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AIN2601 > SU 2 The database environment > Flashcards

SU 2 The database environment Flashcards

1
Q

Database environment consists of 3 components

A
  • Users of the database
  • Database management systems (DBMS)
  • Physical database
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2
Q

Advantages of using a database environment

A
  • Reduce date redundancy
  • Reduced costs for date entry and data storage
  • Data integrity is maintained and improved
  • Improved data and information security
  • Application software independence
  • Standardization of data structures, data access, system software and file format
  • Improved data access
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3
Q

Disadvantages of using a database environment

A
  • Start-up and operating costs
  • Complex to design and use
  • Time consuming to design
  • Database or database management software failure
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4
Q

Database users

A
  • End-users
  • Application programmers
  • Database administrator
  • Data administrator
  • Database management systems (DBMS)
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5
Q

End-users

A

Capture data in the database and extract information form the database using database management system software

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6
Q

Application programmers

A

Responsible for creating, maintaining, updating and managing the application and DBMS software

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7
Q

Database administrator

A

Responsible for managing and controlling the organisation’s databases

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8
Q

Database administrator functions

A
  • Implement and maintain database management standards and conventions
  • Ensure applications software complies to database management standards and conventions
  • Define the database structures
  • Design and create databases in line with database management standards and conventions.
  • Implement, maintain and evaluate database access policies and security controls
  • Monitor data and database security and access.
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9
Q

Data administrator

A

Also called database analyst. Responsible for managing and controlling the data in the organisation’s databases

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10
Q

Database management systems (DBMS)

A

Integrated set of software that provides a user-friendly interface to the users for all data interactions between the user and the physical database

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11
Q

DBMS functions

A
  • design, create and maintain the database structure and the database
  • control the organisation, storage and retrieval of data in the database
  • capture, maintain and manipulate the data in the database
  • share data between multiple users simultaneously
  • execute queries and generate outputs
  • control the movement of the data between authorised users and the database
  • control and monitor access to the database
  • analyse and monitor database performance
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12
Q

Three-level database architecture

A
  • External level
  • Conceptual level
  • Internal level
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13
Q

External level

A

User view, is the individual end-user’s view if the data and the database

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14
Q

Conceptual level

A

Complete view of the entire database

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15
Q

Internal level

A

Physical view, is the low-level view of how the data is physically stored on a storage device

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16
Q

DBMS Key components

A
  • Data dictionary

* Database languages

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17
Q

Database dictionary

A

centralized file containing detailed information about the database and the data contained in the database

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18
Q

Information a database dictionary contains

A
  • What data is stored in the database
  • For each data field in the database, information
  • Names and descriptions of the database files
  • Each database file a list of attributes, primary keys and foreign keys included
  • Authorized user groups for the database files and/or data fields
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19
Q

Database language

A

Database users use different database languages to interact with the database.

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20
Q

Database languages

A
  • Data definition language
  • Data control language
  • Data manipulation language
  • Data query language
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21
Q

Data definition language (DDL)

A

Used to define a database and includes commands to:

  • create, modify and delete the database and database objects
  • define and describe the data structure of the database according to the database model used
  • create the data dictionary
22
Q

Data control language (DCL)

A

Controls the security and user access to the database objects and data in the database

23
Q

Data manipulation language (DML)

A

Routine operation of the database to insert, delete, modify and maintain the data stored on the database

24
Q

Data query language

A

Used to retrieve data from the database

25
Q

Physical database

A

Organised collection of related data that is managed and stored electronically and can provide data to different application software.

26
Q

Data models

A
  • Hierarchical model
  • Network model
  • Relational model
  • Object- oriented model
  • Multidimensional model
27
Q

Hierarchical model

A

Used in early databases and, as the name indicated, the data is structure in a hierarchical (upside down tree-like) structure

28
Q

Network model

A

supports many-to-many relationships, data may be accessed by following several paths

29
Q

Relational model

A

data is stored in two-dimensional rows and columns

30
Q

Disadvantage of relational model

A

slower than the network and hierarchical models because it uses more processing power to query data

31
Q

Advantages of relational databases

A
  • Data can be accessed, inserted and deleted without changing the database structure
  • Can be easily customised for most types of data storage
  • Data does not need to be duplicated
  • Most users easily understand the structure
  • It is easy to search for and extract data from the database
32
Q

Object-oriented model

A

data and the operations to be performed on the data are both stored in the database

33
Q

Multidimensional model

A

stores data in a three-or more dimensional table, creating a cube-like data structure

34
Q

Centralised database

A

Physically stored in one central location

35
Q

Distributed database

A

Several interlinked databases stored in several computers in the same or different locations

36
Q

Partitioned database

A

Split into smaller portions, part applicable to the user is made available on the location closest to the user

37
Q

Replicated database

A

The whole original database is copied to the different locations.

38
Q

Data value

A

Character or a group of related characters used to populate a data field

39
Q

Data field

A

Contains a data value and is the smallest unit of data that can be accessed in a database

40
Q

Attribute

A

Commonly known as a column represents one unique characteristic of a single database file

41
Q

Field name

A

All Attributes have a unique name known as a field name

42
Q

Data record

A

Set of logically related data fields about a single member or item

43
Q

Primary data field

A

Unique data field that can be used to uniquely identify each data record in a database file (primary key)

44
Q

Foreign key

A

When a primary data field of a database file is entered into another database file to create a relation between the two database files.

45
Q

Database file

A

Also known as a database table, organised collection of related data records

46
Q

Different types of database files

A
  • Master file
  • Transaction file
  • Reference file
  • History file
47
Q

Master file

A

Contains data records of a relative permanent nature about the organisations resources and subjects

48
Q

Transaction file

A

Contains data records relating to the daily individual activities of the organisation. Changes regularly as additional transactions are processed.

49
Q

Reference file

A

semi-permanent file containing data records referenced to by the transaction file in order to complete a transaction.

50
Q

History file

A

Contains data record about transactions completed in the past

AIN2601 (3 decks)

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