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Medical neuroscience > Subareas General Info > Flashcards

Subareas General Info Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the subareas of the Brainstem (from most anterior to posterior)?

A

Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata

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2
Q

Focusing on the midbrain - what are the functions of corpora quadragemina?

A

Corpora quadragemina, also known as Colliculi - responds to environmental stimuli to direct reflexive movement
1. Superior Colliculi = visual information, eye movement
2. Inferior Colliculi = auditory information

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3
Q

What’s the function of Periaquaductal grey?

A
  • Modulation of pain perception
  • Maternal and defensive behavior
  • Autonomic movements e.g. vocalization
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4
Q

What’d the function of SNpc, VTA?

A
  1. SNpc
    • nigrostrietal pathway
  2. VTA
    • mesolimbic pathway
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5
Q

What diseases are connected to brainstem?

A
  1. Parkinson’s disease
  2. Multple sclerosis
  3. Hydrocephalus
  4. Diverse nerve palsies = specific issues with nerves
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6
Q

What area the areas of hippocampus?

A
  1. Dentate gyrus
  2. Cornu ammonis (CA1, CA2, CA3)
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7
Q

What are the functions of hippocamus?

A
  • memory consolidation, memory coordinates (before automatized) - declarative memories , spatial orientation, linking memories to emotions (e.g. fear conditioning)
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8
Q

What disorders are associated with hippocampus?

A
  • Epilepsy, Altzheimer’s disease, Schizophrenia, Depression, Korsakoff’s syndrome, antergrade amnesia
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9
Q

What are the subareas of amygdala?
What are their functions?

A

Basolateral complex = fear response, pain memory (likely connected to hippocampus and nucleus accumbens)
- unconscious conditioning = info comes from thalamus
- conscious conditioning = from sensory (cortical) areas

Central nucleus = pain perception, autonomic responses to emotions

Medial nucleus = smell and pheromone processing
- mating, agressive, or social behavior

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10
Q

What disorders involve amygdala (say at least few)?

A

Depression, anxiety, PTSD, Altzheimer’s, amygdalar lesions, epilepsy, brain tumors

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11
Q

What are the subareas of hypothalamus? Their dividion + function?

A
  1. Anterior hypothalamus
    - Lateral preoptic nuclei = sleep regulation
    - Medial preoptic nuclei = thermoregulation, sexual behavior
    - Suprachiasmatic nuclei = circadian rhythm
  2. Posterior Hypothalamus
    - Posterior area = thermoregulation
    - Mammilary bodies = memory processing
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12
Q

What are the associated disorders of hypothalamus?

A

Disruption to pituitary gland (pituitary carcinoma -> homeostasis, temperature)

Prader Willi Syndrome -> insomnia, mood swings, muscle weakness, obesity

Disruption to mammilary bodies -> memory issuea, connected to Altzheimer’s and schizophrenia

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13
Q

What are the 3 clusters of thalamic nuclei? Name some.

A

Clusters: relay nuclei, association nuclei, nonspecified nuclei

E.g.LGN, VMN, VPN, MGN, Pulvinar

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14
Q

What’s the function of LGN?

A
  • Relay station of visual information
  • Early processing of colours, convergence of signals into chunks (e.g. “lines”)
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15
Q

What’s the function of VPN?

A
  • subdevided into medial and lateral
  • relays sensory and proprioceptic information to the somatosensory cortex
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16
Q

What are associated disorder?

A

Multiple sclerosis (reduction and lesions of thalamic volume), Parkinson’s (change in motor relay stations), Thalamic stroke (disruption to blood flow -> incomplete or damaged sensory relay), schizophrenia (disconnections)

17
Q

What are the main areas of basal ganglia - what are its 2 functions (together)

A

Dorsal striatum (+lenticular nuclei) = putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus interna and externa, subthalamic nuclei, SNcp -> regulation of motor responses

Ventral striatum = nucleus accumbens (connected to vmPFC, amygdala, hippocampus) -> drives motivation, reward, emotion based decisions

18
Q

For each of the following diseases provide - motor symptoms, nonmotor symptoms, cause, treatment options: Parkinson’s and Huntington’s

A
19
Q

What are the main subareas of parietal cortex? (6)

A

Superior parietal lobule, Angular gyrus, Supramarginal gyrus, Postcentral gyrus, Posterior paracentral lobule, Precuneus.

20
Q

What are the basic functions for the follwing - S1, Superior parietal lobule, Inferior parietal lobule, precuneus?

A
  1. Primary somatosensory cortex
    • tactile sensation (touch, temperature, pain, pressure), proprioception + spatial awareness and feeding into circuits leading movement
  2. SPL - spatial orientation, sensorimotor integration
  3. IPL - visual perception, speech, writing, reading, mathematical abilities, attention
  4. Precuneus - visuospatial imagery, attention, self-consciousness
21
Q

What are the symptoms of the following disorders - Gerstmann’s syndrome, Balint’s syndrome?

A

Gerstmann’s syndrome = damage to left parietal lobe
- agraphia (writing)
- Dyscalculia
- Aphasia
- Inability to distinguish left from right
- Finger agnosia

Balint’s syndrome = bi-lateral damage
- difficulties with visual and spatial coordination
- inability to voluntary focus attention (tendo to stay long on something, moves based on capture)

22
Q

What are in general the functions of PFC?

A

Decision-making, executive functions (inhibition, working memory, updating, shifting), attention, goal-directed behavior

23
Q

What are the subareas of PFC?

A

Orbitofrontal, ventromedial, dorsolateral, ventrolateral, dorsomedial

24
Q

What functions are more connected to Orbitofrontal and Ventromedial PFC?

A

Orbitofrontal = evaluating rewards, punishments, regulating emotions during decision making

Ventromedial = working memory, planning, social decision making, “emotional” decisions

25
Q

What are disorders connected to PFC?

A

Disihibition syndrome = utilization behavior, imitation behavior, problems with - cognitive flexibility, planning, inhibition, working memory, impulsivity, attention

  • Schizophrenia (trouble with cognitive control, WM), dementia, ADHD

Medical neuroscience (26 decks)

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