Stuff to Know Flashcards
Golden Rule
“To one to others as they done onto you”
Empathy
Empathy:
→ fuels connected;
→ It is a vulnerable choice
→ perceptive taking, staying out of judgment, recognise the motion, communication.
→ Empathy is a scared space,
→ Empathy is the heart of the golden rule
→ Not self-driven to violence but compassion
→ Built into our biology
→ We know life is fragile, we respect others and creatures
→ No empathy in heaven because there is no morality
→ Empathy is the invisible hand -to empathise is to civilise
→ Religion is based on identity and empathy is based on identity.
Ethic of reciprocity
Relationship between self and others:
Treat others as you yourself would like to be treated. (positive)
Don’t treat others as you would like to be treated . (negative)
Golden Rule Faults
Faults - you can’t always understand how others would like to be treated, because you are taking your personal view on the situation.
Value & Ethics - Judaism
• 10 commandments are essential • Four Principles → Exodus → Leviticus → Rabbinic → The rules of Kosher • Charity • Diet • Torah - the law, refers to the beginning of the old testament. • Jews are expected to live like Halacha • 10 commandments
Values & Ethics - Christianity
• Shares ethics with Judaism
• Primary influences are…
1. Ten commandments + the gospel
2. The Beatitudes
3. Pauline Epistles - letters of Paul, behavioural expectations
• Within Christianity each brand have different values and ethics however share (1,2,3) above.
• Anything relates to sex, gender, contraception, marriage are controversial
• Environmental ethics ranges from “dominions” (to rule over) to those based on the idea of stewardship (don’t own it but I will look after it”
Value & Ethics - Buddhism
Buddhism: • 5 Precepts → To undertake to harm no living thing → To undertake • Likewise with Christianity, Buddhism have different branches which interpret the law differently • Understanding of sex and gender range
Value and Ethics - Islam
Islam: • 5 pillars → Profession (to god) → Prayer → Charity → Fasting → Pilgrimage • Set of Commandments
Value and Ethics - Hinduism
Hinduism: • Dama → Proper conduct in human beings → Proper conduct of conduct • Karma - consequences of doing bad • Cows are scared
Goodness
Þ Actions
Þ Morally inclined to do good for others
Þ Interaction with others
Divine Command Theory
is the idea that we have a duty to obey God, and therefore a duty to do or not do whatever God has commanded us to do or not do.
- Divine Command Theory is a moral theory, and moral theology, but, strictly speaking, it is not normative moral philosophy.
- Divine Command Theory is not normative moral philosophy, if philosophy is defined as the systematic inquiry into the nature of things (such as norms), based on logical reasoning or rationality.
- Following commands does not require reason.
- Divine Command Theory has been variously categorized as moral prescriptivism, as moral theology, and as deontological ethics.
- Do something ethical because god said to do it.
Utilitarianism - DEFINITION
- complete action
- Greatest amount of happiness for the greatest amount of people
- Maximises pleasure minimise pain
Deontological - DEFINITION
- Ontological is being therefore definite being.
- Things are either good or bad
- Actions are not justified by their affects but in accordance with a moral norm
- Obligation to do right.
Virtue Ethics
- Stresses the idea of cultivating of character or virtures
- Does not provide a rule book but suggests that people should act in such as way that actions contribute to the
- A lot older than the other frame works
- Aims at living at good life.
Teleological
a theory of ethics (as utilitarianism or ethical egoism) according to which the rightness of an act is determined by its end.
Consequentialism Ethics
Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one’s conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct.
Hedonism Calclus
Bentham, an ethical hedonist, believed the moral rightness or wrongness of an action to be a function of the amount of pleasure or pain that it produced. The felicific calculus could, in principle at least, determine the moral status of any considered act.
Jeremy Bentham
Jeremy Bentham (1758-1832) -
Greatest Pleasure for greatest number
*Attempts to find a rational approach to law
*Argued against natural law theory, that laws are universal in nature
*Proposed a “scientific” approach to ethics - the principle of utility.
Principle of Utility
- Bentham you can measure or quantified pleasure vs pain.
- Human life is built around the fundamental role of pain and pleasure
- Principle of utility approves or disapproves of an action based on the pleasure or pain it brings (the consequences of the action
- Good = pleasure ; Pain = evil
- Pleasure and pain are capable of being quantified or measured
How to calculate: The Utilitarian Calculus
The Utilitarian Calculus:
1.Intensity - how strong is the pleasure/pain?
2.Duration - How long is it going to last?
3.Certainty/uncertainty- Likelihood of the event causing pleasure or pain
4. Remoteness - How soon will the pleasure/ pain occur?
5.Fecundity - How probable is it that the event will be followed by sensations of the same kind?
6.Purity - How probable is it that the event will be followed by sensations of a different kind?
7. Extent - The number of people affected?
Everyone is affected
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (1806 -1873)
- Work follows on from Bentham on with n emphasise on liberty and the freedom of the individual.
- Unlike Bentham he is not interested in measuring pleasure but in the quality.
