Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PCE > Substance-related disorders > Flashcards

Substance-related disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Withdrawal

A

The development of a substance-specific syndrome due to cessation of substance use that has been heavy or prolonged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Tolerance

A

The need for increased amounts of the substance to achieve the desired affect or diminished effect if using the same amount of the substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Withdrawal symptoms of a drug are usually __________ its intoxication effects.

For example, alcohol is sedating, but alcohol withdrawal can lead to _________ and __________

A

Opposite to

excitation, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____________ is the most commonly abused substance in the US

A

Alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most adults will show some signs of intoxication with a BAL > ____ and obvious signs with BAL > ____mg/dL

A

100

150

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ethanol, along with methanol and ethylene glycol, can be a cause of metabolic acidosis with increased anion gap

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the effects of alcohol in the CNS?

A

Alcohol activates GABA and serotonin receptors, and inhibits glutamate receptors and voltage-gated Ca channels.

GABA receptors are inhibitory and glutamate receptors are excitatory, so alcohol is a potent CNS depressant.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Delirium tremens has a _____% mortality rate, but only occurs in ____% of patients that are hospitalized for EtOH withdrawal

A

15-20%

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are confabulations?

A

Memories of events that never occurred, sometimes referred to as false memories.

Associated with Korsakoff psychosis

Patients are unaware that they are “making these up”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In a person with alcohol withdrawal syndrome, how would you treat someone with seizures?

A

Treat with benzodiazepines

(These stimulate GABA receptors and are an anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If a patient in alcohol withdrawal experiences Delirium Tremens, how long after the last drink does this usually occur?

A

Usually begins 48-72 hours after the last drink; 90% of cases begin within 7 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What biomarkers are useful in detecting recent prolonged drinking or monitoring for relapse?

A

BAL

LFTs (AST and ALT)

CDT (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin)

GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase)

MCV (mean corpuscular volume)

AST:ALT ratio >/= 2 and elevated GGT suggest excessive alcohol use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the symptoms of Delirium Tremens?

A

seizures (usually generalized tonic clonic)

visual and tactile hallucinations

increased RR, HR and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do you treat Delirium Tremens?

A

treatment includes anticonvulsants such as phenytoin (Dilantin) and sedatives such as benzodiazepines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of cocaine on the CNS?

A

Cocaine blocks dopamine reuptake from the synaptic cleft, causing a stimulant effect.

(dopamine plays a role in behavioral reinforcement; the “reward” system of the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What affect does cocaine have on a person’s pupils?

A

Dilates them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cocaine overdose can cause death secondary to what effects?

A

cardiac arrhythmias

respiratory depression

seizures

MI

stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the treatment for cocaine dependence?

A

There is no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence.

Psychological interventions (contingency management, group therapy, etc) are efficacious and are mainstay treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the symptoms of amphetamine abuse?

A

dilated pupils

increased libido

perspiration

respiratory depression

chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Heavy use of amphetamines may cause amphetamine psychosis, a psychotic state that may mimic schozophrenia

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What symptoms result from amphetamine overdose?

A

hyperthermia

dehydration

rhabdomyolysis, which –> renal failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the treatment for amphetamine overdose?

A

Rehydrate

correct electrolyte imbalance

treat hyperthermia

23
Q

Symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal

A

prolonged depression

occasionally, complications of their long half-life can cause psychosis

24
Q

What are the symptoms of ketamine ingestion?

A

tachycardia

tachypnea

hallucinations

amnesia

25
Q

What symptoms is pathognomonic for PCP intoxication?

A

rotary nystagmus

26
Q

Tactile and visual hallucinations are found in both cocaine and PCP abuse

A
27
Q

More than with other drugs, intoxication with PCP results in violence

A
28
Q

What is a significant complication of barbituate withdrawal?

A

Death.

Off all the kinds of drug withdrawals, withdrawal from barbituates has the highest rate of mortality.

29
Q

Symptoms of sedative intoxication are synergystic when combined with alcohol or opioids/narcotics.

Long-term sedative use may –> dependence and may cause depressive symptoms

A
30
Q

Treatment of barbituate overdose

A

Activated charcoal and gastric lavage to prevent further gastrointestinal absorption (if drug was ingested in the prior 4-6 hours).

Alkalinize urine with sodium bicarbonate to promote renal excretion.

31
Q

Treatment for benzodiazepine overdose.

A

Activated charcoal and gastric lavage to prevent further gastrointestinal absorption (if ingestion was in the prior 4-6 hours)

Flumazenil

32
Q

Flumazenil.

(use, mechanism)

A

Very short-acting benzodiazepine (BDZ) antagonist.

used for treating BDZ overdose.

**Use with caution when treating overdose, as it may precipitate seizures

33
Q

In general, withdrawal from drugs that are sedating is life-threatening, while withdrawal from drugs that are stimulating is not.

A
34
Q

The signs and symptoms of withdrawal from sedatives/hypnotics are similar to what other drug?

What symptom can occur that is life-threatening?

A

EtOH

Tonic-clonic seizures can occur and can be life-threatening

35
Q

What is the treatment of choice for opiate overdose?

A

Naloxone

36
Q

What is the treatment for sedatives/hypnotics?

A

Benzodiazepine taper

Carbamazepine or valproic acid taper may be used for seizure prevention

37
Q

Name 9 examples of opioids

A

heroin

methadone

oxycodone (OxyContin)

Percocet (oxycodone/acetaminophen)

Vicodin (hydrocodone/acetaminophen)

codeine

dextromethorphan (in cough syrup)

morphine

meperidine (Demerol)

38
Q

Which are the opioid receptors?

A

mu, kappa, delta

39
Q

What is the most common cause of death from street heroin usage?

A

Infection secondary to needle sharing

40
Q

What are the symptoms of opioid intoxication?

A

drowsiness/sedation

nausea

vomiting

decreased gastric motility/constipation

decreased pain perception

constricted pupils

respiratory depression (which can kill you)

41
Q

What is the classic triad of opioid overdose?

A

Respiratory depression

Altered mental status

Miosis

42
Q

How do you treat an opioid overdose?

A

Administration of naloxone or naltrexone (opioid antagonists) will improve respiratory depression, but may precipitate severe withdrawal in an opioid-dependent person

Ensure adequate airway, breathing, and circulation. Ventilatory support may be required.

43
Q

What is another name for Meperidine? How does it differ from other opioids regarding symptoms?

A

Demerol

Meperidine dilates pupils, whereas other opioids cause pupils to constrict (miosis)

44
Q

Is opioid withdrawal life threatening?

A

No, but it does cause severe symptoms:

dysphoria/anxiety

insomnia

lacrimation

rhinorrhea

yawning

weakness

sweating

piloerection

nausea/vomiting

fever

dilated pupils

abdominal cramps

HTN

tachycardia

45
Q

Treatment of opioid withdrawal

A

Symptom-targeted:

  • clonidine (for autonomic symptoms, alpha2 agonist)
  • NSAIDS for pain
  • dicyclomine for abdominal cramps

Severe symptoms: Detox with buprenorphine or methadone

**Monitor degree of withdrawal with COWS (clinical opioid withdrawal scale)

**Use objective measures to assess withdrawal severity (pupil size, tremors, pulse)

46
Q

What is Suboxone?

A

Pertial opioid agonist used to treat opioid dependence.

Contains buprenorphine and naloxone.

47
Q

Rapid recovery of consciousness following the administration of IV naloxone is consistent with opioid overdose.

A
48
Q

Treatment for hallucinogen intoxication

A

Hallucinogens do not cause physiological dependence or withdrawal (though they may cause psychological dependence)

Tx consists of monitoring for dangerous behavior and rassuring pt.

Use benzodiazepines or antipsychotics if necessary for agitated pts.

49
Q

What is an LSD flashback?

A

a recurrence of symptoms mimicking a prior LSD trip that occurs spontaneously and lasts for minutes to hours.

50
Q

What is Dronabinol?

A

a pill form of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) that is FDA-approved for certain indications

51
Q

How do inhalants affect the CNS

A

They act as CNS depressants

52
Q

Can you overdose on inhalants?

A

Yes. May be be fatal secondary to respiratory depression or cardiac arrythmias.

Long-term use can cause permanent damage to CNS (eg, dementia, impaired memory, epilepsy, reduced IQ), PNS, liver, kidney, heart and muscle.

53
Q

How do you treat inhalant overdose?

A

Monitor airway, breathing and circulation.

Identify solvent used; may require chelation therapy (ie, leaded gasoline)

54
Q

Describe overdose with caffeine

A

>1g: may tinnitus, severe agitation, visual light flashes, cardiac arrythmias

>10g: death may occur secondary to seizures and respiratory failure

Tx: supportive and symptomatic

PCE (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions