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Stuttering > Stuttering Midterm > Flashcards

Stuttering Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Stuttering definition

A

a communication disorder in which the flow of speech is broken by repetitions, prolongations, or abnormal stoppages of sounds and syllables; defined by symptoms rather than the underlying etiology

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2
Q

Stuttering diagnosis

A
  • presence of core behaviors
  • occurs at the level of the syllable
  • > 3 disfluencies per 100 syllables
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3
Q

Developmental stuttering

A

the most common form of stuttering that begins in childhood during intense speech and language acquisition

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4
Q

Neurogenic stuttering

A

rare syndrome in which stuttering symptoms result from a head injury or stroke

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5
Q

Psychogenic stuttering

A

rare syndrome in which stuttering symptoms arise while a person is coping with mental illness

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6
Q

Cluttering

A

an uncommon developmental disorder in which language planning is disorganized, resulting in disfluencies

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7
Q

Worldwide prevalence

A

70 million people worldwide (1% of the population)

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8
Q

Onset

A

usually begins between 2 and 3 when children are developing complex syntax and lasts 1-2 years; decreases toward school age

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9
Q

Treatments for adults

A

combine approaches to increase communication and decrease impacts

  • stuttering modification
  • fluency shaping
  • speech easy (DAF technology included in a unilateral hearing aid)
  • pharmaceuticals (negative side effects)
  • cognitive treatments
  • counselling
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10
Q

Incidence

A

how many people have ever stuttered or the number of new cases during a given time period; estimated around 5%
- higher than prevalence because some children will recover

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11
Q

Prevalence

A

how many people stutter at a given time; estimated ~1%

- does not vary across countries

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12
Q

Probable risk factors

A
  • heritability
  • age
  • biological sex
  • bilingualism (if genetic)
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13
Q

Heritability

A

the only confirmed risk factor; people who have a close family member who stutters have a much higher probability for stuttering than people who don’t

  • 20-75% of people who stutter have a positive family history of stuttering (~10% in normally fluent people)
  • females who stutter are more likely to have family members who stutter (likely to pass it on)
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14
Q

You can induce fluency by

A

a) Speaking in a non-habitual manner
b) Choral reading
c) Shadowing
d) Singing
e) Using a metronome
f) Masking noise
g) DAF
h) Slow speech
i) Monotone

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15
Q

Why induce fluency?

A

1) Demonstrates that fluency is possible
2) Probing severity of stuttering
3) Testing therapy approaches
4) Differential diagnosis

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16
Q

Adaptation effect

A

stuttering decreases over successive readings of a passage

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17
Q

Consistency effect

A

stuttering occurs on the same words while reading a passage more than once

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18
Q

Adjacency / clustering effect

A

stutters occur on nearby words that have also been stuttered on

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19
Q

Anticipation effect

A

tendency to predict the words on which a person is going to stutter

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20
Q

Natural recovery

A

Recovery without intervention that occur within 2-3 years after onset

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21
Q

Estimated percentage of recovery

A

50-80%

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22
Q

Earlier onset age is better/worse for natural recovery?

A

Better

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23
Q

Repetitions are more common to the _______ group

A

Recovery

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24
Q

Blocks are more common to the _______ group

A

Persistent

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25
Q

Stage models of stuttering suggest that

A

Stuttering begins as slow and easy tempo, becomes more tense, and then results in social impact and fear

26
Q

Cluttering characteristics

A

1) Fast or blurred speech
2) irregular rate (robo, jerky, choppy)
3) Many disfluencies
4) Inadequate self-monitoring
5) Language planning and organization problems

27
Q

Cluttering is fast or slow speech?

A

Fast

28
Q

Fluency assessment of cluttering (3 things)

A

1) Maze material
2) Revisions
3) Incomplete phrases

29
Q

Rate assessment of cluttering (2 things)

A

1) Objective counts (syllable/min)

2) Perceptual rate on scale

30
Q

Clarity assessment of cluttering (3 things)

A

1) Collapsed words
2) Omitted syllables
3) Slurred sound

31
Q

Treatment hierarchy for cluttering

A

1) Slow rate
2) Increase self-awareness
3) Reduce disfluencies
4) Improve clarity
5) Improve language organization

32
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable question

33
Q

Levelt model

A

Message is conceived and goes through language formation and delivery process (need picture)

34
Q

Onset types and time frames

A

Sudden - one day (40.7%)
Intermediate - over 1 -2 weeks (32.1%)
Gradual - over 3-6 weeks (27.1%)

35
Q

Secondary behaviors

A

1) Eye blinking
2) Hand or finger movements
3) Nods

36
Q

Is phonological ability related to stuttering severity?

A

Evidence indicates that it is not

37
Q

Does speech difficulty increase with age for those with stutters?

A

Yes

38
Q

Children stutter more on ______ words than content words.

A

Function words (because their language is weighted more toward this)

39
Q

Adults stutter more on ______ words than function words.

A

Content words (because their language is weighted more toward this)

40
Q

Males who stutter have a

A

22% risk of having a son who stutters

9% risk of having a daughter who stutters

41
Q

Females who stutter have

A

36% risk of having a son who stutters

17% risk of having a daughter who stutters

42
Q

Best fitting genetic model

A

Environmental factors, interacting with many genes, and a single major locus

43
Q

Gender risk factors (child and adult)

A

4: 1 for teens and adults
2: 1 for children

44
Q

Stuttering is specifically onset at this ages (in months)

A

30-33

45
Q

Guitar’s perspective

A

Environmental influences such as criticism/stressful events can exacerbate and perpetuate persistent stuttering

46
Q

Borderline stuttering

Guitar

A
  • 10 stutters in 100 words
  • Little awareness/embarrassment
  • Might not be clinical stuttering
47
Q

Brown’s factors (loci of stuttering)

A

1) Consonants
2) Word initial sounds
3) Connective speech
4) Content words
5) Longer words
6) Utterance initial words
7) Stressed syllables

48
Q

Breakdown model

A

Stuttering results from a momentary breakdown in speech motor coordination

49
Q

Multifactorial model

A

Stuttering is the result of dynamic changing interactions of factors that reside in both the individual and the environment

50
Q

Shifting Perspective Theory #1.

Diagnosogenic theory

A

Inappropriate labelling of normal disfluencies as stuttering by parents and parent behavior reinforces and worsens disfluencies

51
Q

Shifting Perspective Theory #2.

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Stuttering is the result of unresolved infantile psychosexual need and conflict

52
Q

Shifting Perspective Theory #3.

Guitar integrating theories

A

Primary stuttering: involves genetics and brain structure
Secondary: involves temperament and emotional responses interacting with learning

*reactive temperament makes stuttering worse (but the problem is that well adjusted people still stutter)

53
Q

Stuttering Moment Theory #1.

Demands and capacities model

A

Language capacities are overwhelmed by the environment

54
Q

Stuttering Moment Theory #2.

Covert repair model

A

Stuttering occurs from internal monitoring and repairing what a person means to say

55
Q

Stuttering Moment Theory #3.

Breakdown model

A

A breakdown in speech-motor coordination

56
Q

Stuttering Moment Theory #4.

Reduced capacity for internal modeling

A

Stuttering results from a weak internal model. Their model is inaccurate when comparing input to desired output

57
Q

Stuttering Moment Theory #5.

Central processing - concurrent attention demanding tasks (Bosshardt)

A

Phonological and articulatory systems are more prone to interference by concurrent processing (dual-tasks mess PWS up)

58
Q

Cause of Stuttering Theory #1.

Cerebral dominance

A

PWS have not developed LH dominance

59
Q

Cause of Stuttering Theory #2.

Communicative failure and anticipatory struggle

A

Anticipation of difficult speak triggers more disfluencies

60
Q

Cause of Stuttering Theory #3.

Multi-factorial model

A

Stuttering is the result of dynamic, changing interactions that reside in both the environment and the individual

61
Q

Cause of Stuttering Theory #4.

Disorder of brain organization

A

RH might be overdeveloped to compensate for underdeveloped LH

Stuttering (1 decks)

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