Substances DD

Question 1

Interferons

Answer 1

Species specific proteins

Bodys first defense against viral infection

Interfere with viral replication

Enhance T cells ability to recognize infected cell

Have anti-proliferative effects

Part of non-specific immune system

A type of cytokine

Question 2

Arachidonic acid structure

Answer 2

• 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acid
• Phospholipid found in cell membranes

Question 3

Arachidonic acid reaction

Answer 3

• Arachidonic acid is found in the plasma membrane
• Phospholipase A2 will split arachidonic acid
  
  • Stimulated by neurotransmitters and hormones
• Produces local messengers

Question 4

Cyclooxygenase Pathway produces

Answer 4

• Arachidonic acid–>
  
  • Prostaglandins
  • Prostacyclin
  • Thromboxanes

Question 5

Lipooxygenase Pathway

Answer 5

• Splits arachidonic acid–>
  
  • to form leukotrienes

Question 6

Explain NSAIDS

Answer 6

• Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
  
  • Aspirin, ibuprofen, Naproxen
  • Inactivate COX1 and 2

Question 7

What explains the link btw clotting and inflammation

Answer 7

• Patelets are stimulated by
  
  • collagen, thrombin, adenosine diphosphate and antigen-antibody complexes
• Platelets release serotonin and histamin
  
  • Increases vascular permeability

Question 8

What are the 2 most vasoactive amines

Answer 8

Serotonin and Histamine

Question 9

Where does serotonin have vasodilation vs vasoconstriction activities

Answer 9

• In peripheral areas ( skeletal muscles, vessels of skin)
  
  • Vasodilation
• Vessels of brain, lungs, internal organs, uterus, kidneys
  
  • Vasoconstriction

Question 10

What type of tumors is serotonin related with

Answer 10

Carcinoid tumors (composed of chromaffin tissue) secrete tons of serotonin

Question 11

Enterochromaffin cells produce 3

Answer 11

Histamine

Serotonin

Gastrin

(enteroendocrine cell)

Question 12

Which cytokines stimulate mast cell degranulation

Answer 12

IL-1 and IL-8

Question 13

Histamin is synthesized from

similar structurally to

Answer 13

Synthesized from histidine by L-histidine decarboxylase

Similar to epinephrine

norepinephrine

Serotonin

Question 14

Bradykinin

Mediates

Formation

Answer 14

• Mediates vascular permeability, arteriolar dilation and pain
• Most potent vasodilators
• Formed by Clotting factor 12 (Hageman factor)–> activated by collagen–> cleaves prekallikrein->kallikrein which cleaves–> kininogen–> forming Bradykinin

Question 15

Plasmin function

Answer 15

• Serine protease
• Breaks down fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products
• Fibrinolysis is a normal hemostatic response

Question 16

Fibrinogen is needed for

Converted to

Answer 16

• Plasma protein needed for coagulation
• Converted to fibrin by thrombin
  
  • and ionized by calcium

Question 17

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

Answer 17

• Renin
  
  • Kidneys releases renin from macula densa to circulation in response to
  • Decreased: NA in fluid of distal CT, glomerular filtration rate, renal hypotension
• Angiotensin
  
  • Produced from liver
  • Activated by renin–> angio I
  • Angio I -(enzymes in lung)-> Angio II
  • Stimulates: Adrenal cortex aldosterone release, Increase Na up take at DCT, water uptake, inc BP, constriction of blood vessels

Question 18

Sickle cell anemia results from what type of mutation

Answer 18

Missense mutation

Glutamate is replaced with valine

Question 19

Types of grafts

Autologous

Syngeneic

Allogeneic

Xenogeneic

Answer 19

• Autologous
  
  • Self tissue (burn victims)
• Syngeneic
  
  • Genetically identical individuals
• Allogeneic
  
  • Genetically diff, same species