stupid effing final Flashcards
1
Q
Visceral afferent cells bodies are located where?
A
in the posterior root ganglion (because the motor is in the front*)
2
Q
Sympathetic afferents may travel through?
A
sympathetic trunk
3
Q
Sympathetic afferents travel to the spinal ganglia by passing through what?
A
white ramus communicans
4
Q
Parasympathetic fibers are termed cholinergic because they release what?
A
Acetylcholine (ACH)
5
Q
Oculomotor pre-ganglionic cell bodies are located where?
A
accessory oculomotor nucleus
6
Q
Where is the accessory oculomotor nucleus located?
A
midbrain in the periaqueductal grey
7
Q
Where are the preganglionic cells bodies of the facial nerve located?
A
superior part of the salivary nucleus
8
Q
The chorda tympani preganglionic fibers leave the lingual nerve to reach what?
A
the submandibular ganglion
9
Q
Postganglionic fibers of the chorda tympani travel to what glands?
A
submandibular and sublingual glands (both receive POSTganglionic fibers)
10
Q
Preganglionic cell bodies of the glossopharyngeal nerve are located where?
A
inferior part of the salivary nucleus
11
Q
What carries the fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
A
tympanic nerve
12
Q
What forms the tympanic plexus?
A
tympanic nerve from the glossopharyngeal nerve and postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion
13
Q
The tympanic plexus reform as what nerve?
A
lesser petrosal nerve
14
Q
the lesser petrosal nerve travels through the lesser petrosal canal to reach?
A
the otic ganglion
15
Q
Where are the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion carried?
A
to the parotid and posterior lingual glands
16
Q
Where are the preganglion cells of the vagus nerve located?
A
(dorsal) nucleus of vagus
17
Q
The muscular layer of the upper 1/3 of the esophagus is composed of skeletal muscle and supplied by what nerve?
A
recurrent laryngeal nerve
18
Q
Preganglionic fibers reach the stomach via branches from what vagal trunks?
A
both anterior and posterior
19
Q
What is the importance of visceral afferents (nociceptors) in the vermiform appendix?
A
appendicitis
20
Q
Motor supply to the kidneys is strictly?
A
sympathetic
21
Q
Preganglionic fibers to the liver are primarily from?
A
the anterior vagal trunk
22
Q
Preganglionic supply to the liver is likely primarily?
A
afferent (like the kidneys)
23
Q
Vagal supply to the suprarenal glands is?
A
afferent from the posterior vagal trunk
24
Q
What kind of stimulation will initiate emptying of the bladder?
A
parasympathetic
25
Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located where?
in the lateral horn of cord levels T1-L2 or 3
26
Some preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through the sympathetic trunk to be carried in ______ to synapse in _____ associated with abdominopelvic viscera.
splanchnic nerves, prevertebral plexuses
27
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release?
acetylcholine
28
The sympathetic trunk extends from the superior cervical ganglion inferior to?
ganglion impar
29
How many sympathetic ganglia are associated with the cervicals? thoracic? lumbar? sacral?
cervical-3, thoracic-11, lumbar-4, sacral-4
30
What levels have white rami communicants in the cervical sympathetic trunk?
NO WHITE RAMI COMMUNICANS IN THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC TRUNK
31
Cervical sympathetic trunk lies between?
carotid sheath and longus colli and capitis muscles
32
Inferior cervical ganglion may fuse with the first thoracic ganglion to form?
stellate ganglion
33
Postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical ganglion from the medial branches supply larynx, pharynx and the heart. Branches to the heart are the SUPERIOR cardiac nerves. They carry what information?
efferent ONLY
34
Which is the smallest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?
middle cervical ganglion
35
Middle cervical ganglion cardiac branches make up?
middle cardiac nerves ( contribute to the deep part of the cardiac plexus)
36
What % of the time does the first thoracic ganglion fuse with the inferior cervical ganglion to for stellate ganglion?
80% of the time
37
Inferior cervical ganglion cardiac branches travel to the heart as?
inferior cardiac nerves
38
The lesser splanchnic nerve is formed by?
the ninth and tenth or tenth and eleventh ganglia
39
The lesser splanchnic nerve ends in what ganglion?
aorticorenal
40
the greater splanchnic nerve is formed by?
the fifth though ninth ganglia
41
the greater splanchnic nerve terminates where?
celiac ganglia
42
the least splanchnic nerve is formed by fibers from?
the twelfth ganglion
43
the least splanchnic nerve terminates where?
renal plexus
44
Axons that carry information that will be relayed to the head and neck are carried in which nerves?
T1 and T2 nerves
45
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves T1 and T2 will ascent to and synapse in?
the superior cervical ganglion
46
Axons that influence the heart arise from what levels?
T1-T4
47
Preganglionic sympathetic nerves T1-T4 that influence the heart with ascent to?
one of the three cervical ganglia and some will pass directly to the heart
48
Virtually all nerves carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers. Within the field of distribution for that nerve, these fibers will be?
vasoconstrictor, sudomotor, more to the arrector pili
49
Direct sympathetic fibers to the viscera likely (fight or flgith) will do what?
constrict blood vessels, dilate bronchial tree, stimulate glandular secretion, inhibit digestive activity
50
Superior cervical ganglion sends branches to which nerves?
glossopharyngeal, vagus (recurrent laryngeal and auricular), and hypoglossal
51
Greater splanchnic nerve fibers supply?
esophagus and thoracic aorta above the diaphragm
52
Greater splanchnic nerve fibers are transmitted through the gastric, hepatic, and superior mesenteric plexuses via which plexus to reach much of the abdominal viscera?
celiac plexus
53
The least splanchnic nerve reaches the kidneys through?
the renal plexus
54
Sympathetic fibers arrive in the cardiac plexus from the superior, middle, and inferior cardiac nerves and which sympathetic ganglia?
T2-T4
55
Sympathetic influence on the heart results in?
increased heart rate and dilation of the coronary vessels
56
Name the largest pre vertebral plexus
celiac plexus
57
What part of the eye is made up of neural crest mesenchyme?
fibrous coats (sclera)
58
What maintains the shape of the eye if pressure inside increases?
sclera
59
The sclera transitions to the cornea where?
anteriorly at the limbus
60
Name the primary refractory part of the eyeball
cornea
61
What produces the aqueous fluid of the eye?
ciliary body
62
Where is the ciliary muscle contained?
in the ciliary body
63
The nervous tunic (retina) is an outgrowth of?
diencephalon (therefore it can be considered to be a specialized portion of the brain)
64
Where is the area of clearest vision?
macula lutea
65
Aqueous humor passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber and then travels laterally, ultimately leaving the eyeball through what structure?
scleral venous sinus
66
What separates the anterior segment of the eye from the posterior segment?
lens
67
Glaucoma results from?
increased pressure within the anterior segment of the eyeball
68
what can result from glaucoma?
blindness
69
What part of the eyeball do cataracts affect?
lens-becomes less and less transparent
70
The nasolacrimal duct drains tears from the lacrimal sac into?
the INFERIOR nasal meatus
71
Tarsal glands are considered to be modified?
sebaceous glands
72
The only artery that supplies the retina is?
central retinal artery
73
Sensory supply to the external ear is from?
auriculotemporal nerve (OPTHALMIC DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL**), auricular branch of the vagus, and great auricular nerve (C2 and 3)
74
Motor supply to the external ear is from?
temporal and posterior auricular branches of the FACIAL NERVE
75
What are the three small bones found in the ear?
incus, malleus, and stapes
76
Which two muscles are located in the tympanic cavity?
stapedius and tensor tympani
77
The floor of the jugular wall is formed by a thin layer of bone separating the cavity from the internal jugular vein. A small opening in this bone serves as the entrance for which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?
tympanic branch
78
Which boundary of the middle ear is incomplete?
posterior or mastoid wall
79
What is the name of the opening of the middle ear where the tendon of the stapedius muscle passes through?
pyramidal eminence
80
The chorda tympani exits the cavity though a small opening in this wall.
carotid wall
81
The stapes attaches to which window in the labyrinthe or medial wall?
oval window
82
In the inner ear (labyrinth), what contains the utricle and the saccule?
the vestibule
83
Which part of the inner ear contains the special sense ganglion?
utricle
84
What kind of lymph is within the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
85
The membranous labyrinth is inside the bony labyrinth bathed in what?
perilymph
86
The bony part of the cochlear consists of a tube that is coiled around a cone-shaped central body structure called what?
modiolus
87
How many times does the cochlea wrap around the modiolus?
2.5-2.75 times
88
What forms the base of the scala vestibuli?
oval window
89
The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani communicate with each other at the apex through a channel called?
helicotrema
90
The base of the scala tympani is formed by?
round window
91
The cochlear duct is attached to the lamina of?
modiolus
92
What separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli?
vestibular membrane
93
what separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct?
basilar or spiral membrane
94
The hairs cells in the spiral organ are covered by?
tectorial membrane
95
Sound waves enter the external acoustic meatus causing what to vibrate?
tympanic membrane
96
What inner ear structures contain hairlike projections called maculae?
utricle and saccule
97
The utricle detects what kind of accelerations?
centrifugal and vertical
98
The saccule detects what kind of accelerations?
linear
99
Which branch of the vestibular branches is larger?
the superior branch (12,000 fibers)
100
The superior branch of the vestibular branches carries information from?
anterior and lateral semicircular ducts and the utricle
101
The superior branch of the vestibular branches carries some information from the saccule via which nerve?
Voit's Nerve
102
The cochlear nerve is composed of axons from cell in which ganglion?
spiral ganglion
103
Visceral afferents are associate with receptors that are sensitive to?
pressure (barro), chemical (chemo), and muscle stretching
104
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are carried in which cranial nerves and which sacral nerves?
3,7,9 and 10 are parasympathetic friends...sacral nerves 2,3,4 keep it up off the floor
105
Which CNs will have parasympathetic supply to the head?
3, 7, and 9
106
Oculomotor preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in what ganglion?
ciliary ganglion
107
Postganglion axons from the oculomotor nerve are carried in short ciliary nerves and enter the eyeball to supply?
ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae
108
What happens to the eyeball when the ciliary muscle contracts?
makes the lens more convex (focus on closer objects)
109
What happens to the eyeball when the sphincter pupillae constricts?
size of the pupil decreases
110
The facial nerve exits the CNS in which nerve?
intermediate nerve
111
The greater petrosal nerve re-enters the petrous part of the temporal bone through?
foramen lacerum
112
Thyroid branches that reach the thyroid and parathyroid glands are from which cervical ganglion?
Middle
113
Branches that reach the thyroid and parathyroid glands are primarily?
vasomotor
114
Branches from the inferior cervical ganglion are sent to which artery and form plexuses around it and its branches?
subclavian (axillary and vertebral branches)
115
Which levels of the thoracic ganglion have white and/or gray ramus communicans?
all 11 (or 12) levels
116
Postganglionic fibers form the deep petrosal nerve and combines with what nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal?
greater petrosal nerve
117
Which nerves combine with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngel nerve to form the tympanic plexus and what does it supply?
caroticotympanic, supplies glands and bold vessels of the middle ear
118
Which branch of the carotid nerve forms the cavernous plexus?
Medial internal carotid nerve
119
The cavernous plexus is located within the cavernous sinus alongside what?
sella turcica
120
Lesser splanchnic nerve contains fibers from T9 or T10-11 ganglia. These fibers reach the same structures as the great splanchnic nerve in addition to what structure?
suprarenal glands
121
Retina and pigmented structures of the eye are derived from what embryonically?
neuroectoderm of the forebrain
122
The lens and cornea of the eye are derived from what?
Surface ectoderm
123
What are the three coats (tunics) of the eye?
fibrous (outermost), vascular, and nervous
124
The sclera and cornea are in which tunic of the eye?
fibrous
125
The Choroid, ciliary body, and iris are in which tunic of the eye?
Vascular
126
How many layers does the retina have?
10
127
Name the layers of the retina from outermost to innermost?
| Pig's Rods and Cones Externally Limits their Outer Nukes in their Outer Plex
pigmenting layer, rods and cones, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear later, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer and internal limiting membrane
128
This thick, dense, firm, opaque portion of the eye maintains shape if the pressure inside the eyeball increases.
sclera (whites of the eye)
129
T/F Extraocular muscles attach to the sclera?
True
130
How is it possible that there is CSF in the eye?
posteriorly the sclera is continuous with the arachnoid matter which means the subarachnoid space extends to the sclera
131
What layer of the cornea is the thickest?
substantia propria
132
Which part of the eye has a cooling effect?
the blood vessels of the choroid
133
The iris consists of what muscles?
sphincter pupillae (parasympathetics) and dilator pupillae (sympathetic)
134
What area of the eyeball provides the clearest area for vision?
macula lutea (cones only)
135
How do you figure out the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles?
SO4 LR6/3 **
136
What structure drains tears into the lacrimal sac?
lacrimal duct
137
Name the most superior part of the nasolacrimal duct
lacrimal sac
138
What is considered the external ear?
the auricle and external acoustic meatus
139
What are the extrinsic muscles of the ear?
anterior, superior and posterior auricular muscles
140
What are the intrinsic muscles of the ear?
Helicis major and minor, tragicus, antitragicus, transverse and oblique muscles of the auricle
141
How long and what shape is the external acoustic meatus?
about one inch and "s" shape
142
What are the two parts recognized in the middle ear?
tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess
143
The lateral or membranous wall of the middle ear is formed almost entirely by?
tympanic membrane
144
Where is the scala tympani located in relation to the cochlear duct?
scala tympani is below the cochlear duct
145
What kind of lymph fills the cochlear duct?
endolymph
146
How much do the ossicles of the middle earl amplify sound?
1.2 times
147
Vibrations that have entered the external acoustic meatus have been amplified how many times?
17
148
What are the sense organs within the semicircular ducts called?
crista
149
The semicircular ducts are sensitive to which kind of accelerations?
rotational (any direction, really)
