Style: Schemes and Tropes Flashcards by Henry Han

Parallelism

(Scheme of Balance)

Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses.

Emphasizes similarities and connections

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Isocolon

(Scheme of Balance)

use of parallel elements similar in structure and length.

addition of symmetry of length to similarity of structure contributes to the rhythm of sentences.

i.e. His purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the scrupulous.

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Antithesis

(Scheme of Balance)

juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure

Emphasizes dissimilarities and contraries; produces the quality of an aphorism:

i.e. Though studious, he was popular; though argumentative, he was modest; though inflexible, he was candid; and though metaphysical, yet orthodox.

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Anastrophe

(Scheme of Unusual or inverted word order)

Inversion of the natural or usual word order.

b/c deviation surprises expectation, anastrophe can be an effective device for gaining attention, though its chief function is to secure emphasis

Backward run the sentences, till reels the mind.

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Parenthesis

(Scheme of Unusual or inverted word order)

Insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence.

Allows the author’s voice to be heard commenting… charging the statement with emotion

But wherein any man is bold - I am speaking foolishly - I also am bold…

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Apposition

(Scheme of Unusual or inverted word order)

Placing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first.

Less intrusive than parenthesis, allows for the insertion of additional information or emphasis:

John Morgan, the president of the Sons of the Republic, could not be reached by phone.

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Ellipsis

(Schemes of Omission)

deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the context.

Denoted: “…” - APA or “[…]” - MLA

an artful and arresting means of securing economy of expression (saves time):

And he to England shall along with you.

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Asyndeton

(Schemes of Omission)

deliberate omission of conjuctions between a series of related clauses.

Produces a hurried rhythm in the sentence:

I came, I saw, I conquered.

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Polysyndeton

(Schemes of Repetition)

Deliberate use of many conjuctions.

Opposite of asyndeton

Suggests flow or continuity in some cases, special emphasis in others:

I said, “Who killed him?” and he said, “I don’t know who killed him but he’s dead all right,” and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows…

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Alliteration

(Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words

contributes to euphony of verse; sometimes used for humorous effect:

A sable, silent, solemn forest stood. Tart, tingling, and even ticklish.

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Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses.

Emphasizes similarities and connections

Parallelism

(Scheme of Balance)

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use of parallel elements similar in structure and length.

addition of symmetry of length to similarity of structure contributes to the rhythm of sentences.

i.e. His purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the scrupulous.

Isocolon

(Scheme of Balance)

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juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure

Emphasizes dissimilarities and contraries; produces the quality of an aphorism:

i.e. Though studious, he was popular; though argumentative, he was modest; though inflexible, he was candid; and though metaphysical, yet orthodox.

Antithesis

(Scheme of Balance)

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Inversion of the natural or usual word order.

b/c deviation surprises expectation, anastrpohe can be an effective device for gaining attention, though its chief function is to secure emphasis

Backward run the sentences, till reels the mind.

Anastrophe

(Scheme of Unusual or inverted word order)

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Insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence.

Allows the author’s voice to be heard commenting… charging the statement with emotion

But wherein any man is bold - I am speaking foolishly - I also am bold…

Parenthesis

(Scheme of Unusual or inverted word order)

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Placing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first.

Less intrusive than parenthesis, allows for the insertion of additional information or emphasis:

John Morgan, the president of the Sons of the Republic, could not be reached by phone.

Apposition

(Scheme of Unusual or inverted word order)

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deliberate omission of a word or of words which are readily implied by the context.

Denoted: “…” - APA or “[…]” - MLA

an artful and arresting means of securing economy of expression (saves time):

And he to England shall along with you.

Ellipsis

(Schemes of Omission)

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deliberate omission of conjuctions between a series of related clauses.

Produces a hurried rhythm in the sentence:

I came, I saw, I conquered.

Asyndeton

(Schemes of Omission)

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Deliberate use of many conjuctions.

Opposite of asyndeton

Suggests flow or continuity in some cases, special emphasis in others:

I said, “Who killed him?” and he said, “I don’t know who killed him but he’s dead all right,” and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows…

Polysyndeton

(Schemes of Repetition)

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repetition of initial or medial consonants in two or more adjacent words

contributes to euphony of verse; sometimes used for humorous effect:

A sable, silent, solemn forest stood. Tart, tingling, and even ticklish.

Alliteration

(Schemes of Repetition)

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Assonance

(Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of similar vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of adjacent words.

produces euphonious, onomatopoetic, or humorous effect:

,An old, mad, bli**nd, desp**i**sed, and d**y**ing king - Prices, the dregs of their d**u**ll race, who flow Through p**u**blic scorn- m**u**d from a m**uddy spring

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Anaphora

(Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses.

opposite of epistrophe

used deliberately to establish a marked rhythm and often produces strong emotional effect:

The Lord sitteth above the water floods. The Lord remaineth a King forever. The Lord shall give strength unto his people. The Lord shall give his peoplethe blessing of peace. (Psalm 29)

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Epistrophe

(Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses.

opposite of anaphora

sets up a pronounced rhythm and secures a special emphasis:

I’ll have my bond! Speak not against my bond! I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond!

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Epanalepsis

(Schemes of Repetition)

(e-pon-a-lep-sis)

repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occured at the beginning of the clause.

gives language an appearance of emotional spontaneity:

Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answered blows: Strength match’ with strength, and pwoer confronted power. (Shakespeare)

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**_Anadiplosis_** (Schemes of Repetition) (an-a-di-*plo*-sis)

repetition at the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause **emphasis through repetition i think?** Labor and care are rewarded with success, sucess produces confidence, confidence relaxes industry, and negligence ruins the reputation which diligence had raised. (Samuel Jackson)

**_Climax_** (Schemes of Repetition)

arrangement of words, phrases or clauses in an order of increasing importance ## Footnote Renounce my love, my life, myself - and you I think we've reached a point of great decision, not just for our nation, not only for all humanity, but for life upon the earth.

**_Antimetabole_** (Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. **Produces the impressive turn of phrase typical of an aphorism:** One should eat to live, not live to eat

**_Chiasmus_** (Schemes of Repetition)

reversal of grammatical structure insuccessive phrases or clauses. like antimetabole, but without the repetition: By day the frolic, and the dance by night.

**_Polyptoton_** (Schemes of Repetition) (po-lip-toe-t-on)

repetition of words derived from the same root. similar to word play, but the meanings of the words do not lose their literal meaning: The Greeks are **_strong_**, and **_skillful**_ to their _**strength**_. _**Fierce**_ to their _**skill**_, and to their _**fierceness_** valient. (Shakespeare)

**_Metaphor_** (Tropes of Comparison)

an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common. ## Footnote **A comparison of two things without using the words "like" or "as"**

repetition of similar vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of adjacent words. **produces euphonious, onomatopoetic, or humorous effect:** ,An old, mad, bl**_i**_nd, desp_**i**_sed, and d_**y**_ing king - Prices, the dregs of their d_**u**_ll race, who flow Through p_**u**_blic scorn- m_**u**_d from a m_**u_**ddy spring

**_Assonance_** | (Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses. opposite of epistrophe **used deliberately to establish a marked rhythm and often produces strong emotional effect:** The Lord sitteth above the water floods. The Lord remaineth a King forever. The Lord shall give strength unto his people. The Lord shall give his peoplethe blessing of peace. (Psalm 29)

**_Anaphora_** | (Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of the same word or group of words at the ends of successive clauses. ## Footnote opposite of anaphora **sets up a pronounced rhythm and secures a special emphasis:** I'll have my bond! Speak not against my bond! I have sworn an oath that I will have my bond!

**_Epistrophe_** | (Schemes of Repetition)

repetition at the end of a clause of the word that occured at the beginning of the clause. **gives language an appearance of emotional spontaneity:** Blood hath bought blood, and blows have answered blows: Strength match' with strength, and pwoer confronted power. (Shakespeare)

**_Epanalepsis_** (Schemes of Repetition) (e-pon-a-*lep*-sis)

**_Anadiplosis_** (Schemes of Repetition) (an-a-di-*plo*-sis)

**_Climax_** (Schemes of Repetition)

repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order. **Produces the impressive turn of phrase typical of an aphorism:** One should eat to live, not live to eat

**_Antimetabole_** (Schemes of Repetition)

reversal of grammatical structure insuccessive phrases or clauses. like antimetabole, but without the repetition: By day the frolic, and the dance by night.

**_Chiasmus_** (Schemes of Repetition)

**_Polyptoton_** (Schemes of Repetition) (po-lip-toe-t-on)

an implied comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common. ## Footnote **A comparison of two things without using the words "like" or "as"**

**_Metaphor_** (Tropes of Comparison)

**_Similes_** (Tropes of Comparison)

an explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common. ## Footnote **A comparison of two things without using either "like" or "as"**

**_Synechdoche_** (Tropes of Comparison) (si-*nek*-da-key)

a figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole. ## Footnote All hands on deck.

**_Metonymy_** (Tropes of Comparison)

substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant. similar to symbolism crown for royalty, wealth for rich people, bottle for wine

**_Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

generic name for those figures which make a play on words. Types: Antanaclasis, Paranomasia, Syllepsis

**_Antanaclasis_** **_Type of Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

repetition of a word in two different senses ## Footnote But lest I should be condemned of introducing **_license**_, when I oppose _**licensing_**,

**_Paranomasia_** **_Type of Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

use of words alike in sound but different in meaning neither hide nor hair of him had been seen since the day that Kwame Nkrumah had been *ostrichized*, accused of being the biggest *cheetah* in Ghana, but *safaris* anyone knew, no *fowl* play was involved.

**_Syllepsis_** **_Type of Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs There is a certain type of woman who'd rather *press* grapes than clothes.

**_Zeugma_** (Tropes of Word Play) (zoog-ma)

like syllepsis, except that in a syllepsis the single word is grammatically and idiomatically compatible with both of the other words that it governs. Zeugma - the single word does not fit grammatically oridiomatically with one member of the pair. **can be impressive display of wit, but often misused.** He maintained a *flourishing* business and racehorse.

**_Anthimeria_** (Tropes of Word Play)

The substitution of one part of speech for another. **can be impressive display of wit, but rarely used today.** The thunder would not *peace* at my bidding.

**_Periphrasis_** (Tropes of Word Play) (pa-*rif*-a-sis)

substitution of a descriptive word or phrase for a proper name or of a proper name for a quality associated with the name. They do not escape *Jim Crow*; they merely encounter another, not less deadly variety. When you're out of *Schlitz*, you're out of beer.

an explicit comparison between two things of unlike nature that yet have something in common. ## Footnote **A comparison of two things using either "like" or "as"**

**_Similes_** (Tropes of Comparison)

a figure of speech in which a part stands for the whole. ## Footnote All hands on deck.

**_Synechdoche_** (Tropes of Comparison) (si-*nek*-da-key)

substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is actually meant. similar to symbolism crown for royalty, wealth for rich people, bottle for wine

**_Metonymy_** (Tropes of Comparison)

generic name for those figures which make a play on words. Types: Antanaclasis, Paranomasia, Syllepsis

**_Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

repetition of a word in two different senses ## Footnote But lest I should be condemned of introducing **_license**_, when I oppose _**licensing_**,

**_Antanaclasis_** **_Type of Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

**_Paranomasia_** **_Type of Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

use of a word understood differently in relation to two or more other words, which it modifies or governs There is a certain type of woman who'd rather *press* grapes than clothes.

**_Syllepsis_** **_Type of Pun_** (Tropes of Word Play)

**_Zeugma_** (Tropes of Word Play) (zoog-ma)

The substitution of one part of speech for another. **can be impressive display of wit, but rarely used today.** The thunder would not *peace* at my bidding.

**_Anthimeria_** (Tropes of Word Play)

**_Periphrasis_** (Tropes of Word Play) (pa-*rif*-a-sis)

**_Personification_** **_aka Prosopopoeia_** (Tropes of Word Play)

Giving inhuman objects/things human qualities or abilities. **allows it to lend itself to emotional appeals.** He glanced at the dew-covered grass, and it winked back at him.

**_Apostrophe_** (Tropes of Word Play)

Addressing an absent person or a personified abstraction. **imbues the subject with emotional charge** O eloquent, just and mighty Death! whom none could advise, thou hast persuaded; what none hath dared, thou hast done; and whom all the world has flattered, thou only hast cast out the world and despised.

**_Hyperbole_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

Exaggeration for emphasis or heightened effect **for emphasis**

**_Litotes_** (Tropes of Exaggeration) (lie-toe-tease)

deliberate use of understatement **to enhance impressiveness of what is stated**

**_Rhetorical Question_** **_aka erotema_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

asking a question that's not meant to be answered. **purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely, a persuasive device.**

**_Irony_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

opposite of what is expected. often times irony is when words are used to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning.

**_Sarcasm_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

witty language used to convey insults or scorn. ugliness is in a way superior to beauty because it lasts.

**_Onomatopoeia_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

use of words whose sound echoes the sense strong gongs *groaning* as the guns *boom* far.

**_Oxymoron_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

the yoking of two terms that are ordinarily contradictory. **creates effect, display the subtle and shrewd ability to see similarities.** sweet pain, cheerful pessimist, deafening silence, jumbo shrimp

**_Paradox_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

an apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth **not really a trope...** Art is a form of lying to tell the truth. - Pablo Picasso

Giving inhuman objects/things human qualities or abilities. **allows it to lend itself to emotional appeals.** He glanced at the dew-covered grass, and it winked back at him.

**_Personification_** **_aka Prosopopoeia_** (Tropes of Word Play)

**_Apostrophe_** (Tropes of Word Play)

Exaggeration for emphasis or heightened effect **for emphasis**

**_Hyperbole_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

deliberate use of understatement **to enhance impressiveness of what is stated**

**_Litotes_** (Tropes of Exaggeration) (lie-toe-tease)

asking a question that's not meant to be answered. **purpose of asserting or denying something obliquely, a persuasive device.**

**_Rhetorical Question_** **_aka erotema_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

opposite of what is expected. often times irony is when words are used to convey a meaning opposite to the literal meaning.

**_Irony_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

witty language used to convey insults or scorn. ugliness is in a way superior to beauty because it lasts.

**_Sarcasm_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

use of words whose sound echoes the sense strong gongs *groaning* as the guns *boom* far.

**_Onomatopoeia_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

**_Oxymoron_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)

an apparently contradictory statement that nevertheless contains a measure of truth **not really a trope...** Art is a form of lying to tell the truth. - Pablo Picasso

**_Paradox_** (Tropes of Exaggeration)