SU4 Cognitive and Psycho-social development Flashcards
What is the sensorimotor stage
1st stage of cognitive development
infants who obtain info through sensory input and motor activities develop the ability to coordinate info
what is a circular reaction
early cognitive development occurs through circular reactions infants learn to repeat pleasurable or interesting situations that they discovered by chance
sensorimotor substages
- reflexes- (birth-1 month) actions are mostly reflexive e.g. biting and sucking
- primary circular reaction-(1-4 months) beginning of coordination between listening and looking and looking and reaching. -infants’ way of exploring the world is achieved through primary circular reactions which refer to the repetition of actions
- secondary circular reactions-(4-8m) new interest of manipulation of objects. infants repeat actions intentionally to trigger a response. 1st connection between bodily and external actions is automatic (operant conditioning)
- coordination of secondary reactions (8-12m) purposeful behaviour where there is a means to an end. modify and coordinate behavior to find what works
- tertiary and circular reactions-(12-18m)
infants now vary their circular reactions to discover new methods of meeting challenges. walking makes exploring easier. use trial and error to reach goals - Mental representation(18-24m) beginning of insight and real creativity ability to use mental symbols like words and numbers develops infant uses mental planning instead of trial and error
Jean Piaget
greatest contribution to knowledge of infant cognition
cognitive skills in the sensorimotor stage
1.object permanence-Understanding that objects continue to exist when they
cannot be seen anymore. acquired gradually before 8m(out of sight out of mind )
A-not-B error / Perseverating search(inherent effect of search response): if you hide the toy
under container A, the infant will find it, then before
infants’ eyes hide it under another different container (B),
the infant usually looks under container A
masters this between18-24m sustage 6
imitation- copy someone’s behavior. Enables infants to add significantly to their repertoire/range of behavior. they are known able to form mental images of something they perceive
deferred imitation during substage 6(18-24m)-imitating behavior sometime after being exposed to it Mental representations enhance pretend play where
children enact daily activities and hold important
implications for symbolic representations such as
language, categorizing and numbering skills
Criticism against Piaget’s theory
- Underestimated the infants’ cognitive abilities
- Sample was too small and thus not representative-studied a small pool of children not representative of the majority thousands need to be studied before conclusion is reached
- Methods were too simplistic- he did not have innovative research methods just observed them object permanence is too simplistic
- Measurement of brain activity was not available underestimated how rapidly they learn a lot of the skills they develop appear long before he claimed they did
- Least studied from a cross-cultural perspective-underrated socio cultural factors
Receptive language and productive language
understanding language precedes the ability to speak it
who influences language development
fathers
Babies use their own names to help learn language true or false?
true
Children follow the same steps to learn vocabulary, regardless of the language spoken t\f?
true
Babies use their own names to help learn language T\F?
TRUE
PHASES OF LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT\prelinguistic speech
Undifferentiated crying (0-1 month)- crying to signal needs listener cant tell what they need
Differentiated crying (2 months)-listeners can distinguish between the cries and what the baby needs. different pitches and pattern to indicate their needs
Cooing and babbling (2-5months)-squealing-gurgling sounds babies make when they are happy satisfied or excited repetition of vowel sounds dadada caused by a genetic mechanism
Lallation (7-8 months) babies repeat sound or words they hear usually accidental or incorrect
Echolalia (9-10 months)-repetition of sounds and words more accurate and deliberate
Single-word sentences (12 months)-babies use intelligable wwords to communicate
Full sentences (21 months) full sentences develops from 2-word utterances to proper sentences
define personality
Personality is defined as a unique and relatively consistent way in which an individual
feels, thinks and behaves
personality according to Bowlby
Bowlby: Infancy is a critical period of development of personality because it is important
foundations are laid during this period
The big 5 personality traits
- Extraversion-the degree to which an individual engages in the world versus avoidance of social experiences (active and outgoing and enthusiastic)
- Agreeableness-the degree to which a person’s interpersonal interactions are characterized by warmth and compassion (affectionate, kind, and forgiving)
- Openness / Intellect- a reflection of the depth complexity and quality of a person’s intellectual and experiential life versus inflexibility (artistic, imaginative and original)
- Conscientiousness- the degree to which a person can control impulses versus irresponsibility (efficient organized and reliable)
- Neuroticism (emotional instability)-the degree to which a person views the world as distressful and threatening VS emotional stability(anxiety,stress, and overly sensitive
what are the most Important aspects of personality development that emerge during infancy?
Emotions-a subjective state of mind. Reaction to internal stimuli or events that occur in one’s life( psychological and behavioral reactions)
- Temperament- unique and characteristic mood pattern of PERSON inherent and characteristic way a person reacts to stimuli
(feelings and expression) - The self-concept-unique sets of traits and characteristics individuals consider true about themselves
what are the challenges of studying emotions in infancy
babies’ emotional responsiveness is not differentiated immediately after birth
emotional express not always an indication of emotional experiences but also an indication of physiological needs
babies don’t have language to express feelings
Adaptational and protective functions of emotions
Communicate needs
* Mobilise action in emergencies
* Exploration of the environment which leads to learning
When do emotions appear?
Basic emotions after birth (contentment,interest and distress)after 6 m things like joy sandness, fear and disgust appear
- Emotions involving the self- elf-conscious emotions (secondary emotions)e.g empathy, embarrassment, and jealousy only appear after children have developed self-awareness(15-24m)
- Self-evaluative emotions-empathy ability to put yourself in someone’s shoes and feel what the person feels emerges through 2nd year and increases with age. empathy depends on social cognition understanding people
- Emotions involving others-pride shame guilt emerge towards the end of 2nd year when children begin to evaluate behavior against what is socially appropriate
Emotion regulation:
Children’s ability to control and regulate emotions behavior and cognition
Infants regulate emotions by self-soothing behavior(sucking or Turning their body away) Development in emotional regulation is influenced by the development of the cerebral cortex contributes to a child’s abilities to inhibit impulsivity and enable socially acceptable behavior. caregivers also play a role in regulating info
Emotional expression in infancy
Emotional expression in infancy:
* Capable of producing facial expressions associated with emotions
* Smile: Non-selective social smile( sile when pleasent stimuli is introduced) & Selective social smile( reserved for interactions with people)
* Crying: Basic cry & Pain crydemand cryanhry cry
Emotional communication between parent and child:
: babies cry or smile is the fist social action stimulating 2-way communication process
The ability to read other emotions is important in babies’ social and emotional development
* reading people’s emotions are important Establishment of attachment bonds
* Social referencing: actively seek approval or disapproval for their actions from people they trust Indication of their growing rationalization that others have mental states
Thomas and chess temperamental patterns
EASY CHILD- *moods of mild to moderate intensity usually positive
*responds welt change
*quickly develops regular sleep and feeding *schedules and takes new food easily
*smiles at strangers adapts easily to new situations
*accepts most frustrations with little fuss
*adapts quickly to new routines and rules of new games
DIFFICULT CHILD-*dismays intense and frequently negative emotions cry a lot very loud
*responds poorly to change
*sleeps and eats irregularly and accepts new foods slowly
*suspicious of strangers adapts slowly to change
*reacts to frustrations with tantrums
*adjust slowly to routines
SLOW 2 WARM UP CHILD-mildly intense mentions both positive and negative
responds slowly to change
sleeps and eats more regularly than the easy child
mildly negative response to stimuli
gradually develops a liking for new stimuli after repeated exposure
adjust gradually to new routines
Goodness-of-fit
Goodness-of-fit: nature of interaction between baby’s temperament and their
environment
dimensions of temperament
effortful control -to focus and shift attention can plan future actions low-intensity pleasure
Negative affectivity-interruption of ongoing tasks and goal blocking ,fear and discomfort
Extraversion-great motor activity low shyness and impulsivity
The self-concept consists of.
subjective self “I “inherent feeling that i exist. inner feelings
objective self “me” individuals’ qualities that are known objectively such as physical characteristics, temperament and social skills
emotional self -children’s abilities to understand and regulate their emotions
factors that contribute to growing self-awareness and s sense of self
self-agency- babies are aware that their behavior can elicit predictable reactions from other people and objects. 1st step of subjective self
object permanence-ability to distinguish between unfamiliar objects and people, babies realize they are permanent entities
self-recognition- the ability to recognize oneself in a mirror or photo can distinguish oneself from others
self-description- an indication of the development of objective self
emotional self-awareness- arises as the baby begins to understand and control their emotions
what is social development
individuals’ relationship with others
what is meant by attahment
close emotional bond between the baby and caregiver. helps them maintain proximity when they feel threatened. (monkey experiment by Harlow)
Development of attachment Phases according to Bowbly
John Bowlby emphasized the importance of attachment, and the devastating effects separation has
- pre-attachment- cannot distinguish between people 1st 2-3 m reaction to familiar or unfamiliar person is the same
- attachment in the making- focuses on familiar people and lasts 3-6m. Baby reacts differently with familiar and unfamiliar people. Baby gets upset when separated from the caregiver
- The phase of clear-cut attachment-active proximity search lasts 3-6m. Clear attachment to the caregiver Babies wants to be in the presence of the caregiver all the time and cry when the caregiver leaves.
- reciprocal relationship-partnership behaviour. complex attachment. try to influence caregivers’ behavior to adapt to their needs
types of attachment
secure attachment-mothers are their security base. Happy when mom is present and upset when she leaves. babies are more welcoming to strangers when mom is present. welcome body contact with the mom
- avoidant attachment upset when mom leaves and avoids her when she’s back. Not disturbed by strangers but avoids them when they come back.
- ambivalent attachment - upset when mom leaves happy when she comes back but also angry hitting and kicking. babies will not simply explore their surroundings and beware of strangers
- disorganized attachment-can’t handle stress. contradictory actions. Confused and scared. parents usually not involved abusive
factors influencing attachment
- attachment seeking behaviors- sucking smiling and cryng usually lead to response from mom
- The mother’s personality and relationship with her mother of babies who have positive attachment are nicer and happier
- temperament of the infant - babies temper influences caregiver
- working mother-working mothers do not necessarily have a negative effect on attachment if there’s a good relationship between baby and mom
- psychosocial factors marriage, trauma and social adversity cause problems with attachment
- parents’ mental health- children are at risk of attachment issues if parents struggle with their mental health
- effects of covid 19- things like social distancing and masks affect the regulation of reactions of infants
Socialization
the process by which the child learns to conform to the moral
standards, role expectations and requirements for acceptable behaviour of their
particular community and culture
Theories:
Freud: attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction – food
* Harlow –monkey experiment – surrogate mothers – chose warmth over food - monkeys also needed social interaction
for normal social development
* Erikson - Trust vs. Mistrust – sense of trust requires feelings of physical comfort and a minimal amount of fear and
apprehension
long term effects of attachment
academic and cognitive functioning- children who received secure attachment are more curious, self-directed and engaged at school
emotional functioning-secure attachment leads to good regulation of emotions later in life
social functioning-secure attachment leads to being more sociable and getting along with peers later in life
Insecurely attached children show more negative emotions, show more hostility toward other children,
have more dependency during school years and more likely to develop anxiety disorders
Children who feel secure are more inclined to move away from their mother in order to explore the
environment
father attachment
Bonding and time with the father mostly consists of playing and with the mother more care- -
* Father : powerful attachment figure
* Influence social and emotional development
* Benefit : intellectual functioning and emotional wellbeing and advance language skills
* Father acknowledges a child: confer social value
* Humiliated by father: loss and confusion
* Father involvement empowers and assists the mother in her role
* Men’s personal growth
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the role of the care givers
the role of other carers- Attachment to a few people indicates a healthy emotional development- Children form attachments with different people-
Alloparenting = social system where members of the community help to support children.- Sibling interaction also results in bonding
stranger anxiety
- The fear that babies show of a stranger- 8 – 12 months- Starts decreasing from 12 to 15 months- Babies who are cared for by many people show less strange anxiety- Most stranger anxiety is when the mother is not present- Least strange anxiety is when kid hold a baby
separation anxiety
babies with secure attachment experience less anxiety.
- Start 8 – 12 months-
Disappears at 24 months-
The fear and behavior that a baby shows when their caregiver leaves them for a short while-
Babies’ reactions differ based on the situation- Less separation anxiety if the baby is with someone he knows-
Babies develop separation anxiety because they develop a concept of permanent objects- Separation anxiety occurs because the baby wants to be with the caregiver, probably because attachment has occurred
