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Fluency Disorders > Stuttering Basics > Flashcards

Stuttering Basics Flashcards

1
Q

fluency originates from the word ___ meaning ___

A

“fleure”, “flowing freely”

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2
Q

what is fluency?

A
  • “able to express oneself easily and articulately”
  • “effortlessly smooth and flowing”
  • “ability to express oneself readily and effortlessly”
  • able to use a language accurately, rapidly, and confidently (in a flowing way)
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3
Q

someone can be fluent with regard to ___, ___, and ___

A

syntax, semantics, pragmatics

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4
Q

people who “stutter” do not necessarily experience difficulties with ___ ___. rather ___

A

language fluency, speech

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5
Q

fluent speech

A

the effortless production of an utterance regarding thought and muscular exertion

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6
Q

fluency is impacted by ___ and timing of ___ ___

A

coordination, speech segments

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7
Q

rate

A
  • the speed in which words are spoken
  • it is one aspect that can affect the perception of fluency
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8
Q

effort

A
  • the ease of which speed is produced
  • can deal with the timing and coordination of respiration, phonation, and articulation
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9
Q

disfluency

A

anything that disrupts the smooth forward flow of speech

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10
Q

disfluency that is abnormal

A
  • stuttering
  • cluttering
  • aphasia, word finding
  • apraxia, groping
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11
Q

disfluency can also be normal

A

“I went to um Target”

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12
Q

spelling in stuttering

A

“disfluency” not “dysfluency”

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13
Q

2 main types of fluency disorders

A
  1. stuttering
  2. cluttering
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14
Q

3 types of stuttering

A
  1. childhood onset
  2. neurogenic
  3. psychogenic
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15
Q

stuttering

A

a disruption in the forward flow of speech that can take many forms, and may be accompanied by physical tension, secondary behaviors, negative thoughts and emotions, or decreased communication skills

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16
Q

stuttering results from…

A

involuntary neuromotor breakdowns affecting the coordination of respiration, phonation, and articulation of speech

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17
Q

stuttering is typically, though not always,…

A
  • experienced by the speaker as a loss of voluntary control in saying words
  • manifested as excessive and/or abnormal sound/syllable repetitions, prolongations, audible silent blocks, or attempts to avoid these behaviors
  • associated with or triggered by variable amounts of stress and negative emotion
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18
Q

types of disfluencies

A
  • interjection
  • revision
  • repetition
  • prolongation
  • block
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19
Q

interjections

A
  • extra words
  • fillers such as um, uh, like
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20
Q

revisions

A

fixing errors

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21
Q

repetition

A

repeat a sound, word, or phrases over and over again

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22
Q

prolongation

A

make a sound longer than it should be

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23
Q

block

A

get completely stuck and no sound comes out

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24
Q

stuttering vs. normal disfluency

A

stuttering:
- sound, syllable, word repetition
- prolongations
- blocks

normal:
- revisions
- phrase repetitions
- interjections

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25
Q

stuttering: core behaviors

A
  • these are involuntary
  • repetitions vary in rate and rhythm
  • prolongations vary in loudness, tension, airflow, and even pitch
  • blocks
26
Q

stuttering: secondary behaviors

A
  • these are voluntary, learned reactions
  • head movement
  • eye blinks
  • movement of extremities (hands and feet)
  • pursing lips
  • sounds such as “clicking”
  • irregular respiration/phonation patterns (speaking on complemental air, gasps on inhalation)
  • and more
27
Q

stuttering: negative reactions

A

anxiety or fear that can be related to:
- situations
- time pressure
- content of message
- sounds contained in a message
- words contained in a message
- other emotions such as frustration, embarrassment, shame, guilt, hostility

28
Q

stuttering: other factors

A
  • frequency
  • tension
  • regularity
  • pitch changes
  • inflection
  • reaction to stress
  • awareness
  • eye contact
29
Q

childhood onset stuttering

A
  • most common type of stuttering
  • any person who started stuttering in childhood (regardless of their current age)
30
Q

why does the usage of the term “childhood onset” instead of “developmental” matter?

A

“developmental” implies that they will grow out of it

31
Q

neurogenic stuttering

A
  • stuttering (typically in adults) that results from damage to the nervous system through an insult or lesion
  • may occur following a stroke, brain trauma, surgery, drug use
  • high frequency of words stuttered
  • few, if any, secondary behaviors
  • disfluencies on content and function words
  • speaker is not usually anxious about their speech
  • no adaptation effect
32
Q

psychogenic stuttering

A
  • stuttering associated with identifiable psychological disorder
  • not the same as the anxieties that people with childhood onset stuttering might develop over time
  • the psychological disorder causes the stuttering
  • sudden onset, with no previous history
  • primary disfluency is rapid initial syllable repetition
33
Q

adaptation effect

A
  • reduction of stuttering over time as a speak (usually repeated readings of the same material or repeated utterances about similar topics)
  • occurs in children and adults, although there are individual differences
  • occurs more in oral reading than spontaneous speech
34
Q

anticipation (expectancy) effect

A

the ability for stutterers to predict when they will stutter

35
Q

what might some people do if they can anticipate the stutter?

A
  • avoidance
  • secondary behaviors that may prevent the stuttering
36
Q

consistency

A

tendency for stuttering to occur on the same words

37
Q

unique situations

A
  • choral reading
  • whispering
  • singing
  • rhythmic speech
38
Q

choral reading

A

brain eventually tunes it out when it becomes natural because it’s extra noise

39
Q

singing

A
  • activates a different part of the brain, words are memorized, airflow and phonation are continuous
  • if they stutter when singing, most likely not childhood onset
40
Q

rhythmic speech

A
  • when saying each syllable to a beat, adults who stutter showed heightened functional connectivity in the cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, activating a compensatory timing system
  • these patterns were not seen in adults who do not stutter
  • thus, the cerebellum plays an important role in the timing and coordination of speech
41
Q

stuttering loci

A
  • word position
  • sentence position
  • word length
  • syllable stress
  • consonant
  • information load
  • word frequency
  • grammatical factors
42
Q

stuttering loci: word position

A

more stuttering on initial sounds of words than later sounds

43
Q

stuttering loci: sentence position

A

more stuttering on initial word of phrase or sentence than later words

44
Q

stuttering loci: word length

A

more stuttering on longer than shorter words

45
Q

stuttering loci: syllable stress

A

more stuttering on stressed than unstressed syllables

46
Q

stuttering loci: consonant

A

more stuttering on consonants than vowels because consonants require more stress

47
Q

stuttering loci: information load

A

more stuttering on words less predictable from context than words more predictable

48
Q

stuttering loci: word frequency

A

more stuttering on low frequency than high frequency words

49
Q

stuttering loci: grammatical factors

A

more stuttering on nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, articles, conjunctions, and pronouns

50
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the relationship of various factors determining the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community

51
Q

why is epidemiology important?

A
  • may provide information about the cause or remedy of a disorder
  • important for health care delivery (i.e. treatment)
  • helps to educate the patient and families about nature of the disorder
52
Q

stuttering has existed in all cultures and races

A

evidence exists that people stuttered as far back as 40 centuries ago

53
Q

prevalence is __, incidence is __

A

1%, 5%

54
Q

prevalence

A

how many people have it right now

55
Q

incidence

A

how many people have stuttered at some point in their life?

56
Q

what does the higher level of incidence vs. prevalence tell us?

A

some people do get better, but there was also a problem with definition (disfluency vs. stuttering)

57
Q

generally, does stuttering affect more males or females?

A

males

58
Q

in childhood onset, occurs about 1:1 or males 2 to 1 female. what does this tell us?

A

powerful predictor are family history, then if they are male or female

59
Q

few stutters under age 2, why?

A
  • not enough complexity in their speaking
  • 1-2 words roughly, not typically complete sentences (if so, very short and simple sentences)
60
Q

peak onset is between…

A

2-4 years of age (mean age is 33 months/2 years 9 months)

61
Q

onset can be…

A
  • sudden or gradual
  • less likely to occur after age 4
62
Q

virtually all studies have shown that people who stutter have…

A
  • more stuttering relatives than people who do not stutter
  • 30%-60% of stutterers have stuttering relatives

Fluency Disorders (1 decks)

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