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PNS final > stupid effing final > Flashcards

stupid effing final Flashcards

1
Q

Visceral afferent cells bodies are located where?

A

in the posterior root ganglion (because the motor is in the front*)

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2
Q

Sympathetic afferents may travel through?

A

sympathetic trunk

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3
Q

Sympathetic afferents travel to the spinal ganglia by passing through what?

A

white ramus communicans

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4
Q

Parasympathetic fibers are termed cholinergic because they release what?

A

Acetylcholine (ACH)

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5
Q

Oculomotor pre-ganglionic cell bodies are located where?

A

accessory oculomotor nucleus

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6
Q

Where is the accessory oculomotor nucleus located?

A

midbrain in the periaqueductal grey

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7
Q

Where are the preganglionic cells bodies of the facial nerve located?

A

superior part of the salivary nucleus

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8
Q

The chorda tympani preganglionic fibers leave the lingual nerve to reach what?

A

the submandibular ganglion

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9
Q

Postganglionic fibers of the chorda tympani travel to what glands?

A

submandibular and sublingual glands (both receive POSTganglionic fibers)

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10
Q

Preganglionic cell bodies of the glossopharyngeal nerve are located where?

A

inferior part of the salivary nucleus

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11
Q

What carries the fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

tympanic nerve

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12
Q

What forms the tympanic plexus?

A

tympanic nerve from the glossopharyngeal nerve and postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion

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13
Q

The tympanic plexus reform as what nerve?

A

lesser petrosal nerve

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14
Q

the lesser petrosal nerve travels through the lesser petrosal canal to reach?

A

the otic ganglion

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15
Q

Where are the postganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the otic ganglion carried?

A

to the parotid and posterior lingual glands

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16
Q

Where are the preganglion cells of the vagus nerve located?

A

(dorsal) nucleus of vagus

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17
Q

The muscular layer of the upper 1/3 of the esophagus is composed of skeletal muscle and supplied by what nerve?

A

recurrent laryngeal nerve

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18
Q

Preganglionic fibers reach the stomach via branches from what vagal trunks?

A

both anterior and posterior

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19
Q

What is the importance of visceral afferents (nociceptors) in the vermiform appendix?

A

appendicitis

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20
Q

Motor supply to the kidneys is strictly?

A

sympathetic

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21
Q

Preganglionic fibers to the liver are primarily from?

A

the anterior vagal trunk

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22
Q

Preganglionic supply to the liver is likely primarily?

A

afferent (like the kidneys)

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23
Q

Vagal supply to the suprarenal glands is?

A

afferent from the posterior vagal trunk

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24
Q

What kind of stimulation will initiate emptying of the bladder?

A

parasympathetic

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25
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies are located where?

A

in the lateral horn of cord levels T1-L2 or 3

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26
Q

Some preganglionic sympathetic fibers pass through the sympathetic trunk to be carried in ______ to synapse in _____ associated with abdominopelvic viscera.

A

splanchnic nerves, prevertebral plexuses

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27
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release?

A

acetylcholine

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28
Q

The sympathetic trunk extends from the superior cervical ganglion inferior to?

A

ganglion impar

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29
Q

How many sympathetic ganglia are associated with the cervicals? thoracic? lumbar? sacral?

A

cervical-3, thoracic-11, lumbar-4, sacral-4

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30
Q

What levels have white rami communicants in the cervical sympathetic trunk?

A

NO WHITE RAMI COMMUNICANS IN THE CERVICAL SYMPATHETIC TRUNK

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31
Q

Cervical sympathetic trunk lies between?

A

carotid sheath and longus colli and capitis muscles

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32
Q

Inferior cervical ganglion may fuse with the first thoracic ganglion to form?

A

stellate ganglion

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33
Q

Postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical ganglion from the medial branches supply larynx, pharynx and the heart. Branches to the heart are the SUPERIOR cardiac nerves. They carry what information?

A

efferent ONLY

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34
Q

Which is the smallest of the cervical sympathetic ganglia?

A

middle cervical ganglion

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35
Q

Middle cervical ganglion cardiac branches make up?

A

middle cardiac nerves ( contribute to the deep part of the cardiac plexus)

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36
Q

What % of the time does the first thoracic ganglion fuse with the inferior cervical ganglion to for stellate ganglion?

A

80% of the time

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37
Q

Inferior cervical ganglion cardiac branches travel to the heart as?

A

inferior cardiac nerves

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38
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve is formed by?

A

the ninth and tenth or tenth and eleventh ganglia

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39
Q

The lesser splanchnic nerve ends in what ganglion?

A

aorticorenal

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40
Q

the greater splanchnic nerve is formed by?

A

the fifth though ninth ganglia

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41
Q

the greater splanchnic nerve terminates where?

A

celiac ganglia

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42
Q

the least splanchnic nerve is formed by fibers from?

A

the twelfth ganglion

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43
Q

the least splanchnic nerve terminates where?

A

renal plexus

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44
Q

Axons that carry information that will be relayed to the head and neck are carried in which nerves?

A

T1 and T2 nerves

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45
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic nerves T1 and T2 will ascent to and synapse in?

A

the superior cervical ganglion

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46
Q

Axons that influence the heart arise from what levels?

A

T1-T4

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47
Q

Preganglionic sympathetic nerves T1-T4 that influence the heart with ascent to?

A

one of the three cervical ganglia and some will pass directly to the heart

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48
Q

Virtually all nerves carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers. Within the field of distribution for that nerve, these fibers will be?

A

vasoconstrictor, sudomotor, more to the arrector pili

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49
Q

Direct sympathetic fibers to the viscera likely (fight or flgith) will do what?

A

constrict blood vessels, dilate bronchial tree, stimulate glandular secretion, inhibit digestive activity

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50
Q

Superior cervical ganglion sends branches to which nerves?

A

glossopharyngeal, vagus (recurrent laryngeal and auricular), and hypoglossal

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51
Q

Greater splanchnic nerve fibers supply?

A

esophagus and thoracic aorta above the diaphragm

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52
Q

Greater splanchnic nerve fibers are transmitted through the gastric, hepatic, and superior mesenteric plexuses via which plexus to reach much of the abdominal viscera?

A

celiac plexus

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53
Q

The least splanchnic nerve reaches the kidneys through?

A

the renal plexus

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54
Q

Sympathetic fibers arrive in the cardiac plexus from the superior, middle, and inferior cardiac nerves and which sympathetic ganglia?

A

T2-T4

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55
Q

Sympathetic influence on the heart results in?

A

increased heart rate and dilation of the coronary vessels

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56
Q

Name the largest pre vertebral plexus

A

celiac plexus

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57
Q

What part of the eye is made up of neural crest mesenchyme?

A

fibrous coats (sclera)

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58
Q

What maintains the shape of the eye if pressure inside increases?

A

sclera

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59
Q

The sclera transitions to the cornea where?

A

anteriorly at the limbus

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60
Q

Name the primary refractory part of the eyeball

A

cornea

61
Q

What produces the aqueous fluid of the eye?

A

ciliary body

62
Q

Where is the ciliary muscle contained?

A

in the ciliary body

63
Q

The nervous tunic (retina) is an outgrowth of?

A

diencephalon (therefore it can be considered to be a specialized portion of the brain)

64
Q

Where is the area of clearest vision?

A

macula lutea

65
Q

Aqueous humor passes through the pupil into the anterior chamber and then travels laterally, ultimately leaving the eyeball through what structure?

A

scleral venous sinus

66
Q

What separates the anterior segment of the eye from the posterior segment?

A

lens

67
Q

Glaucoma results from?

A

increased pressure within the anterior segment of the eyeball

68
Q

what can result from glaucoma?

A

blindness

69
Q

What part of the eyeball do cataracts affect?

A

lens-becomes less and less transparent

70
Q

The nasolacrimal duct drains tears from the lacrimal sac into?

A

the INFERIOR nasal meatus

71
Q

Tarsal glands are considered to be modified?

A

sebaceous glands

72
Q

The only artery that supplies the retina is?

A

central retinal artery

73
Q

Sensory supply to the external ear is from?

A

auriculotemporal nerve (OPTHALMIC DIVISION OF TRIGEMINAL**), auricular branch of the vagus, and great auricular nerve (C2 and 3)

74
Q

Motor supply to the external ear is from?

A

temporal and posterior auricular branches of the FACIAL NERVE

75
Q

What are the three small bones found in the ear?

A

incus, malleus, and stapes

76
Q

Which two muscles are located in the tympanic cavity?

A

stapedius and tensor tympani

77
Q

The floor of the jugular wall is formed by a thin layer of bone separating the cavity from the internal jugular vein. A small opening in this bone serves as the entrance for which branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

A

tympanic branch

78
Q

Which boundary of the middle ear is incomplete?

A

posterior or mastoid wall

79
Q

What is the name of the opening of the middle ear where the tendon of the stapedius muscle passes through?

A

pyramidal eminence

80
Q

The chorda tympani exits the cavity though a small opening in this wall.

A

carotid wall

81
Q

The stapes attaches to which window in the labyrinthe or medial wall?

A

oval window

82
Q

In the inner ear (labyrinth), what contains the utricle and the saccule?

A

the vestibule

83
Q

Which part of the inner ear contains the special sense ganglion?

A

utricle

84
Q

What kind of lymph is within the membranous labyrinth?

A

endolymph

85
Q

The membranous labyrinth is inside the bony labyrinth bathed in what?

A

perilymph

86
Q

The bony part of the cochlear consists of a tube that is coiled around a cone-shaped central body structure called what?

A

modiolus

87
Q

How many times does the cochlea wrap around the modiolus?

A

2.5-2.75 times

88
Q

What forms the base of the scala vestibuli?

A

oval window

89
Q

The scala vestibuli and the scala tympani communicate with each other at the apex through a channel called?

A

helicotrema

90
Q

The base of the scala tympani is formed by?

A

round window

91
Q

The cochlear duct is attached to the lamina of?

A

modiolus

92
Q

What separates the cochlear duct from the scala vestibuli?

A

vestibular membrane

93
Q

what separates the scala tympani from the cochlear duct?

A

basilar or spiral membrane

94
Q

The hairs cells in the spiral organ are covered by?

A

tectorial membrane

95
Q

Sound waves enter the external acoustic meatus causing what to vibrate?

A

tympanic membrane

96
Q

What inner ear structures contain hairlike projections called maculae?

A

utricle and saccule

97
Q

The utricle detects what kind of accelerations?

A

centrifugal and vertical

98
Q

The saccule detects what kind of accelerations?

A

linear

99
Q

Which branch of the vestibular branches is larger?

A

the superior branch (12,000 fibers)

100
Q

The superior branch of the vestibular branches carries information from?

A

anterior and lateral semicircular ducts and the utricle

101
Q

The superior branch of the vestibular branches carries some information from the saccule via which nerve?

A

Voit’s Nerve

102
Q

The cochlear nerve is composed of axons from cell in which ganglion?

A

spiral ganglion

103
Q

Visceral afferents are associate with receptors that are sensitive to?

A

pressure (barro), chemical (chemo), and muscle stretching

104
Q

Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers are carried in which cranial nerves and which sacral nerves?

A

3,7,9 and 10 are parasympathetic friends…sacral nerves 2,3,4 keep it up off the floor

105
Q

Which CNs will have parasympathetic supply to the head?

A

3, 7, and 9

106
Q

Oculomotor preganglionic parasympathetic fibers synapse in what ganglion?

A

ciliary ganglion

107
Q

Postganglion axons from the oculomotor nerve are carried in short ciliary nerves and enter the eyeball to supply?

A

ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae

108
Q

What happens to the eyeball when the ciliary muscle contracts?

A

makes the lens more convex (focus on closer objects)

109
Q

What happens to the eyeball when the sphincter pupillae constricts?

A

size of the pupil decreases

110
Q

The facial nerve exits the CNS in which nerve?

A

intermediate nerve

111
Q

The greater petrosal nerve re-enters the petrous part of the temporal bone through?

A

foramen lacerum

112
Q

Thyroid branches that reach the thyroid and parathyroid glands are from which cervical ganglion?

A

Middle

113
Q

Branches that reach the thyroid and parathyroid glands are primarily?

A

vasomotor

114
Q

Branches from the inferior cervical ganglion are sent to which artery and form plexuses around it and its branches?

A

subclavian (axillary and vertebral branches)

115
Q

Which levels of the thoracic ganglion have white and/or gray ramus communicans?

A

all 11 (or 12) levels

116
Q

Postganglionic fibers form the deep petrosal nerve and combines with what nerve to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal?

A

greater petrosal nerve

117
Q

Which nerves combine with the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngel nerve to form the tympanic plexus and what does it supply?

A

caroticotympanic, supplies glands and bold vessels of the middle ear

118
Q

Which branch of the carotid nerve forms the cavernous plexus?

A

Medial internal carotid nerve

119
Q

The cavernous plexus is located within the cavernous sinus alongside what?

A

sella turcica

120
Q

Lesser splanchnic nerve contains fibers from T9 or T10-11 ganglia. These fibers reach the same structures as the great splanchnic nerve in addition to what structure?

A

suprarenal glands

121
Q

Retina and pigmented structures of the eye are derived from what embryonically?

A

neuroectoderm of the forebrain

122
Q

The lens and cornea of the eye are derived from what?

A

Surface ectoderm

123
Q

What are the three coats (tunics) of the eye?

A

fibrous (outermost), vascular, and nervous

124
Q

The sclera and cornea are in which tunic of the eye?

A

fibrous

125
Q

The Choroid, ciliary body, and iris are in which tunic of the eye?

A

Vascular

126
Q

How many layers does the retina have?

A

10

127
Q

Name the layers of the retina from outermost to innermost?

Pig’s Rods and Cones Externally Limits their Outer Nukes in their Outer Plex

A

pigmenting layer, rods and cones, external limiting membrane, outer nuclear later, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, ganglion cell layer, nerve fiber layer and internal limiting membrane

128
Q

This thick, dense, firm, opaque portion of the eye maintains shape if the pressure inside the eyeball increases.

A

sclera (whites of the eye)

129
Q

T/F Extraocular muscles attach to the sclera?

A

True

130
Q

How is it possible that there is CSF in the eye?

A

posteriorly the sclera is continuous with the arachnoid matter which means the subarachnoid space extends to the sclera

131
Q

What layer of the cornea is the thickest?

A

substantia propria

132
Q

Which part of the eye has a cooling effect?

A

the blood vessels of the choroid

133
Q

The iris consists of what muscles?

A

sphincter pupillae (parasympathetics) and dilator pupillae (sympathetic)

134
Q

What area of the eyeball provides the clearest area for vision?

A

macula lutea (cones only)

135
Q

How do you figure out the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles?

A

SO4 LR6/3 **

136
Q

What structure drains tears into the lacrimal sac?

A

lacrimal duct

137
Q

Name the most superior part of the nasolacrimal duct

A

lacrimal sac

138
Q

What is considered the external ear?

A

the auricle and external acoustic meatus

139
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the ear?

A

anterior, superior and posterior auricular muscles

140
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the ear?

A

Helicis major and minor, tragicus, antitragicus, transverse and oblique muscles of the auricle

141
Q

How long and what shape is the external acoustic meatus?

A

about one inch and “s” shape

142
Q

What are the two parts recognized in the middle ear?

A

tympanic cavity and epitympanic recess

143
Q

The lateral or membranous wall of the middle ear is formed almost entirely by?

A

tympanic membrane

144
Q

Where is the scala tympani located in relation to the cochlear duct?

A

scala tympani is below the cochlear duct

145
Q

What kind of lymph fills the cochlear duct?

A

endolymph

146
Q

How much do the ossicles of the middle earl amplify sound?

A

1.2 times

147
Q

Vibrations that have entered the external acoustic meatus have been amplified how many times?

A

17

148
Q

What are the sense organs within the semicircular ducts called?

A

crista

149
Q

The semicircular ducts are sensitive to which kind of accelerations?

A

rotational (any direction, really)

PNS final (1 decks)

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