Stuff to Know

Question 1

Advocacy Planning 1960-1970

Answer 1

Sail Alinsky, Paul Davidoff, Sheri Arnstein. Cookie cutter plans were not responsive to local needs. Elitist plans were prepared and adopted by “establishment” planning commissions. Plans ignored the needs to minorities and low-income families. Advocacy planning refers to the right of a neighborhood group or other group to advocate plans directed to its own interest. Citizen participation is important

Question 2

Key concepts of Advocacy planning

Answer 2

planners should be advocates. planners have values underlying their positions. Values held by planners should be clear. Planners should be advocates of either governments or other groups. Planning policy should be determined through the process of political debate. balance between bureaucracy and special interest.

Question 3

Cincinnati plan of 1925

Answer 3

Ford-Goodrich plan for Cincinnati. landmark because its scope was far broader than most plans of that period. it contained sections of historical growth, and probable trends of future development, downtown traffic problems, subdivision and housing, schools and playyards, garbage and refuse.

Question 4

Central Park 1857

Answer 4

designed by Frederick Olmstead SR and Calvert Vaux. Central park became the model for large urban parks throughout the 19th century.

Question 5

Chicago Plan 1909

Answer 5

First comprehensive plan for orderly development. inspired by the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicagos Jackson Park. Launched the City Beautiful Movement. Designed by Daniel Burnham. First comprehensive plan in the US.

Question 6

Major components of the Chicago Plan

Answer 6

system of regional highways, systematic arrangement of streets and avenues, improved railroad terminals, improved Lake Michigan frontage with parks, beaches, off-shore islands, utilized parkways to connect existing and proposed parks

Question 7

City Beautiful Movement

Answer 7

the primary proponent was Daniel Burnham. Components included: recreate cities as works of art, grandeur, strong axis, monuments, parks, monumental public buildings, more emphasis on how things looked than how they worked. Emphasized civic art and sanitary hygiene

Question 8

Country Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri

Answer 8

1922- First suburban shopping center developed by JC Nichols

Question 9

Euclid 1926

Answer 9

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty- legitimized zoning as a way of controlling land use. gave planners credibility they didnt have before. Euclid is a suburb in Ohio. The code included land use zones, height restrictions, lot area requirements, and setback requirements.

Question 10

Forest Hills Gardens, Long Island, NY 1911

Answer 10

located in Queens NY. begun in 1908. America’s firt Garden suburb. Designed by Frederick Olmstead JR and Grosvenor Atterbury. served as the inspiration for Clarence Perrys Neighborhood Unit Concept

Question 11

Garden Cities

Answer 11

primary proponent was Ebenezer Howard. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker, Clarence Perry, Clarence Stein. movement was spawned by a new socioeconomic system acclaimed as superior to capitalism and socialism, characterized by local management and self-government without the need for intervention from the central state. designed for socioeconomic stratums just above poor

Question 12

primary components of Garden Cities

Answer 12

developed cities of 30,000 residents with radial avenues and periphel industries, separated from adjacent cities by greenbelt and connected via rapid transit. developed on farmland. as land values increased, mortgages from landowners would provide for the welfare state without the need of taxation. first demonstration on US: Forest Hills Gardens, NY; Sunnyside Gardens, NY; Fairlawn, NJ; contained villages separated by factories and cities by a greenbelt. Introduced Neighborhood Unit Principle.

Question 13

Neighborhood Unit Principle

Answer 13

school is the central focus. local shops located where nieghborhoods intersect. contained a central area for community institutions.

Question 14

Greenbelt Towns

Answer 14

began in 1935 with the New Deal Program- Rural Resettlement Administration. US Department of Agriculture. agency undertook to design and construct four communities known as greenbelt towns: Greenbelt, MD, Greenhills, OH, Greendale, WI, Greenbrook, NJ (never built). planned to assist local employment and to create model communities to guide future development.

Question 15

Components of greenbelt Towns

Answer 15

modified neighborhood units in countryside surrounded by extensive greenbelts of public land. served as dormitory suburbs for nearby metropolises, towns were built and operated by federal government

Question 16

Hawaiis State Land Use Law

Answer 16

1961- zoned the state into districts, urban, agriculture, and conservation. established a state land-use commission. First statewide regulatory system in US

Question 17

Kalamazoo Mall

Answer 17

Michigan 1956- opened in 1959- nations first downtown pedestrian mall. based on plan for the city by Victor Gruen- has been extended twice with considerable success.

Question 18

New York City Zoning Code

Answer 18

1916- first comprehensive zoning code in the US- George Burdett Ford provided technical assistance to drafters

Question 19

Oregon’s Statewide Program for Land Use Planning

Answer 19

1973- created the most extensive, innovative program for land use planning in America, resulting in state policies and interests in land use being reflected in local comprehensive plans and land use regulations, including statewide growth management

Question 20

Petaluma Environmental Design Plan

Answer 20

1971-1972, prepared by Corwin Mocine and Sydney Williams, plans controversial system for phasing residential growth was upheld by the US Supreme Court. the plan limited new housing to 500 units a year. it established a 200 foot wide greenbelt and created a community board to evaluate new development.

Question 21

Radburn 1928

Answer 21

located in Fairlawn, NJ. Radburn was a model project designed by Stein and Wright. represented the evolution of the neighborhood unit idea explored at Hampstead, London.. One of the most publicized long-lived and influential models of domestic city planning. became prototype for most of the advanced American Land development planning for the next 50 years

Question 22

Components of Radburn

Answer 22

large superblocks, center of the block parks, bounded by two story single family houses, pedestrian paths led from houses, through parks, to local schools nearby shopping center. separated pedestrian and vehicular traffic. utilized a systematic pattern of cul-de-sacs, footpaths and underpasses

Question 23

Riverside Plan if IL

Answer 23

1869- railroad suburb designed by Frederick Olmstead SR, and Calvert Vaux, noted for curvilinear street and park like surroundings

Question 24

San Francisco Zoning Ordinance

Answer 24

1867- prohibited the operation of slaughter houses and storage of hogs in certain areas, laying the foundation for zoning use controls elsewhere

Question 25

Savannah plan, Georgia

Answer 25

1733- work of James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia colony. original ward system with a unique central square was followed later in development. rare example of early city growth design

Question 26

Tennessee Valley Authority

Answer 26

1933+ independent multifunctional government agency created for regional planning and development of the Tennessee River Valley. Extensive programs ranged from flood protection and water management to recreational development and power generation. operated as a semi-independent federal corporation. unique regional development organization and forebear to contemporary COG’s and MPO’s

Question 27

Vieux Carre, Plan of New Orleans

Answer 27

1721- old city of new orleans. was prepared in 1721 by Adrien de Pauger, french military engineer. the original grid plan, centered on Place d’Armes, is still intact. 1925 the neighborhood was protected by the nations first historic preservation ordinance

Question 28

Plan of Washington DC 1791

Answer 28

the radial and gridiron plan by Pierre L’Enfant. influenced myriad city plans across the US

Question 29

Yellowstone National Park

Answer 29

1872 first national park in US