Subcellular structures and functions

Question 1

Ribosomes

Answer 1

-Read mRNA sequence and translates it into a string of amino acids, which fold to become protein (protein synthesis)

Question 2

The main difference between rough ER and smooth ER

Answer 2

Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.

Question 3

Chloroplast

Answer 3

-Contain double outer membrane
-Only found in plant cells
-Responsible for photosynthesis (sun energy into chemical energy for growth)

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

-Regulates cell functions and contains the genetic material of the cell
-The site of synthesis for ribosomes
-Pores in the membrane allow for the selective passage of certain molecules (such as proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the organelle.

Question 5

Synthesis

Answer 5

The production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials.

Question 6

Nucleolus

Answer 6

-Site of ribosome biogenesis (synthesis of ribosomes) -Participates in the formation of signal recognition particles
-Plays a role in the cell’s response to stress

Question 7

Amino Acid

Answer 7

-Molecules that combine to form proteins.
-Building blocks of life.
-When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left.

Question 8

Rough ER

Answer 8

-Series of connected flattened sacs
-Part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
-Plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins
-Sends out proteins for export

Question 9

Smooth ER

Answer 9

-Tubular in form and lacks ribosomes
-Present in eukaryotic cells
-Lipid synthesis
-Carbohydrate metabolism
-Regulation of calcium concentration
-Drug detoxification
-Steroid and hormone production

Question 10

Golgi apparatus

Answer 10

-POST OFFICE OF CELL
-Consists of stacks of membranous sacs
-Modifies, stores, and ships products of the endoplasmic reticulum to rest of cell (synthesize, modify, sort, secrete)

Question 11

Mitochondria

Answer 11

-POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL!!!!!!!!!
-Creates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
-ATP is used as energy for the rest of the cell to use

Question 12

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 12

Used as the primary energy source for most biochemical and physiological processes, such as growth, movement and homeostasis
-Produced by mitochondria

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF CELL
-Hydrolysizes macromolecules
-Destroys bacteria in the cell

Question 14

Vacuole in animal cell

Answer 14

-Small, store waste products

Question 15

Vacuoles in plant cell

Answer 15

4 types; helps maintain water retention which maintains turgor pressure

Question 16

Contractile vacuole

Answer 16

-controls the intracellular water balance by accumulating and expelling excess water out of the cell
-allows cells to survive under hypotonic (not enough solute) stress as in pond water

Question 17

Sap Vacuole

Answer 17

-Stores food and a range of nutrients that the cell requires to thrive, as well as waste products that protect the cell from contamination

Question 18

Food Vacuole

Answer 18

participate in the process of digestion

Question 19

Hydrolysis

Answer 19

-any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds