Stuttering Midterm

Question 1

Stuttering definition

Answer 1

a communication disorder in which the flow of speech is broken by repetitions, prolongations, or abnormal stoppages of sounds and syllables; defined by symptoms rather than the underlying etiology

Question 2

Stuttering diagnosis

Answer 2

• presence of core behaviors
• occurs at the level of the syllable
• > 3 disfluencies per 100 syllables

Question 3

Developmental stuttering

Answer 3

the most common form of stuttering that begins in childhood during intense speech and language acquisition

Question 4

Neurogenic stuttering

Answer 4

rare syndrome in which stuttering symptoms result from a head injury or stroke

Question 5

Psychogenic stuttering

Answer 5

rare syndrome in which stuttering symptoms arise while a person is coping with mental illness

Question 6

Cluttering

Answer 6

an uncommon developmental disorder in which language planning is disorganized, resulting in disfluencies

Question 7

Worldwide prevalence

Answer 7

70 million people worldwide (1% of the population)

Question 8

Onset

Answer 8

usually begins between 2 and 3 when children are developing complex syntax and lasts 1-2 years; decreases toward school age

Question 9

Treatments for adults

Answer 9

combine approaches to increase communication and decrease impacts

• stuttering modification
• fluency shaping
• speech easy (DAF technology included in a unilateral hearing aid)
• pharmaceuticals (negative side effects)
• cognitive treatments
• counselling

Question 10

Incidence

Answer 10

how many people have ever stuttered or the number of new cases during a given time period; estimated around 5%
- higher than prevalence because some children will recover

Question 11

Prevalence

Answer 11

how many people stutter at a given time; estimated ~1%

- does not vary across countries

Question 12

Probable risk factors

Answer 12

• heritability
• age
• biological sex
• bilingualism (if genetic)

Question 13

Heritability

Answer 13

the only confirmed risk factor; people who have a close family member who stutters have a much higher probability for stuttering than people who don’t

• 20-75% of people who stutter have a positive family history of stuttering (~10% in normally fluent people)
• females who stutter are more likely to have family members who stutter (likely to pass it on)

Question 14

You can induce fluency by

Answer 14

a) Speaking in a non-habitual manner
b) Choral reading
c) Shadowing
d) Singing
e) Using a metronome
f) Masking noise
g) DAF
h) Slow speech
i) Monotone

Question 15

Why induce fluency?

Answer 15

1) Demonstrates that fluency is possible
2) Probing severity of stuttering
3) Testing therapy approaches
4) Differential diagnosis

Question 16

Adaptation effect

Answer 16

stuttering decreases over successive readings of a passage

Question 17

Consistency effect

Answer 17

stuttering occurs on the same words while reading a passage more than once

Question 18

Adjacency / clustering effect

Answer 18

stutters occur on nearby words that have also been stuttered on

Question 19

Anticipation effect

Answer 19

tendency to predict the words on which a person is going to stutter

Question 20

Natural recovery

Answer 20

Recovery without intervention that occur within 2-3 years after onset

Question 21

Estimated percentage of recovery

Answer 21

50-80%

Question 22

Earlier onset age is better/worse for natural recovery?

Answer 22

Better

Question 23

Repetitions are more common to the _______ group

Answer 23

Recovery

Question 24

Blocks are more common to the _______ group

Answer 24

Persistent

Question 25

Stage models of stuttering suggest that

Answer 25

Stuttering begins as slow and easy tempo, becomes more tense, and then results in social impact and fear

Question 26

Cluttering characteristics

Answer 26

1) Fast or blurred speech 2) irregular rate (robo, jerky, choppy) 3) Many disfluencies 4) Inadequate self-monitoring 5) Language planning and organization problems

Question 27

Cluttering is fast or slow speech?

Answer 27

Fast

Question 28

Fluency assessment of cluttering (3 things)

Answer 28

1) Maze material 2) Revisions 3) Incomplete phrases

Question 29

Rate assessment of cluttering (2 things)

Answer 29

1) Objective counts (syllable/min) | 2) Perceptual rate on scale

Question 30

Clarity assessment of cluttering (3 things)

Answer 30

1) Collapsed words 2) Omitted syllables 3) Slurred sound

Question 31

Treatment hierarchy for cluttering

Answer 31

1) Slow rate 2) Increase self-awareness 3) Reduce disfluencies 4) Improve clarity 5) Improve language organization

Question 32

Hypothesis

Answer 32

Testable question

Question 33

Levelt model

Answer 33

Message is conceived and goes through language formation and delivery process (need picture)

Question 34

Onset types and time frames

Answer 34

Sudden - one day (40.7%) Intermediate - over 1 -2 weeks (32.1%) Gradual - over 3-6 weeks (27.1%)

Question 35

Secondary behaviors

Answer 35

1) Eye blinking 2) Hand or finger movements 3) Nods

Question 36

Is phonological ability related to stuttering severity?

Answer 36

Evidence indicates that it is not

Question 37

Does speech difficulty increase with age for those with stutters?

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

Children stutter more on ______ words than content words.

Answer 38

Function words (because their language is weighted more toward this)

Question 39

Adults stutter more on ______ words than function words.

Answer 39

Content words (because their language is weighted more toward this)

Question 40

Males who stutter have a

Answer 40

22% risk of having a son who stutters 9% risk of having a daughter who stutters

Question 41

Females who stutter have

Answer 41

36% risk of having a son who stutters 17% risk of having a daughter who stutters

Question 42

Best fitting genetic model

Answer 42

Environmental factors, interacting with many genes, and a single major locus

Question 43

Gender risk factors (child and adult)

Answer 43

4: 1 for teens and adults 2: 1 for children

Question 44

Stuttering is specifically onset at this ages (in months)

Answer 44

30-33

Question 45

Guitar's perspective

Answer 45

Environmental influences such as criticism/stressful events can exacerbate and perpetuate persistent stuttering

Question 46

Borderline stuttering | Guitar

Answer 46

- 10 stutters in 100 words - Little awareness/embarrassment - Might not be clinical stuttering

Question 47

Brown's factors (loci of stuttering)

Answer 47

1) Consonants 2) Word initial sounds 3) Connective speech 4) Content words 5) Longer words 6) Utterance initial words 7) Stressed syllables

Question 48

Breakdown model

Answer 48

Stuttering results from a momentary breakdown in speech motor coordination

Question 49

Multifactorial model

Answer 49

Stuttering is the result of dynamic changing interactions of factors that reside in both the individual and the environment

Question 50

Shifting Perspective Theory #1. Diagnosogenic theory

Answer 50

Inappropriate labelling of normal disfluencies as stuttering by parents and parent behavior reinforces and worsens disfluencies

Question 51

Shifting Perspective Theory #2. Psychoanalytic theory

Answer 51

Stuttering is the result of unresolved infantile psychosexual need and conflict

Question 52

Shifting Perspective Theory #3. Guitar integrating theories

Answer 52

Primary stuttering: involves genetics and brain structure Secondary: involves temperament and emotional responses interacting with learning *reactive temperament makes stuttering worse (but the problem is that well adjusted people still stutter)

Question 53

Stuttering Moment Theory #1. Demands and capacities model

Answer 53

Language capacities are overwhelmed by the environment

Question 54

Stuttering Moment Theory #2. Covert repair model

Answer 54

Stuttering occurs from internal monitoring and repairing what a person means to say

Question 55

Stuttering Moment Theory #3. Breakdown model

Answer 55

A breakdown in speech-motor coordination

Question 56

Stuttering Moment Theory #4. Reduced capacity for internal modeling

Answer 56

Stuttering results from a weak internal model. Their model is inaccurate when comparing input to desired output

Question 57

Stuttering Moment Theory #5. Central processing - concurrent attention demanding tasks (Bosshardt)

Answer 57

Phonological and articulatory systems are more prone to interference by concurrent processing (dual-tasks mess PWS up)

Question 58

Cause of Stuttering Theory #1. Cerebral dominance

Answer 58

PWS have not developed LH dominance

Question 59

Cause of Stuttering Theory #2. Communicative failure and anticipatory struggle

Answer 59

Anticipation of difficult speak triggers more disfluencies

Question 60

Cause of Stuttering Theory #3. Multi-factorial model

Answer 60

Stuttering is the result of dynamic, changing interactions that reside in both the environment and the individual

Question 61

Cause of Stuttering Theory #4. Disorder of brain organization

Answer 61

RH might be overdeveloped to compensate for underdeveloped LH