Substitution reactions Flashcards
1
Q
what are nucleophiles?
A
elctron pair donors
2
Q
give 3 examples of nucleophiles?
A
- water
- ammonia
- hydroxide ions
3
Q
what reaction mechanism do haloalkanes undergo?
A
nucleophillic substitution
4
Q
what type of reaction is nucleophilic substitution?
A
hydrolysis
- bond is broken through addition of water
5
Q
describe the nucleophilic substitution mechanism
A
- curly arrow from nucleophile lone pair to delta positive carbon on haloalkane
- arrow from delta pos carbon to delta negative halogen
- alcohol and halide ion forms as lone pair from nucleophile is attracted and donated to carbon
6
Q
state the reagents and the conditions for nucleophilic substitution of haloalkanes
A
- heat under reflux
- aqueous sodium hydroxide
7
Q
how do you compare reactivities of different carbon-halogne bonds?
A
add water –> alcohol
add silver nitrate solution –> precipitate
I- = pale yellow
Br- = cream
Cl- = white
