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Substances Test Flashcards

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1
Q

neuron cell

A

cells of nervous system that communicate electrochemical information throughout the brain and the rest of the body

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2
Q

glial cell

A

hold neurons in place. surrounds neurons preform cleanup tasks and insulates one neuron from another. Feeds nucleus. supports nucleus

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3
Q

soma

A

cell body. accepts information from dendrites and sends information to axon

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4
Q

dendrites

A

antennae receiving information from other neurons and transmit into soma

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5
Q

skeletal muscle

A

insulating covering the axon

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6
Q

synapses

A

communications sites where neurons pass impulses among themselves

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7
Q

axon

A

takes information to other soma

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8
Q

Myelin sheath

A

covers axon of some of the neurons to insulate and help speed of neural impulses

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9
Q

all-or-none law

A

there is no such thing as a partial action potential

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10
Q

action potential

A

neural impulse. when it starts it continues.

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11
Q

ion

A

chemical body inside tube with positive & negative charge

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12
Q

brief refractory period

A

neuron cant fire again for a short period of time after firing

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13
Q

repolarized

A

resting balance is restored with negative and positive ions outside to fire again

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14
Q

what happens when mylean sheath is damaged

A

disruption of flow of information between brain and muscles, leading to loss of muscular coordination

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15
Q

how do neurons regenerate

A

they are unlikely to reform all extensions and links and is a very slow process if it happens at all

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16
Q

neurogenisis

A

brain can form new nerve cells

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17
Q

do signals move through cell membrane or cytoplasm

A

cell membrane

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18
Q

micrologia

A

destroy invading microbes and clear away debris from degenerating neurons

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19
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

manufacture myelin sheath

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20
Q

neuron characteristics

A
  1. neuron cannot divide themselves if damaged or lost
  2. neurons can live a very long time
  3. high energy requirements (cant survive a few minutes without oxygen)
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21
Q

nucleus

A

in the cell body where genetic material is stored

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22
Q

multipolar neurons

A

have many processes extending from the cell body; all axons except 1 are dendrites

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23
Q

bipolar neurons

A

1 dendrite and 1 axon

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24
Q

unipolar neuron

A

have a single process which is divided into peripheral processes that receives information (sensory receptor)

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25
Q

neuron function classification

A

sensory (afferent) motor (efferent)

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26
Q

neurotransmitter

A

move across synaptic gap carrying the message from the sending neuron to the receiving neuron

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27
Q

types of neurotransmitters

A

serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, GABA, endorphins

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28
Q

what does serotonin affect

A

mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, impulsivity.

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29
Q

what does too little serotonin affect

A

low levels are associated with depression.

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30
Q

what does acetylcholine affect

A

muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, REM sleep, emotions.

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31
Q

what does acetylcholine have a role in

A

suspected role in Alzheimers disease

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32
Q

what does dopamine affect

A

movement, attention, memory, learning, emotion, addiction, reward system.

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33
Q

what does excess or too little dopamine do

A

too much dopamine associated with schizophrenia, too little with Parkinson’s.

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34
Q

norepinephrine

A

learning, memory. dreaming, emotion. waking, sleeping, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress

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35
Q

what does low levels and high of norepinephrine do

A

low levels with depression high levels of agitated manic stress

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36
Q

epinephrine

A

emotional arousal, memory storage, metabolism of glucose necessary for energy release

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37
Q

Gamma aminobutyric acid (Gaba)

A

neural inhibition in the central nervous system

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38
Q

what does an increase of Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) do

A

decreases anxiety (tranquilizing drugs like valium)

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39
Q

endorphins

A

mood, pain, memory, learning

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40
Q

what makes up soil

A

sand, silt, clay

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41
Q

what is the percentage makeup of loam

A

40% sand
40% silt
20% clay

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42
Q

what is loam

A

topsoil

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43
Q

what happens to water on sandy soil

A

water drains quickly

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44
Q

what happens to water on loam soil

A

drainage is moderate

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45
Q

what happens to water on clay soil

A

slow drainage

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46
Q

what does slow drainage do to roots

A

shallow rooting

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47
Q

how do ideal soil profiles develop

A

weathering

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48
Q

soil temperature in spring

A

43 degrees F

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49
Q

properties of soil

A

physical, chemical biological

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50
Q

5 steps scientific method (simplified)

A

Question, Hypothesis, Experiment, Conclusion, Share Information

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51
Q

variables

A

effects the experiment & the outcome

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52
Q

types of experiment variables

A

experiment & control

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53
Q

nitrate vs nitrite

A

Nitrates (NO3) consist of one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms. Nitrites (NO2) consist of one nitrogen atom and two oxygen atoms

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54
Q

10 human systems

A
  1. excretory
  2. respiratory
  3. nervous
  4. circulatory
  5. skeletal
  6. reproductive
  7. musculatory
  8. digestive
  9. immune
  10. skin
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55
Q

integumentary system (skin)

A

skin

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56
Q

what does skin system do

A

protects inner tissues

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57
Q

skeletal system

A

bones cartilages tendons and joints

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58
Q

what does the skeletal system do

A

supports body and provides framework for muscles

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59
Q

muscular system

A

muscles from the body

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60
Q

what do muscle system do

A

contract and shorten (movement, heartbeat, etc.)

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61
Q

nervous system

A

brain spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors.

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62
Q

nervous system purpose

A

responds to stimuli or irritants

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63
Q

endocrine system (immune) purpose

A

controls body and maintains homeostasis

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64
Q

endocrine system

A

hormones & glands

65
Q

circulatory system

A

blood vessels, heart, blood

66
Q

circulatory system purpose

A

transport and deliver

67
Q

respiratory system

A

nose, lungs

68
Q

respiratory system purpose

A

keep body supplied with oxygen exhale carbon dioxide

69
Q

digestive system

A

tube running from mouth to anus

70
Q

digestive system purpose

A

digest food take nutrients

71
Q

urinary system (excretory)

A

kidney

72
Q

urinary system purpose

A

removes waste from blood

73
Q

reproductive system

A

reproductive organs sperm, ovaries

74
Q

reproductive system purpose

A

produce offspring

75
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugar, starch, cellulose

76
Q

monosaccharides

A

sugar. fructose & glucose

77
Q

disaccharide

A

sugar. 1 glucose molecule + 1 sucrose molecule

78
Q

polysaccharides

A

thousands of sugar molecules

79
Q

what sugar is moved in plants

A

sucrose

80
Q

makeup of carbohydrates

A

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

81
Q

makeup of proteins

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, amino acids (20)

82
Q

purpose of protein

A

enzymes, structural material, regulatory molecules, transport molecules

83
Q

what happens to protiens during digestion

A

they get broken back down into amino acids and moved through bloodstream

84
Q

where are amino acids stored

A

in food, can’t be stored in body

85
Q

how many amino acids come from the diet -> _/20

A

9/20 amino acids come from diet

86
Q

how many amino acids can be synthesized from raw materials -> _/20

A

11/20 amino acids can be synthesized

87
Q

what are complete protiens

A

animal products

88
Q

what are incomplete protiens

A

products lacking 1+ essential amino acids

89
Q

makeup of nucleic acid

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus

90
Q

what are neucleotides

A

nucleic acids that consist of sugar - Ribose or Deoxyribose

91
Q

5 kinds of Nucleotides

A

Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cystine, Uracil

92
Q

are DNA and RNA from Nucleic Acids

A

Yes

93
Q

where does fiber come from

A

plants

94
Q

is fiber digestable

A

no. humans cant break down bonds

95
Q

Types of fiber

A

cellulose, hemicellulose, gums, lignin, pectin, mucilage

96
Q

Types of dietary fiber

A

H2O soluble & H20 insoluble

97
Q

H2O soluble

A

some hemicellulose, pectin, gums, mucilages

98
Q

H2O insoluble fiber

A

cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose

99
Q

Micronutrients are what percent of dry weight

A

1%-2%

100
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

8 B complex & C not stored in body

101
Q

fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

102
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic compounds such as ions

103
Q

how many minerals required for normal metabolic activity

A

17

104
Q

makeup of lipids

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

105
Q

are lipids soluble in water

A

no.

106
Q

triglycerides

A

sources of energy & food reserves

107
Q

structural components of cell membrane

A

phospholipids and cholesterol

108
Q

steroids

A

hormones

109
Q

percentage of fats and oils in food

A

95%

110
Q

simplest type of lipid/ building block for triglycerides

A

fatty acids

111
Q

are essential fatty acids synthesized or supplied by diet

A

3 by diet. others synthesized by body.

112
Q

Saturated & unsaturated fats

A

monounsaturated & polyunsaturated

113
Q

are saturated fats solid at room temp

A

yes

114
Q

Are unsaturated fats solid or liquid at room temp

A

liquid at room temp

115
Q

monounsaturated oil examples

A

olive, peanut, canola

116
Q

polyunsaturated oils examples

A

corn, vegetabels, soybean

117
Q

saturated fat examples

A

coconut oil, palm oil, cocoa butter

118
Q

what is hydrogenation

A

add hydrogen to saturated fats to form trans fatty acid

119
Q

where is cholesterol formed

A

liver

120
Q

vital part of cell used in hormone synthesis

A

cholesterol

121
Q

effect of polyunsaturated fat on cholesterol

A

reduce all cholesterol

122
Q

effect of polyunsaturated fat on cholesterol

A

preserve HDL and Lowers LDL

123
Q

Insoluble cholesterol forms

A

HDL & LDL

124
Q

what do HDL’s do

A

remove excess cholesterol from tissue and takes it to the liver to degrade

125
Q

do plants contribute to cholesterol directly

A

no

126
Q

who needs the most iron

A

Women

127
Q

Where is protien in plants

A

seed

128
Q

what has more vitamin C red pepper or orange

A

red bell pepper

129
Q

what has more nutrients raw carrot or cooked carrots

A

raw carrot

130
Q

is broccoli a good source of fiber

A

yes

131
Q

good cholesterol

A

HDL

132
Q

bad cholesterol

A

LDL

133
Q

Effect of Auxin on plant

A

apical dominance
inhibits abscission (things falling off)
stimulates ethylene synthesis stimulates fruit development
induces roots on cuttings

134
Q

Effect of Cytokin on plant

A

Delays leaf senescence (cell death by old age)

135
Q

Effect of Ethylene on plant

A

fruit ripening, leaf and flower senescence (cell death by old age)

136
Q

Effect of Gibberellin on plant

A

shoot elongation

137
Q

Effect of Abscisic acid on plant

A

stomatal closure
dormancy

138
Q

what do hormones do to plants

A

stimulate or inhibit the rate, direction, and nature of plant.

produced in 1 location and used in another

139
Q

Question 1 of test:
what are the 10 systems of the human body?

A
  1. Excretory
  2. Respiratory
  3. Nervous
  4. Circulatory
  5. Skeletal
  6. Reproductive
  7. Musculatory
  8. Digestive
  9. Immune
  10. Integumentary (skin)
140
Q

Question 2 of test:
What are 2 of the above systems systems of body that could be effected by over consumption of a stimulating beverage (and what would cause it to happen.)

A

circulatory - alcohol
nervous - coffee

141
Q

Question 3 of test:
What are 2 of the above systems systems of body that could be effected by under consumption of a protien

A

immune
muscluatory

142
Q

PH balance

A

0-14. 0-6 acidic. 7 neutral. 8-14 basic

143
Q

What systems do protein effect

A

musculatory, immune(endocrine)

144
Q

over and under consumption of protein

A

over- liver and kidney problems
under- metabolic abnormalities

145
Q

What systems do fiber effect

A

digestive

146
Q

Over & under consumption fiber

A

over- digestive discomfort, bloating, gas
under- heart disease, diabetes, bowel issues

147
Q

What systems do carbohydrates effect

A

circulatory & digestive

148
Q

Over & under consumption carbohydrates

A

over- weight gain, high blood pressure
under- hypoglycemia

149
Q

Types of carb dietes

A

low - 45%
medium - 55%
high - 65%

150
Q

What systems do poison and allergy effect

A

skin, digestive, respiratory

151
Q

Over & under consumption poison & allergy

A

over - health complications, sometimes even death

152
Q

What systems do lipids effect

A

digestive, circulatory, nervous system

153
Q

over and under consumption of lipids

A

over - heart disease, weight gain
under - health issues, hair loss, weak immune system

154
Q

What systems do psychoactive drugs effect

A

nervous, reproductive, respiratory

155
Q

over & under consumption psychoactive drugs

A

over - death hallucination health issues

156
Q

What systems do vitamins effect

A

immune, musculatory, circulatory

157
Q

over & under consumption of vitamins

A

over - health issues
under - diseases

158
Q

What systems do stimulating beverages effect

A

nervous, immune, circulatory

159
Q

over and under consumption of stimulating beverages

A

over - dehydration, heart complications, anxiety
under- withdrawl

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