Sub topic test 1

Question 1

SOCIALISATION

Answer 1

The process of learning acceptable norms and values of a culture. The process is divided into two processes; primary and secondary socialisation.

Question 2

FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 2

Where behaviours are governed by written rules and reinforced by government, laws and education.

Question 3

INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROL

Answer 3

Based on unwritten rules whereby behaviour is governed by social expectations.

Question 4

Value

Answer 4

A belief that something is important or worthwhile, right or wrong.

Question 5

Norm

Answer 5

The acting out of values

Question 6

Re-socialisation

Answer 6

The learning of appropriate new norms and values that enable people to operate in a changed social environment or situation.

Question 7

What are the two types of status?

Answer 7

Achieved and ascribed

Question 8

What are the 6 features of a culture?

Answer 8

Norms, values, social roles, customs, language, status

Question 9

What are the four social groups?

Answer 9

Age, gender, ethnicity, social class

Question 10

Norm

Answer 10

A guide to appropriate behaviour for particular people in particular situations. Norms are the acting out of a value.

Question 11

Who investigated differences between animals and humans?

Answer 11

George Herbert Mead

Question 12

What did Mead conclude?

Answer 12

Human behaviour is NOT fixed and we respond to the world (stimuli) by giving meanings to the things that are significant to us.

Animals however, respond to the world with a fixed, conditioned response.

Question 13

Case study; OXANA MALAYA

1. Where was she found?
2. What animal did she grow up with?
3. How did she come into this life?
4. What inhuman features did she pick up being raised by these animals?

Answer 13

1. As an eight year old feral child in Ukraine
2. Dogs
3. Her alcoholic parents were unable to care for her and she lived in an impoverished area where feral dogs roamed, therefore OXANA was taken into the care of the feral dogs roaming the street.
4. She growled like a dog, snarled, barked, crouched like a wild animal, moved on all fours and also sniffed food before she ate it. In addition she has an acute sense of hearing, smell and sight.

Question 14

Case study; Kamala and Amala ‘Wolf girls’

1. Where were they discovered?
2. Which animal took them into care?
3. What characteristics did they pick up? (6)

Answer 14

1. India
2. A she- wolf
3. • they slept during the day and woke by night and slept curled up in a tight ball together. They also growled and twitched in their sleep.
   • they remained on all fours, enjoyed raw meat and would bite and attack other children if provoked. They had spent so long on all fours that their tendons and joints had shortened. It was impossible for them to straighten their legs and even attempt to walk upright.
   • they could smell raw meat from a distance.
   • they had an acute sense of sight and hearing.
   • Amala died one year later, but Kamala lived for nine years in an orphanage, she died at 17 due to illness.
   • Kamala found it very difficult to learn to speak. She only learned a few words.

Question 15

What are the agents of socialisation?

Answer 15

PRIMARY; family

SECONDARY; religion, peers and media.

Question 16

What are the features of a culture

Answer 16

Customs, norms, values, language, roles and status.

Question 17

What is a norm?

Answer 17

Specific behaviour given to a particular situation which is guided by acting out a value

Question 18

Values

Answer 18

General beliefs about what is right and wrong or what we believe is worthwhile.

Question 19

Social roles

Answer 19

Behaviour we associate with a particular role in society, such as father, child, doctor…

Question 20

Language

Answer 20

The symbols we use to share meaning

Question 21

Status

Answer 21

Achieved or ascribed

Question 22

What did Anthony Giddens believe?

Answer 22

‘No culture can exist without societies. But equally, no societies could exist without culture. Without culture nobody can be ‘human’ at all.

Question 23

What is the link between identity, socialisation and culture?

Answer 23

Society is made up of formal and informal institutions, such as media, family and so on.

Culture dictated how these institutions interact with each other by setting norms (behavioural rules) and shaping expectations about social roles that people should play in these institutions, e.g how to be a father…

Identity refers to our sense of self based on subjective feelings of how we see ourselves and how we think other people see and judge us. Kidd suggests identity is being able to figure out who we are as people and how we are similar and different to others.

Question 24

What does Jenkins argue?

Answer 24

Identities are formed in the socialisation process. Through learning a shared culture and through the involvement with other inderviduals, social groups and subcultures, people come to develop ideas about what makes them similar to or different from others and their identities are formed.

Question 25

What does the learning of a culture involve?

Answer 25

The leaning kid roles and patterns of behaviour expected from inderviduals in different positions in society. These include inderviduals identities, such as a father, and also social identities such as gender roles.

Question 26

Primary socio ages

Answer 26

0-4

Question 27

What do we learn during primary socialisation?

Answer 27

Language gender roles and basic norms and values.

Question 28

What do we learn during secondary socialisation?

Answer 28

Norms values and acceptable behaviour

Question 29

Who argues socialisation is not a passive process?

Answer 29

Anthony Giddens

Question 30

Resocialisation

Answer 30

The re teaching of normative behaviour and values appropriate to operate in a new environment.

Question 31

Which sociobiologist argued that culture is the product of biology or nature?

Answer 31

Morris

Question 32

Who notes that socialisation in the family provides children with an identity?

Answer 32

Baumeister

Question 33

What does Norbert Eilas argue?

Answer 33

Socialisation has grown more influential throughout history and in contemporary society, culture exerts a greater civilising influence on inderviduals than at any period of history.

Question 34

What is the civilising proscess? Who introduced it?

Answer 34

Behaviour such as burping become unacceptable and therefore we are seen to be more civilised than the past.

Question 35

what does Morton suggest?

Answer 35

Socialisation involves social control and encouraging conformity. E.g positive and negative enforcement.

Question 36

Who argues that most children have the ability to categorise themselves by 2-3

Answer 36

Durkin

Question 37

Structuralism

Answer 37

Society shapes inderviduals actions

Question 38

Social action or interpritavist theories

Answer 38

Inderviduals actions shape society

Question 39

Rose tinted glasses

Answer 39

Functionalism

Question 40

Two key sociologists of functionalism

Answer 40

Durkheim and

Parsons

Question 41

Structuralism

Answer 41

Behaviour is governed by a structure in society

Marxism

Functionalism

Radical feminism

Marxist feminism

Question 42

Social action approach

Answer 42

Behaviour is constructed through individual choice/ action

Interpritavist theories such as interactionalism

Question 43

Structure and action approaches combined

Answer 43

There is a negotiation between the structure of society and the actions of individuals and groups in societies

Neo marxism

Structuration theory

Liberal feminism

Question 44

Anti structure

Answer 44

There are no structures in society that govern behaviour, culture and identity is purely fragmented and based on individual choice

Postmodernism

Difference feminism

Question 45

What does Durkheim believe about the relation of culture of a society to the individual

Answer 45

Culture of a society is more important than the individual.

Question 46

Social order

Answer 46

Predictable patterns of behaviour

Question 47

Value consensus

Answer 47

The majorities shared views on morals and values.

Question 48

Social solidarity

Answer 48

Sense of togetherness

Question 49

Who argued that culture is the cement that bonds inderviduals together in the form of a society and allows people to successfully interact with each other.

Answer 49

Durkheim

Question 50

Who argues we agree to the value consensus. Can this be challenged? Give an example.

Answer 50

Durkheim

Yes

BLM movement/ rebellio s

Question 51

What did parsons argue about the value consensus?

Answer 51

There are two mechanisms that enable indervidual,s to conform to the value consensus that exists in society. Socialisation and social control (social solidarity and social order).

Question 52

Limitations of the structural approach

Answer 52

• interactionalism
• Marxism; we don’t agree to the value consensus
• radical feminism
• postmodernists; society has moved away from groups of people agreeing to a set value consensus.

Question 53

Who argues that the way society works is similar to that of a human body

Answer 53

Durkheim

Question 54

What a functional pre-requisites

Answer 54

The basic needs of society for example in the organic analogy this would be oxygen and glucose and water.

Question 55

What are the functional pre-requisites of a society

Answer 55

Governing systems socialisation and resources

Question 56

Strengths of organic analogy

Answer 56

Shows the importance of each agent to socialisation in passing the value consensus and meeting the functional prerequisite.
Society is based on the consensus
Nuclear family model is the most effective at socialisation

Question 57

Limitations of the organic analogy

Answer 57

Feminism patriarchal values not by the consensus
Marxism values benefit the ruling class not all members of society
Interdependency can affect other institutions


Question 58

Classify the following related to traditional or modern societies into high power or low power or their relative comparisons. (TRADITIONAL FIRST THEN MODERN)

Socialisation, levels of conformity, level of social solidarity, type of solidarity, level of conflicts, division of labour, homogenous or heterogeneity , bound together by similarity and difference.

Answer 58

High-power religion was more important/less powerful; secularisation: we are, as a society becoming less religious. High/Low. High/lower, mechanical/organic solidarity, low/higher, simple/specialised division of labour, homogeneity/Heterogeneity, similarity/difference.

Question 59

What are the two classes

Answer 59

Proletariat and bourgeoisie

Question 60

Term for how the working class passively take in structure from the ruling class

Answer 60

False class consciousness

Question 61

What are the ruling class said to be doing

Answer 61

Passively consuming the DOMINANT IDEOLOGY

Question 62

Myth of meritocracy

Answer 62

You will succeed if you have talent, effort and ability

Question 63

How do the ruling class control society? How?

Answer 63

Through the means of productions; increased surplus value of the economic base of infrastructure for THEMSELVES while EXPLOITING THE WC.

Question 64

Which institutions pass down the dominant ideology to the WC? What holds these institutions?

Answer 64

Family
Education
Religion
Media
Work

THE SUPERSTRUCTURE

Question 65

Who believed in the ideological state apparatus? (Reinforced by the institutions)

Answer 65

Althusser

Question 66

Who believed the structure of society was divided into two parts? What were these parts?

Answer 66

Karl Marx:

• the economic base: consists of the means of production and the relations of people involved in production.
• the superstructure: societies institutions, such as family e.g. the ideology (ideas and benefits) within these were fundamentally determined by the economic system or by the ruling class (bourgeoisie). Therefore culture and socialisation are merely a product of the ruling class who pas their ideology on to the masses.

Question 67

Marcuse

Answer 67

False needs - material goods that we don’t need but we really want. This can be through advertising which deflects the attention away from the exploitation of the working-class and instead redirect the attention to the issues within the programs of entertainment such as reality TV shows.

Question 68

Criticisms of Marxism

Answer 68

Interactional lists argue that Marxists ignore the freedom of choice that people have in creating their identity. people choose rather than being brainwashed.

Functionalists do not believe that society can be understood in terms of a structural approach, but they do not agree with Marxism that this structure is based on a clause conflict, but rather a value consensus.

Max Webber argues that the economic face/superstructure model neglects the role of ideas. For example he argues that it was the emergence of new set of ideas those of Calvinistic Protestantism which help bring modern capitalism and to be in.

Question 69

Criticisms of the Marxist view on class conflict and exploitation.

Answer 69

Marxism places too much emphasis on conflicts and ignores the fact that capitalism actually has brought about an improvement in living standards for all social classes, including the working class.

Marxism is economically deterministic and reduces everything about its very down to capitalism and social class. They ignore that culture may reflect patriarchal interest, certain ethnic interest, certain religious interests et cetera.

Radical feminists argue that the main conflict in society is not to be classed between gender with men systematically exploiting them into their own benefit for patriarch E.

Marxist feminists believe in the principles of the Marxist argument but save the working-class women in society being exploited at the hands of men.

Question 70

What’s the Marxists argue about socialisation

Answer 70

They argue socialisation is an ideological process which transmits ideas that society is fair meritocratic and that if you work hard you can be successful which generally is not possible to the working class. Brainwashing.

Question 71

Criticisms of the Marxist view on socialisation and ideology

Answer 71

The notation of false class consciousness has been undermined. We are aware of the social injustices in society but we feel that we cannot change them particularly to bring more equality.

Neo-Marxist evaluate traditional Marxism by arguing that not all working-class a passively indoctrinated into the dominant ideology and some can demonstrate a resistance by rebelling through creating oppositional structures such as skinheads et cetera.

Radical feminists believe that socialisation of the dominant ideology can be a form of indoctrination but this indoctrination into patriarchal ideology rather than capitalist ideology.

Question 72

Paul Willis is study into the lads.

Answer 72

This study was located in a school which demonstrated that the boys rejected the dominant ideology in schools and created a counter school subculture, containing many values that were oppositional to that talk by the school.

Question 73

Zaretski

Answer 73

The role of family contributes to the Marxist theory as the family insists on capitalist values, such as obedience, respect for authority which are useful to the capitalist really close to maintain dominance. This brings up children to understand that they will be exploited and also that they won’t be able to recognise when they are being exploited.

Question 74

Criticisms of the Marxist view of the role of the family

Answer 74

Functionalist Parsons disagrees that the family passes down to captors ideology, just reinforcing a class-based conflict. He argues that the family actually build solidarity

Radical feminists argue that the main ideology being socialised within the family is not capitalist values, but actually patriarchal values.

Interactionism argues that individuals are not passive victims of socialisation, but active in the process of socialisation.

Post-modernists argue that there is a choice within the family in terms of socialisation-we can teach non-capitalist values if we want.

Post-modernists also argue that Marxism ignore the wide and increasing variety of family structures that exist in contemporary UK.

Question 75

What does Althusser argue about education

Answer 75

The role of education as an agent of socialisation is dominated by the hidden curriculum.
The hidden curriculum is not taught formally but is taught informally to students. Marxist believe that the ruling class ideology is taught through the hidden curriculum which encourages acceptance of the capitalist system and also conformity.

Al argues That overall, students are not provided with educational knowledge that challenges the existence of capitalism.

Marxist believe that education socialises students into uncritical acceptance of hierarchy, obedience and failure. The working-class are taught to see feel it is their own fault rather than seeing it as the result of certain processes that benefit the ruling classes as they require on skilled and educated manual force of labour.

Question 76

Criticisms of the Marxist view of the role of the education system

Answer 76

Functionalist disagree with the Marxist views of education That it’s socialise is the working class into accepting social inequalities and argue that actually socialise is all individuals into a common culture based on the value consensus.

Interactional list, Dennis one argues that socialisation through the education system is not passive, but a Negotiated process whereby the individual actively engages in the process. Near Marxists also agree with this view-Paul Willis is study into the lads highlights the rebelling of the capitalist ideology in education and created an anti-school subculture.

Radical feminists argue that the socialisation process in education is not legitimately and reinforcing class in qualities but reinforce patriarchal oppression. Sites of oppression include hidden curriculum, school uniform, language difference for teachers, subject choice.

Question 77

Miliband’s view on the role of media

Answer 77

Miliband thanks for running classes the media to transmit dominant/capitalist ideology to the predatory at. This can create a harmful mass culture. We learn our class inequality through media. The media is the new opium of people..

Question 78

What do you mache and Keating state

Answer 78

Popular culture is a false culture devised and package by capitalism to keep the masses content.

Question 79

Criticisms of the Marxist view on the role of media.

Answer 79

Feminists criticise Marxist for focusing exclusively on class and Cattus ideology, thereby failing to account for gender stereotypes that transmitted through the media.

Interactionist disagree with this view. From an action-based approach the active audience model sees the app audience is not passively consuming media but actively selecting what they want to take from the messages in the media and even being critical of them.

Question 80

What do you Marxist believe about the role of religion?

Answer 80

Marxist believe that religion acts as a form of social control, used by the ruling classes to keep the masses in their place. Marks called religion the opium of the people, a drug the lessons the pain of hardship experience by the working-class by promising rewards later in life. For example, Christianity teaches it is easier for a camel is passed to the eye of a needle then for a rich man to get to heaven.

Religion is an Ideological apparatus that serves to reflect the interest, ideas and values of the role in class.

Religion socialises the working-class into three false ideas

1. Promotes material success is a sign of gods favour, whereby poverty is seen as a sign of wickedness, sin and in mortality therefore having money benefits the ruling class.
2. Religious teachings emphasise a blind faith. This serves to distract the pool and powerless from understanding the true exploitation they face reasons behind it.

Religion makes exploitation, poverty and inequality bearable by promising rewards in the afterlife.

Question 81

What does Barrett the feminist argue?

Answer 81

Barrett argues that women’s roles also support the capitalist ideology, to maintain positive feelings and motivation for the capitalist system to continue. The nuclear family model is perceived as ideal and is a place where women can achieve for Filmon through motherhood and household life role. For Barratts, the revolution must also be new expectations about the role that women play in the family to ensure that domestic labour is shared equally.

Question 82

How are 10 mark questions (2) different in how you answer them to type 1 10 mark questions.

Answer 82

In time to turn my questions, you need to add an evaluation at the end of your P.E.D.L However this means only write about criticisms of the argument in question, not the positives.