Substance Abuse Final Flashcards
Last month _________ Americans consumed an alcoholic beverage.
129 million
How many people are heavy drinkers?
16 million
How many people are heavy drinkers?
16 million
Worldwide every year ________ people consume alcohol.
2 billion
How many people die from alcohol use?
2 million
_______ of all US hospital admissions were due to alcohol.
25%-30%
The life span of the chronic heavy drinker is shortened by ____ years.
15
Between _____and ____of drinkers in the US progress to frequent, high-dose use (alcoholism).
10%
12%
How many more men than women have a major problem with alcohol?
two to three times
_______ involves a process where yeast eat sugar (carbohydrates) and excrete ethanol and carbon dioxide.
fermentation
Just _____% of drinkers consume _______% of all alcohol.
20
80
_______ involves a process where yeast eat sugar (carbohydrates) and excrete ethanol and carbon dioxide.
fermentation
Fermentation can result in no higher than _____% alcohol content.
15
Beer: barley, rice, corn will produce ____% ETOH
4-8
Wines: grapes- ______% ETOH
8-15
_____ is a process where a fermented mix is boiled, the precipitate collected and condensed.
distillation
Distillation is effective because the boiling point of ETOH is lower than _______.
water
Distillation can result in _____% ETOH
100
Fortified wine: grapes-______% ETOH
20
Distilled spirits-Average _____% ETOH
50
______ is distilled from fermented molasses.
Rum
_____ is distilled carbohydrates, and flavored with juniper berries during a second distillation.
Gin
_____ is distilled carbohydrates, and flavored with juniper berries during a second distillation.
Gin
_______ is corn with rye and malted (germinated) barley.
Bourbon
____ is distilled from almost any carbohydrate.
Vodka
_____ is distilled from any sugar containing fruit.
Brandy
______ are grains fermented, aged, distilled, then blended.
Whiskeys
_______ is corn with rye and malted (germinated) barley.
Bourbon
____ is malted barley and corn.
Scotch
_______ is corn and both malted and unmalted (ungerminated) barley.
Irish whiskey
_____ is rye and malted barley.
Rye
What are the six levels of alcohol use?
abstention experimentation social/recreation use habituation abuse addiction
______ is a combination of blood alcohol concentration, psychological mood, expectation, and drinking history.
Intoxication
The word “proof” originated from _______ where the proof of a beverage was whether it would ignite gunpowder (57% ETOH content).
England
_____ is the most commonly used convention for denoting ETOH content.
Proof
Alcohol is directly responsible for ______ deaths each year in the US.
130,000
From ______-_______% of alcohol is excreted directly through the urine and the lungs. The rest is metabolized by the liver and then excreted as carbon dioxide and water through the lungs and the kidneys.
2-10
The word “proof” originated from _______ where the proof of a beverage was whether it would ignite gunpowder (57% ETOH content).
England
What is SEC?
Standard Ethanol Content
Men are ______more likely as women to become ETOH dependant.
8 times
__________ are more likely to be abstainers.
African-Americans
One ____ equals half oz of ETOH
SEC
What states are the heaviest consumers of alcohol?
Alaska, DC, Nevada, New Hampshire, Wisconsin
_________ increases with age.
Abstinence
_______ are more likely to drink non-problematically.
Employed
Alcohol is directly responsible for ______ deaths each year in the US.
130,000
_______ is correlated with non-problematic drinking.
Education
over the centuries alcohol, a ___________, has been used as a reward, as food, as a medicine, as a sacrament, as a water substitute, as a social lubricant, as a source of taxes, and as a tranquilizer (to cover emotional and mental problems).
central nervous system depressant
_______ people are less likely to abstain, and more likely to drink heavily.
Divorced people
From ______-_______% of alcohol is excreted directly through the urine and the lungs. The rest is metabolized by the liver and then excreted as carbon dioxide and water through the lungs and the kidneys.
2-10
ETOH provides “_______” calories to the body.
empty
Drinking overall tends to ______ with age.
decrease
over the centuries alcohol, a ___________, has been used as a reward, as food, as a medicine, as a sacrament, as a water substitute, as a social lubricant, as a source of taxes, and as a tranquilizer (to cover emotional and mental problems).
central nervous system depressant
_______ is determined by taking total ETOH sold in the US and dividing by total population age 14 & older.
Per capita consumption
Men are ______more likely as women to become ETOH dependant.
8 times
What is the highest city alcohol consumption in US?
Washington DC
Drinking overall tends to ______ with age.
decrease
What are the states that are the lightest consumers of alcohol?
Kansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Utah, West Virginia
_________ increases with age.
Abstinence
Lower levels of ______ is correlated with either abstinence or heavy drinking.
Education
__________ are more likely to be abstainers.
African-Americans
Administration of alcohol is _______.
oral
_______ is determined by taking total ETOH sold in the US and dividing by total population age 14 & older.
Per capita consumption
Alcohol is directly responsible for _______ deaths each year in the US
130,000
_______adult drinkers in the US have developed alcoholism.
10-12 million
Which country has the highest rate of consumption worldwide?
Russia
The primary psychoactive component in all alcoholic beverages is ______.
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
______ alcohol is a toxic industrial solvent.
methyl (methanol or wood alcohol)
_______ alcohol is used in shaving lotion, shellac, antifreeze, antiseptics, and lacquer.
isopropyl (propanol, or rubbing alcohol)
______ alcohol is used in many industrial processes.
butyl (butanol)
Any beverage with an alcohol content greater than _____% is considered an alcoholic beverage.
2
Other components produced during fermentation, known as ______, contribute to the distinctive tastes, aromas, and colors of the various alcoholic beverages.
congeners
_____ occurs when airborne yeast feeds on sugars in honey or on any watery mishmash of overripe fruit, berries, vegetables or grains.
fermentation
_____ is produced from fermented grain.
beer
_____ is produced from fermented fruit
wine
_____is produced from fermented grains, tubers, vegetables and other plants.
distilled spirits
When did beer brewing and bread making begin?
8000BC in Neolithic times
_____ is the process of separating liquid through evaporation and condensation.
Distillation
A woman absorbs _____% more alcohol into the bloodstream than does a man of the same weight and feels its psychoactive effects faster and more intensely.
30
Female alcoholics have death rates ____-____% higher than male alcoholics.
50-100
Alcohol’s psychological effects are caused by its alteration of neurochemistry in the higher centers of the ______ that control reasoning and judgment and the lower centers of the _______ that rule mood, emotion and craving.
cortex
limbic system
Approximately _______ Americans die each year from cirrhosis due to alcohol consumption.
13,000
When alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed through ________, metabolized by ______ and then excreted.
the capillaries in the small intestine
liver
The liver is responsible for metabolizing _____% of all ETOH in the body.
90
What states are the heaviest consumers of alcohol?
Alaska, DC, Nevada, New Hampshire, Wisconsin
Alcohol _______ breaks ETOH down into acetaldehyde, which is toxic to the body.
dehydrogenase
What is the highest city alcohol consumption in US?
Washington DC
The liver metabolizes about _____oz of ETOH per hour, which results in a BAC reduction of about _____.
.35
.015
_______ are more likely to drink non-problematically.
Employed
What are the states that are the lightest consumers of alcohol?
Kansas, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Utah, West Virginia
_______ is correlated with non-problematic drinking.
Education
Lower levels of ______ is correlated with either abstinence or heavy drinking.
Education
_______ people are less likely to abstain, and more likely to drink heavily.
Divorced people
Administration of alcohol is _______.
oral
ETOH provides “_______” calories to the body.
empty
When alcohol is consumed, it is absorbed through ________, metabolized by ______ and then excreted.
the capillaries in the small intestine
liver
There is a ______% decrease of brain function in chronic drinkers.
60
The range of time to peak effects from alcohol is ______-______ minutes.
30-90
_____ is where the brain smooths out, and folds become shallow.
cerebral atrophy
About ______% passes through the body unchanged in urine and expelled breaths.
10
_____ is where the brain smooths out, and folds become shallow.
cerebral atrophy
_________ breaks down acetaldehyde into carbon dioxide and water.
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
Loss of awareness and recall without unconsciousness due to intoxication by alcohol or other drugs; amnesia while under the influence of drugs.
Blackout
Blood is about ______% water and provides a basis for determining how much ETOH is in the body.
70
The liver is responsible for metabolizing _____% of all ETOH in the body.
90
About ______% passes through the body unchanged in urine and expelled breaths.
10
Alcohol _______ breaks ETOH down into acetaldehyde, which is toxic to the body.
dehydrogenase
_________ breaks down acetaldehyde into carbon dioxide and water.
acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
The liver metabolizes about _____oz of ETOH per hour, which results in a BAC reduction of about _____.
.35
.015
________ and ________ is constant and cannot be affected by coffee, intake of water.
metabolism
elimination
During the last step of metabolism, energy is released in the form of ______and _____.
heat
calories
Alcohol is directly responsible for _______ deaths each year in the US
130,000
_______adult drinkers in the US have developed alcoholism.
10-12 million
Which country has the highest rate of consumption worldwide?
Russia
The primary psychoactive component in all alcoholic beverages is ______.
ethyl alcohol (ethanol)
______ alcohol is a toxic industrial solvent.
methyl (methanol or wood alcohol)
_______ alcohol is used in shaving lotion, shellac, antifreeze, antiseptics, and lacquer.
isopropyl (propanol, or rubbing alcohol)
______ alcohol is used in many industrial processes.
butyl (butanol)
Any beverage with an alcohol content greater than _____% is considered an alcoholic beverage.
2
Other components produced during fermentation, known as ______, contribute to the distinctive tastes, aromas, and colors of the various alcoholic beverages.
congeners
_____ occurs when airborne yeast feeds on sugars in honey or on any watery mishmash of overripe fruit, berries, vegetables or grains.
fermentation
_____ is produced from fermented grain.
beer
_____ is produced from fermented fruit
wine
_____is produced from fermented grains, tubers, vegetables and other plants.
distilled spirits
When did beer brewing and bread making begin?
8000BC in Neolithic times
_____ is the process of separating liquid through evaporation and condensation.
Distillation
A woman absorbs _____% more alcohol into the bloodstream than does a man of the same weight and feels its psychoactive effects faster and more intensely.
30
Female alcoholics have death rates ____-____% higher than male alcoholics.
50-100
Alcohol’s psychological effects are caused by its alteration of neurochemistry in the higher centers of the ______ that control reasoning and judgment and the lower centers of the _______ that rule mood, emotion and craving.
cortex
limbic system
Approximately _______ Americans die each year from cirrhosis due to alcohol consumption.
13,000
Physiologically, alcohol limits the brain’s ability to use ______&_____, thus killing brain cells as well as inhibiting message transmission.
glucose
oxygen
some level of _______ (loss of brain tissue) has been documented in 50%-100% of alcoholics at autopsy.
brain atrophy
______ is another neurological consequence of prolonged heavy drinking.
Dementia
One of the more serious diseases due to brain damage caused by chronic alcoholism and thiamine deficiency is _______.
Wernicke’s Encephalopathy
________ is another serious condition that involves thiamine deficiency, it’s symptoms include disorientation, memory failure, and repetition of false memories(confabulation).
Korsakoff’s syndrome
More than 2300 years ago, Greek physician, _________, observed an association between alcohol and seizures, writing that the prevalence of epilepsy is up to 10 times greater in those with alcoholism.
Hippocrates
The association between heavy drinking and ______ is well documented.
breast cancer
The risk of mouth, throat, larynx, and esophageal cancer are ____ times greater for heavy alcohol users.
6
The inability to learn the _______ necessary to cope with life is a long-lasting effect of alcoholism.
problem-solving techniques
_____ memory is the retention and the retrieval of previously presented information.
retrospective
______ memory is the day-to-day memory functions and in the near future.
Prospective
One of the earliest attempts at imposing scientific reasoning on drinking patterns was by ____, physician, medical educator, reformer, and the first US Surgeon General. He published the first American treatise on alcoholism in 1804–An Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Body and Mind. It was a collection of the prevailing attitudes toward alcohol abuse.
Dr. Benjamin Rush
________ in An Essay, Medical, Philosophical and Chemical, on Drunkenness and Its Effects on the Human Body expounded, in scientific terms his thesis that drunkenness was a disease produced by a remote cause that disrupts health.
Dr. Thomas Trotter
In 1941 psychiatrist ______ and biometrist ______, presented their review of alcoholism treatment literature which contained a section integrating 24 classifications into 4 types of alcoholics.
Karl Bowman
E.M. Jellinek
What are the four types of alcoholics described in 1941?
- Primary or true alcoholics
- Steady Endogenous symptomatic drinkers
- Intermittent Endogenous symptomatic drinkers
- Stammtisch drinkers
Immediate liking for alcohol and rapid development of an uncontrollable need is what type of alcoholic?
Primary or true alcoholic
What type of alcoholism is secondary to a major psychiatric disorder?
Steady endogenous symptomatic drinkers
What type of alcoholism is classified with periodic binge drinking, often with a psychiatric disorder?
Intermittent endogenous symptomatic drinkers
What type of alcoholism is classified where drinkers in whom alcoholism is precipitated by outside causes, often having started as social drinkers?
Stammtisch drinkers
Atropine and Scopolamine are drugs that ______ in the brain.
Block acetylcholine receptors
_____ is allegedly one of the ingredients in Zombie powder in Haiti.
Datura
______ is the only hallucinogen known that passes through the system into the urine unchanged.
Music mole
_______ was synthesized in 1956, and because it had pronounced tranquilizing effects it was tested as an anesthetic.
PCP
