Substances Test Flashcards
neuron cell
cells of nervous system that communicate electrochemical information throughout the brain and the rest of the body
glial cell
hold neurons in place. surrounds neurons preform cleanup tasks and insulates one neuron from another. Feeds nucleus. supports nucleus
soma
cell body. accepts information from dendrites and sends information to axon
dendrites
antennae receiving information from other neurons and transmit into soma
skeletal muscle
insulating covering the axon
synapses
communications sites where neurons pass impulses among themselves
axon
takes information to other soma
Myelin sheath
covers axon of some of the neurons to insulate and help speed of neural impulses
all-or-none law
there is no such thing as a partial action potential
action potential
neural impulse. when it starts it continues.
ion
chemical body inside tube with positive & negative charge
brief refractory period
neuron cant fire again for a short period of time after firing
repolarized
resting balance is restored with negative and positive ions outside to fire again
what happens when mylean sheath is damaged
disruption of flow of information between brain and muscles, leading to loss of muscular coordination
how do neurons regenerate
they are unlikely to reform all extensions and links and is a very slow process if it happens at all
neurogenisis
brain can form new nerve cells
do signals move through cell membrane or cytoplasm
cell membrane
micrologia
destroy invading microbes and clear away debris from degenerating neurons
oligodendrocytes
manufacture myelin sheath
neuron characteristics
- neuron cannot divide themselves if damaged or lost
- neurons can live a very long time
- high energy requirements (cant survive a few minutes without oxygen)
nucleus
in the cell body where genetic material is stored
multipolar neurons
have many processes extending from the cell body; all axons except 1 are dendrites
bipolar neurons
1 dendrite and 1 axon
unipolar neuron
have a single process which is divided into peripheral processes that receives information (sensory receptor)
neuron function classification
sensory (afferent) motor (efferent)
neurotransmitter
move across synaptic gap carrying the message from the sending neuron to the receiving neuron
types of neurotransmitters
serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, GABA, endorphins
what does serotonin affect
mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity.
what does too little serotonin affect
low levels are associated with depression.
what does acetylcholine affect
muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, REM sleep, emotions.
what does acetylcholine have a role in
suspected role in Alzheimers disease
what does dopamine affect
movement, attention, memory, learning, emotion, addiction, reward system.
what does excess or too little dopamine do
too much dopamine associated with schizophrenia, too little with Parkinson’s.
norepinephrine
learning, memory. dreaming, emotion. waking, sleeping, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress
what does low levels and high of norepinephrine do
low levels with depression high levels of agitated manic stress
epinephrine
emotional arousal, memory storage, metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release
Gamma aminobutyric acid (Gaba)
neural inhibition in the central nervous system
what does an increase of Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) do
decreases anxiety (tranquilizing drugs like valium)
endorphins
mood, pain, memory, learning
what makes up soil
sand, silt, clay
what is the percentage makeup of loam
40% sand
40% silt
20% clay
what is loam
topsoil
what happens to water on sandy soil
water drains quickly
what happens to water on loam soil
drainage is moderate
what happens to water on clay soil
slow drainage
what does slow drainage do to roots
shallow rooting
how do ideal soil profiles develop
weathering
soil temperature in spring
43 degrees F
properties of soil
physical, chemical biological
5 steps scientific method (simplified)
Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, Share Information
variables
effects the experiment & the outcome
types of experiment variables
experiment & control
nitrate vs nitrite
Nitrates (NO3) consist of one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. Nitrites (NO2) consist of one nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms
10 human systems
- excretory
- respiratory
- nervous
- circulatory
- skeletal
- reproductive
- musculatory
- digestive
- immune
- skin
integumentary system (skin)
skin
what does skin system do
protects inner tissues
skeletal system
bones cartilages tendons and joints
what does the skeletal system do
supports body and provides framework for muscles
muscular system
muscles from the body
what do muscle system do
contract and shorten (movement, heartbeat, etc.)
nervous system
brain spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.
nervous system purpose
responds to stimuli or irritants
endocrine system (immune) purpose
controls body and maintains homeostasis
endocrine system
hormones & glands
circulatory system
blood vessels, heart, blood
circulatory system purpose
transport and deliver
respiratory system
nose, lungs
respiratory system purpose
keep body supplied with oxygen exhale carbon dioxide
digestive system
tube running from mouth to anus
digestive system purpose
digest food take nutrients
urinary system (excretory)
kidney
urinary system purpose
removes waste from blood
reproductive system
reproductive organs sperm, ovaries
reproductive system purpose
produce offspring
carbohydrates
sugar, starch, cellulose
monosaccharides
sugar. fructose & glucose
disaccharide
sugar. 1 glucose molecule + 1 sucrose molecule
polysaccharides
thousands of sugar molecules
what sugar is moved in plants
sucrose
makeup of carbohydrates
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
makeup of proteins
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, amino acids (20)
purpose of protein
enzymes, structural material, regulatory molecules, transport molecules
what happens to protiens during digestion
they get broken back down into amino acids and moved through bloodstream
where are amino acids stored
in food, can’t be stored in body
how many amino acids come from the diet -> _/20
9/20 amino acids come from diet
how many amino acids can be synthesized from raw materials -> _/20
11/20 amino acids can be synthesized
what are complete protiens
animal products
what are incomplete protiens
products lacking 1+ essential amino acids
makeup of nucleic acid
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus
what are neucleotides
nucleic acids that consist of sugar - Ribose or Deoxyribose
5 kinds of Nucleotides
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cystine, Uracil
are DNA and RNA from Nucleic Acids
Yes
where does fiber come from
plants
is fiber digestable
no. humans cant break down bonds
Types of fiber
cellulose, hemicellulose, gums, lignin, pectin, mucilage
Types of dietary fiber
H2O soluble & H20 insoluble
H2O soluble
some hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages
H2O insoluble fiber
cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose
Micronutrients are what percent of dry weight
1%-2%
Water soluble vitamins
8 B complex & C not stored in body
fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Minerals
inorganic compounds such as ions
how many minerals required for normal metabolic activity
17
makeup of lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
are lipids soluble in water
no.
triglycerides
sources of energy & food reserves
structural components of cell membrane
phospholipids and cholesterol
steroids
hormones
percentage of fats and oils in food
95%
simplest type of lipid/ building block for triglycerides
fatty acids
are essential fatty acids synthesized or supplied by diet
3 by diet. others synthesized by body.
Saturated & unsaturated fats
monounsaturated & polyunsaturated
are saturated fats solid at room temp
yes
Are unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temp
liquid at room temp
monounsaturated oil examples
olive, peanut, canola
polyunsaturated oils examples
corn, vegetabels, soybean
saturated fat examples
coconut oil, palm oil, cocoa butter
what is hydrogenation
add hydrogen to saturated fats to form trans fatty acid
where is cholesterol formed
liver
vital part of cell used in hormone synthesis
cholesterol
effect of polyunsaturated fat on cholesterol
reduce all cholesterol
effect of polyunsaturated fat on cholesterol
preserve HDL and Lowers LDL
Insoluble cholesterol forms
HDL & LDL
what do HDL’s do
remove excess cholesterol from tissue and takes it to the liver to degrade
do plants contribute to cholesterol directly
no
who needs the most iron
Women
Where is protien in plants
seed
what has more vitamin C red pepper or orange
red bell pepper
what has more nutrients raw carrot or cooked carrots
raw carrot
is broccoli a good source of fiber
yes
good cholesterol
HDL
bad cholesterol
LDL
Effect of Auxin on plant
apical dominance
inhibits abscission (things falling off)
stimulates ethylene synthesis stimulates fruit development
induces roots on cuttings
Effect of Cytokin on plant
Delays leaf senescence (cell death by old age)
Effect of Ethylene on plant
fruit ripening, leaf and flower senescence (cell death by old age)
Effect of Gibberellin on plant
shoot elongation
Effect of Abscisic acid on plant
stomatal closure
dormancy
what do hormones do to plants
stimulate or inhibit the rate, direction, and nature of plant.
produced in 1 location and used in another
Question 1 of test:
what are the 10 systems of the human body?
- Excretory
- Respiratory
- Nervous
- Circulatory
- Skeletal
- Reproductive
- Musculatory
- Digestive
- Immune
- Integumentary (skin)
Question 2 of test:
What are 2 of the above systems systems of body that could be effected by over consumption of a stimulating beverage (and what would cause it to happen.)
circulatory - alcohol
nervous - coffee
Question 3 of test:
What are 2 of the above systems systems of body that could be effected by under consumption of a protien
immune
muscluatory
PH balance
0-14. 0-6 acidic. 7 neutral. 8-14 basic
What systems do protein effect
musculatory, immune(endocrine)
over and under consumption of protein
over- liver and kidney problems
under- metabolic abnormalities
What systems do fiber effect
digestive
Over & under consumption fiber
over- digestive discomfort, bloating, gas
under- heart disease, diabetes, bowel issues
What systems do carbohydrates effect
circulatory & digestive
Over & under consumption carbohydrates
over- weight gain, high blood pressure
under- hypoglycemia
Types of carb dietes
low - 45%
medium - 55%
high - 65%
What systems do poison and allergy effect
skin, digestive, respiratory
Over & under consumption poison & allergy
over - health complications, sometimes even death
What systems do lipids effect
digestive, circulatory, nervous system
over and under consumption of lipids
over - heart disease, weight gain
under - health issues, hair loss, weak immune system
What systems do psychoactive drugs effect
nervous, reproductive, respiratory
over & under consumption psychoactive drugs
over - death hallucination health issues
What systems do vitamins effect
immune, musculatory, circulatory
over & under consumption of vitamins
over - health issues
under - diseases
What systems do stimulating beverages effect
nervous, immune, circulatory
over and under consumption of stimulating beverages
over - dehydration, heart complications, anxiety
under- withdrawl
