Stuff i dont know

Question 1

Asclepions

4 things

Answer 1

1. patients prayed to be cured and gave offerings to God
2. patients slept in the abaton and while they slept they were visited by Asclepius and his daughters (Hygeia and Panacea)
3. they would cure them
4. people went there to bathe and meditate as well as go to the gymnasium and exercise

Question 2

4 humours important to Greek medicine

5 things

Answer 2

1. natural theory so lead to natural treatments.
2. it fitted with the ideas of their philosophers about the universe
3. it was based on the observation of the body
4. it lead to blood letting
5. it led to sensible ideas such as a balanced diet

Question 3

Egyptian contribution to medicine development

6 things

Answer 3

1. Channel theory
2. Knowledge of inside the body
3. they recorded their findings
4. they examined their patients
5. diagnosis and prognosis
6. specialist doctors

Question 4

Nursing before 1850s

5 things

Answer 4

1. Not trained
2. Poorly educated and paid
3. often used in people’s houses
4. Neglected patients
5. Got drunk

Question 5

Lister

6 things

Answer 5

1. Many patients were dying from infection
2. He used carbolic acid as an antiseptic (saw it stopping odour from sewage)- early 1860s
3. He insisted surgeons cleaned clothes and equipment with carbolic. 1865 after hearing of the Germ Theory
4. He realised it was not the air but the microbes in the air doing the damage
5. Developed antiseptic ligatures
6. His methods were copied all over Europe and the USA- 1890

Question 6

Pasteur and Chance

5 things

Answer 6

1. He was trying to find a cure for chicken cholera
2. Pasteur went away leaving his assistant (Chamberland) in charge telling him to inject the chicken with chicken cholera germs but he forgot an the lab was closed fro summer
3. Chamberland came back and injected them with the cholera which had been left expecting them to die
4. but they didn’t- realised that the germs had weakened over the summer so not strong enough to kill them
5. injected them with fresh germs which didn’t kill them either.- realised how vaccination worked.

Question 7

Religion holding back developments in 19th century

4 things

Answer 7

1. Opposed to chloroform- unnatural to ease the pain of childbirth, God wants the pain
2. Oppose vaccinations- It’s against God’s laws to give people an animal’s disease- smallpox
3. Oppose vaccination- Small pox is a punishment from God for sins only cure is prayer
4. God was the cause of disease so people didn’t look for other causes.

Question 8

Territory loses in Treaty

7 things

Answer 8

1. Alsace-Lorraine to France
2. Danzig made a free city,
3. the Saarland taken by League of Nations for 15 years
4. part of Upper Silesia to Poland
5. Eupen and Malmedy to Belgium,
6. Memel taken over by the League
7. they lost all overseas colonies.

Question 9

Blood transfusions

3 things

Answer 9

1. They were known from 17th century but only sometimes worked other times the recipient’s blood clogged and they died
2. in 1900 Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups and the importance of compatibilty- certain groups couldn’t be mixed together as they clogged the blood vessel.
3. In 1946 the British National Blood Transfusion Service was established.

Question 10

Liston

5 things

Answer 10

1. Used ether in 1947 to anaesthetise a patient during a leg amputation
2. But it irritated the eyes and the lungs causing coughing and sickness
3. It would also easily catch fire if near a flame
4. it also had a horrible smell
5. it came in a large heavy bottle so was hard to carry

Question 11

Nitrous oxide

3 things

Answer 11

1. Wells and Davy used it- 1799
2. Didn’t make patients completely unconscious so not a complete answer to pain.
3. In a demonstration by Wells it didn’t work so people lost faith in it.

Question 12

Objections to Chloroform

5 things

Answer 12

1. It was new, so long term side affects were unknown and they didn’t know whta doses to use
2. if a patient was asleep doctors would carry out more complex operations so infections deeper in the body and more loss of blood- so more people may have died
3. Unnatural to ease the pain of childbirth, which is created by God. Pain is a blessing of God
4. Cowardly
5. People died when it was used

Question 13

Chloroform

3 Things

Answer 13

1. James Simpson discovered it’s affects while at a table experimenting with his assistants. they ended up under the table
2. A lot of opposition
   3 But this mainly stopped when Queen Victoria used it in the delivery of her child

Question 14

Liberal reforms

6 things

Answer 14

1. training for midwives
2. free school meals for children- 1906
3. school clinics would be visited by Health Visitors- 1907
4. Old age pensions act- 1908
5. national insurance- 1911- health insurance and unemployment benefit
6. taxes went up

Question 15

Views of Nazis in early 1920s

6 things

Answer 15

1. union of Germany
2. Jews cannot be German citizens.
3. Treaty of Versailles to be reversed.
4. extra land for surplus population.
5. nationalisation of businesses
6. only those of German blood should become German citizens and vote.

Question 16

Impact of 2nd world war

Answer 16

1. women go out to work
2. air raids in cities- bombed factories and made harder to transport materials, made people homeless
3. war economy fewer consumer goods produced
4. wages kept down and they had to work for longer hours.
5. standard of living fell,
6. refugees fleeing from Russian advance
7. rationing and black market later in war.
8. Hitler Youth made compulsory, members helped e.g fire fighters, there was some opposition from some youth.

Question 17

Medieval treatments

6 things

Answer 17

1. getting humours back into balance- purging, bleeding, 2. medicines made from plants,
2. bezoar,
3. sugar,
4. ointments to cool the humours
5. use of Zodiac charts to decide when to bleed people.

Question 18

4 humours

4 things

Answer 18

1. Aristotle developed the Hippocratic balance of the elements to suggest the body was made of 4 fluids.
2. Blood, Phlegm, Yellow bile, Black bile
3. treatments developed from the theory of the humours aimed at bringing the four back into balance- bloodletting
4. other treatments aimed at counterbalancing the problem = different foods, drinks, herbs and spices were considered as having a humour

Question 19

Why developments in Renaissance didn’t help

5 things

Answer 19

1.developments not practical, too theoretical
2. needed other things to be discovered before these developments could have any effect- Harvey circulatory system needed blood transfusions
3. Paré criticised because he had not studied at
university,
4.still did not know about how germs caused
disease,
5.still believed in the Four Humours.

Question 20

1st public health act 1948

4 things

Answer 20

1. 1848 Public Health Act – national Board of Health
2. it could force local councils to improve
   water supply and sewage if death rates were high
3. local taxes could be charged to improve water supply and sewers.
4. appoint medical officers in each area to check these reforms.

Question 21

2nd public health act 1975

3 things

Answer 21

1.compulsory to appoint sanitary inspectors and
medical officer of health
2. councils could lay sewers and drains,
3. there was also the Sale of Food and Drugs Act and the Factory Acts- shortening working hours

Question 22

Prehistoric treatments

9 things

Answer 22

1. trephinning
2. charms (amulets),
3. consulting oracles.
4. praying
5. sucking evil out of the body, ,
6. steam treatments
7. herb
8. use of clay or fat to close wounds or encase broken limbs
9. witchdoctors

Question 23

Why could ancient Egypt make developments

5 things

Answer 23

1. River Nile
2. the Nile would flood, providing water for irrigation- they had successful agriculture so could focus on being doctors
3. hieroglyphics and papyri
4. religious beliefs and practices e.g. embalming
5. trade with other countries.

Question 24

Jenner

6 things

Answer 24

1. noticed that milkers who caught cowpox were protected from smallpox
2. he then did an experiment with James Phipps where he injected him with the pus fromthe sores of someone with cow pox. then injected him wiht small pox and he didn’t get it
3. published his findings
4. many people soon vaccinated
5. received a grant in 1802 for his work, vaccination was made free for infants in 1840 and compulsory in 1853
6. he did not understand why it worked.

Question 25

Koch

5 things

Answer 25

1. he developed a solid medium to grow cultures and dyeling techniques to colour microbes which he viewed in microscopes
2. discovers germ causing anthrax,
3. develops technique for showing which germ causes a particular disease
4. develops a technique for growing germs
5. discovers TB germ

Question 26

Flemming

5 things

Answer 26

1. He saw many soldiers die of septic wounds caused by staphylococcal bacteria in 1st world war
2. when he was cleaning some old culture dishes where he had been growing staphylococci for his experiments, by chance a fungal spore had landed and grown on one of the dishes.
3. the colonies of staphylococci around the mould had stopped growing
4. it was Penicillium notatum and kills bacteria- penecillin
5. produced a juice from it and used it as a local
   antispetic