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Organic Chemistry NCEA Level 3 > Substitution > Flashcards

Substitution Flashcards

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1
Q

Alkane -> Haloalkane

A

Add Br2 or Cl2. Requires UV light.

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2
Q

Alcohol -> Haloalkane

A

Add halide (SOCl2, PCl3, PCl5)

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3
Q

Haloalkane -> Amine

A

Add ammonia (NH3)

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4
Q

Haloalkane -> alcohol

A

KOH(aq)

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5
Q

What are the requirements of substitution?

A

Substitution require energy whether that’s in the form UV light or heat.

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6
Q

Carboxylic acid + base -> Salt

A

Add NaHCO3, also produces H2O and CO2. Reaction will cause bubbles due to gas.

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7
Q

Is a substitution reaction slower or faster than an addition reaction?

A

Slower reaction time compared to addition

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8
Q

Acyl Chloride -> Carboxylic Acid

A

Add H2O.
Additional product of HCl.
This reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.
This fumes in damp air and turns blue litmus red.

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9
Q

Acyl Chloride -> Ester

A

Add alcohol.

Additional product of HCl

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10
Q

Acyl Chloride -> primary amide

A

Add 2NH3(alc).
Additional product of ammonium salt (NH4Cl).
Ammonia must be alcoholic otherwise acyl chloride will react with water causing it to create a Carboxylic Acid.

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11
Q

Acyl Chloride -> secondary amide

A

Add primary amine.

Additional product of ammonium chloride salt.

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12
Q

Ester -> Amide

A 
Add ammonia (NH3).
Additional product of alcohol.
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13
Q

Ester -> Carboxylic Acid

A

Add H2O.
Additional product of alcohol.
Must be under acidic conditions (H+/H2O)
Called Acid hydrolysis.

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14
Q

Ester -> Carboxylic Acid and Salt

A

Add a base (NaOH).
Additional product of alcohol.
Called Base hydrolysis or saponification.
Must be under basic conditions

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15
Q

Amide -> Carboxylic Acid

A

Add any acid like HCl or H3O+.
This is called acid hydrolysis.
Must be in acidic conditions.

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16
Q

What product does all esters create?

A

Alcohol.

17
Q

Amide -> Carboxylic Acid + Salt.

A

Add any base like NaOH.

Has to be in basic conditions.

18
Q

Carboxylic Acid -> Ester

A

Add alcohol.
Requires strong base as catalyst like H2SO4.
Process called esterification or condensation.
It’s a reverse acid hydrolysis.

19
Q

Carboxylic Acid -> Acyl Chloride

A

Requires a halide (PCl3, PCl5, SOCl2)

Best halide to use is SOCl2 because it produces gas.

20
Q

Carboxylic Acid -> Amide

A

NH3(alc)

Organic Chemistry NCEA Level 3 (5 decks)

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