman army in 1453
59
Dark Ages
The first part of the Middle Ages (476 CE to 1050 CE); this period began with the fall of Rome and a decline of Western civilization. Some historians feel this term misrepresents the ear and should be phased out of use.
60
Indulgence
Instead of completing traditional penance, an indulgence could be purchased from the Catholic Church to receive forgiveness for a sin.
61
Classical Era (Antiquity)
700 BCE - 400 CE - Refers to the golden age of Ancient Greek and Roman culture, including the writing of classical plays and the works of Homer and a boom in science, math, and philosophy; saw a resurgence during the European Renaissance.
62
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and scientist who formulated the Laws of Motion and the Law of Universal Gravitation
63
Edict of Thessalonica (380 CE)
Edict passed by Roman Emperor Theodosius in 380 CE; made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire
64
Treaty of Sevres
Following WWI, the Treaty of Sevres dissolved and divided the Ottoman Empire into territories controlled by Britain and France.
65
Inca Native Americans
The largest tribe located on the Pacific Coast of South America. Used mathematical skills. Believed in reincarnation and worshipped nature.
66
Aztec Native Americans
The tribe in central Mexico that ruled itself and used creativity in art, music, poetry, and tattoos. Built temples and used rituals including human sacrifice. Main city was Tenochtitlan, the current Mexico City.
67
Martin Luther
The leader of the Protestant Reformation
68
Code of Justinian
A series of texts developed in the Byzantine Empire that reworked Roman law and influenced jurisprudence.
69
Biological Anthropology
Studies how humans change over time based on biological traits.
e.g. Louis Leaky found that humans probably existed in Africa long before inhabiting North or South America.
70
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
Describes historical population trends over time based on birth rate and death rate.
71
Mediterranean
An area found in the middle latitudes in land along the western coast of a continent
72
Humid Continental
An area found inland in the middle latitudes. It is marked by four distinct seasons.
73
Norms
Rules or expectations that help regulate behavior of individuals in a society.
e.g. Refraining from stealing is a typical norm in most societies.
74
Archaeological Anthropology
Studies ancient societies, the way they lived, and human evolution, using what they have left behind.
e.g. Study of mummies.
75
Climate
A measure of an area's long-term weather patterns.
e.g. Average temperature range in the Amazon Rainforest is 64 to 73 degrees Fahrenheit.
76
Values
A person's or group's standards of behavior based on what the person or group feels is important.
e.g. The values of neighbors are often very different based on their background.
77
Social Conflict
The belief that disagreements will occur in societies where there are differing beliefs and values.
78
Biome
A classification of similar ecosystems. Biomes are classified by their types of plants, animals, soil, temperature, climate, and location.
79
Bering Land Bridge
An area of land exposed during the last Ice Age in what is now the Bering Strait between modern-day Russia and Alaska, used by prehistoric humans to migrate into the Western Hemisphere.
80
Humid Subtropical
An area found in the middle latitudes along the southeastern coast of continents.
81
Arctic
The area north of the Arctic Circle
82
Human Migration
The movement of people from one location to another
83
Ethnicity
A social distinction; a cultural group who often share a common language, traditions, values or beliefs, or other cultural traits.
84
Linguistic Anthropology
Studies languages, their likenesses and differences, in addition to how they change over time, and also how they relate to culture.
e.g. Study how many languages there are in the world and how they relate to each other.
85
Social Solidarity
When a society is brought together by common values, work, kinship, and/or education.
e.g. Religious affiliations often brings about social solidarity.
86
Role
The expected characteristics or behaviors of a person or group as related to others.
e.g. The role of parents is to provide food, shelter, and safety for their children.
87
Weather
A measure of an area's short-term atmospheric conditions.
e.g. 70% chance of rain with a high of 80 degrees today.
88
Status
The position that a person has in a group or setting.
e.g. The class president has a high status in school.
89
Negative Sanctions in Socialization
The disapproval of some activities in a society.
e.g. Smoking marijuana has a negative sanction in many areas of society.
90
Ethnography
The detailed study of one culture in particular.
e.g. The class made a study of the Chinese culture.
91
Desert
An area with extreme temperatures and little to no precipitation (less than 10 inches of rain a year)
e.g. The Gobi Desert
92
Temperate Zones
The areas between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (23.5 degrees N and S) and the Arctic and Antarctic Circles (66.5 degrees N and S)
e.g. Pampas
93
Sociology
The study of the relationships and interactions between groups and institutions.
e.g. Religious organizations, families, states, crime.
94
Tropical Rainforest
An area with high temperature and precipitation year round. Often has high humidity.
e.g. Amazon Rainforest
95
Positive Sanctions in Socialization
The approval of some activities in a society.
e.g. Getting a good education has a positive sanction in many areas of society.
96
Elevation
Distance above sea level
97
Canal
A man-made waterway made to allow boats to pass through or to transport water for irrigation purposes.
e.g. Panama Canal
98
Taiga
An area found in the high latitudes and far from the ocean.
99
Socio-Economic Status
Social and economic standing within a group.
100
Group (in sociology)
Two or more people who have common norms and have interactions over a period of time.
e.g. Several teachers who like to cook formed their own group.
101
Cultural Anthropology
Studies human cultures in the recent past as well as in the present.
e.g. Study of work habits in Ancient Egypt.
102
Savannah
An area marked by seasonal rains.
103
Pull Factor
Pull factors are circumstances or conditions that attract or draw individuals to move to a particular destination.
e.g. People might want to resettle in another location due to increased economic opportunities or freedoms in the new location.
104
Social Control
The methods that are used in a society to encourage compliance of rules, regulations, and behaviors.
e.g. Parent and schools use social controls to encourage good behavior.
105
Tropics
The region between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees south latitude); warm temperatures; high rainfall
e.g. Amazon Rainforest
106
Equator
The center line of latitude around the middle of the Earth that divides the globe into a Northern and Southern hemisphere.
107
Socialization
The process of learning the norms and customs of a group or culture.
e.g. Students moving to a new town and school need to know how to practice socialization skills.
108
Orographic Lift
A redirection of wind when it is forced upward to travel over the top of the mountain and then down the other side.
109
Primary Groups
A group of people who have a frequent close interactions and intimacy with others in the group.
e.g. Grade level teachers often form primary groups.
110
El Nino
A phenomenon in which the surface temperature of the Pacific Ocean near the Equator becomes warmer than normal, which changes weather patterns around the world. One major effect is dry weather in Asia when they would normally be in the monsoon season.
111
Push Factor
Circumstances or conditions in a person's home country that motivate or force them to leave.
e.g. People might choose to leave their homeland due to political instability or economic hardship.
112
Rain Shadow Effect
The phenomenon in which desert-like conditions appear on the leeward side of a mountain or mountain range.
e.g. Death Valley
113
Networks
Social ties form one group or individual to another, usually for information or benefiting others in the groups.
e.g. Twitter is a commonly used social network.
114
Tundra
An area with cold temperatures and little to no precipitation. Generally found near the poles.
115
Antarctic
The area south of the Antarctic Circle.
116
Secondary Groups
A group of people who have little close interaction or intimacy.
e.g. Members of different grades in schools are often considered to be in secondary groups.
117
Steppes
An area found far from the ocean in the middle latitudes. It is marked by extreme seasons.
118
Marine
An area found in the middle latitudes in areas near or surrounded by water.
119
Great Pyramids
Large geometrically perfect monuments in which pharaohs were buried. They are an example of the technological advancements of the Egyptians.
120
Neolithic Era
Began with the introduction of agriculture, sometimes called the Agricultural Revolution, which prompted the switch from nomadic to sedentary lifestyles, allowing for the development of permanent settlements and, eventually, the dawn of civilization.
121
Punic Wars
A series of three wars by the Romans against the Phoenicians for dominance of the Mediterranean Sea. (264-146 BCE)
122
Siddhartha Gautama
The first buddha, founder of the Buddhist religion.
123
Agricultural Revolution
(10,000 BCE) discovery of agriculture; began the transition from nomadic to sedentary life; allowed for the development of civilization; marks the switch from Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) to Neolithic Era (New Stone Age)
124
Euclid
Greek. "Father of Geometry"
125
