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Chemisty Things to learn > Stuff I forget > Flashcards

Stuff I forget Flashcards

1
Q

All sodium potassium and ammonium salts are …

A

Soluble

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2
Q

All nitrates are …

A

Soluble

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3
Q

All sulphates are …… except ……

A

Soluble except silver, calcium, barium, lead(II)

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4
Q

All chlorides are …… except ……

A

Soluble except Silver, Lead(II)

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5
Q

All carbonates are …… except ……

A

Insoluble except Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium

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6
Q

All transition metal hydroxides (and aluminium) are …

A

Insoluble

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7
Q

Flame test for lithium

A

Red (crimson)

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8
Q

Flame test for potassium

A

Lilac

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9
Q

Flame test for sodium

A

Yellow

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10
Q

Flame test for calcium

A

Brick red

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11
Q

Precipitation with sodium hydroxide for Iron(II)

A

Green precipitate

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12
Q

Precipitation with sodium hydroxide for Iron(III)

A

Orange precipitate

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13
Q

Precipitation with sodium hydroxide for Copper(II)

A

Blue precipitate

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14
Q

Test for ammonia

A

Add sodium hydroxide then Damp red litmus paper turns blue

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15
Q

Test for carbonates

A

Add 1 cm³ of carbonate then add 1 cm³ of hydrochloric acid. If effervescence seen substance is a carbonate.

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16
Q

Test for sulphates

A

Add 1 cm³ of sulphate then add 1 cm³ of hydrochloric acid. If no effervescence add barium chloride then white precipitate formed.

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17
Q

Test for halides

A

Add Nitric acid to turn impurities into soluble salts. Then Add silver nitrate.

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18
Q

Colour of chloride with silver nitrate in nitric acid

A

White precipitate.

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19
Q

Colour of bromide with silver nitrate in nitric acid

A

Off-white precipitate.

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20
Q

Colour of iodide with silver nitrate in nitric acid

A

Pale yellow precipitate.

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21
Q

When making salts if the product is insoluble which method should you use?

A

Precipitation method.

  • Soluble reactants
  • Filter
  • Wash to remove impurities
  • Leave to dry
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22
Q

When making salts if product is soluble and reactants are insoluble which method should you use?

A

Excess base method.

  • Measure out 25 cm³ of sulphuric acid.
  • Add excess base
  • Filter
  • Evaporate water
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23
Q

When making salts if the product is soluble and reactants are soluble reactants which method should you use?

A

Titration method.

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24
Q

Empirical formula definition

A

The simplest ratio of each type of atoms in a compound.

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25
Q

Molecular formula definition

A

A chemical formula that gives the total number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a substance.

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26
Q

Enthalpy change

A

Some of enthalpies bonds broken - some of enthalpies bonds made.
If result is - then it is exothermic. If + then endothermic reaction

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27
Q

What does energy transferred equal?

A

MC Delta T.
M: Mass of water.
C: constant 4.2.
Delta T: change in temperature.

28
Q

What is the definition linking moles , mass and RFM.

A

Moles = Mass/RFM

29
Q

What is the formula linking enthalpy change, moles and energy?

A

Enthalpy change = energy/moles or Delta H = E/moles.

30
Q

Group number

A

Number of electrons in outer shell.

31
Q

Period number

A

Number of shells

32
Q

Ionic bonding

A

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

33
Q

Covalent bonding

A

The electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and two nuclei.

34
Q

Metallic bonding

A

Electrostatic attraction between regularly arranged cations and a sea of delocalised electrons.

35
Q

Electrolysis at the cathode what is the rule for what is collected.

A

Rule: The more reactive element stays in solution.

If more reactive than hydrogen then stays in solution otherwise collected on cathode.

36
Q

In electrolysis at the anode what is the rule?

A

If Cl-, Br- or I- and ions are present, they give up on electron and become their elements.
If not then OH- and ions give up an electron, and oxygen gas is formed a anode.

37
Q

Uses of hydrogen

A
  • In the harbour process for making ammonia.
  • For hydrogenation of vegetable oil to make spreads etc.
  • As a fuel.
38
Q

Uses of chlorine

A
  • For making bleach and hydrochloric acid.
  • For sterilising (killing bacteria) in drinking water.
  • For killing micro organisms in swimming pool water.
39
Q

Uses of sodium hydroxide

A
  • In soap and paper manufacturing.

- For making bleach.

40
Q

Is the cathode positive or negative?

A

It is negative but attracts cations (+)

41
Q

Is the anode positive or negative?

A

It is positive but collects anions(-)

42
Q

Enthalpy Change and Bonds?

A

Bonds broken - bonds made. If negative then exothermic

43
Q

Why are metals malleable?

A

They have layers that can slide over each other.

44
Q

Describe one physical and one chemical test for water

A

Physical: Boil and Freeze at 100 and 0*C
Chemical: anhydrous copper(II) sulphate from white to blue

45
Q

Order the reactivity series

A

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Carbon, Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, Hydrogen, Copper, Silver, Gold.

(Please Stop Calling Me A Careless Zebra, Instead Try Learning How Copper Saves Gold)

46
Q

What is the difference between alkenes and alkanes?

A

Alkenes have a double bond unlike alkanes.

47
Q

Name conditions for hydration of ethene.

A

Steam passed over at 300*C and 60-70atm

48
Q

Describe conditions for fermentation to create ethanol.

A

Sugar at 30*C

49
Q

What colour is phenolphthalein in alkali and acid?

A

Pink in alkali and colourless in acid

50
Q

What colour is methyl orange in alkali and acid?

A

Red in acid through to yellow in alkali

51
Q

Name all fractions of crude oil from least viscous.

A

Refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil and bitumen.

52
Q

Describe conditions for catalytic cracking.

A

600-700*C with alumina or silica catalyst.

53
Q

What are the two main types of polymerisation? Which produces a small molecule as well as the polymer?

A

Addition and condensation.

Condensation produces a small molecule. E.g. water

54
Q

What are the Haber process conditions?

A

450*C (lower temp is better but too slow)
200atm (high pressure for fewer molecules)
An iron catalyst

55
Q

What is ammonia used for?

A

Fertilisers and manufacture of Nitric acid.

56
Q

What are the conditions for the contact process?

A

450*C
2 atm
A vanadium(V) oxide catalyst

57
Q

What is sulphuric acid used for?

A

Detergents, fertilisers and paints

58
Q

What are the raw materials in manufacture of sulphuric acid in the contact process?

A

Sulphur, air, water

59
Q

Describe the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and chlorine by the electrolysis of brine(sodium chloride) in the diaphragm cell

A

Cathode: H2+ + 2e- –> H2
Anode: 2Cl- –> 2e- + Cl2
In solution: sodium hydroxide

60
Q

Ionic bonds:

  • Melting point
  • Solubility
  • Conductivity
A
  • Melting points high as strong ionic bonds, lots of energy needed to break them.
  • Ionic Soluble in water but, Insoluble in organic solvents.
  • Ionic conducts when molten or solution as free moving ions.
61
Q

Simple molecular:

  • Melting point
  • Solubility
  • Conductivity
A
  • Melting points low as weak IMF.
  • Soluble in both water and organic solvents.
  • Conductivity is poor.
62
Q

Giant covalent:

  • Melting point
  • Solubility
  • Conductivity
A
  • Melting points high as many strong covalent bonds that need high energy to be broken.
  • Insoluble.
  • Diamond is poor conductor but, graphite is good as it has layers that slide due to delocalised electrons.
63
Q

Metallic:

  • Melting point
  • Solubility
  • Conductivity
  • Malleability
A
  • Melting points high as many strong metallic bonds.
  • Insoluble.
  • Good conductivity, due to delocalised electrons.
  • Good malleability due to layers that can slide.
64
Q

Give the half-equations for the electrolysis of Sulfuric acid.

A

Cathode: 2H+ + 2e –> H2
Anode: 4OH –> O2 + 2H2O + 4e (Oxygen released, water stays in solution)
Makes: Hydrogen, Oxygen and water

65
Q

Give the half-equations for the electrolysis of Copper(II) Sulfate.

A

Cathode: Cu2+ + 2e –> Cu
Anode: 4OH- –> O2 + 2H2O + 4e-
Makes: Copper, Oxygen and water

66
Q

Give an example of an addition and a condensation polymer.

A

Addition: Poly(Ethene), Poly(propene)
Condensation: Nylon, Polyester

67
Q

What does the:
Harber process make?
Contact process make?
Electrolysis of Brine make?

A

Harber makes: ammonia
Contact makes: Sulfuric acid
Electrolysis of Brine makes: Chlorine, Hydrogen and Sodium Hydroxide

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