Stuff From S1 Flashcards
Antibody mediated immunity
B cells in lymphoid tissue
One type of B-cell is sensitised, enlarges and divides
A clone of b cells is formed
Most b cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodie
Some b cells become memory cells
Antibodies combine to antigen to from antigen antibody complexes
Cell mediated immunity
T cells in lymphoid tissue
One tyoe of t cell is sensitised, enlarges and divides
Clone of t cells is formed
Most t cells become killer or helper t cells and migrate to places where large numbers of antigens are present
Some t cells become memory cells
Killer t cells attach to antigens and destroy them
Helper t cells secrete that sensitises more lymphocytes, attract more macrophages, enhances macrophage ability
Diabetes type 1 vs 2
Type 1: childhood onset, fault in immune system causes destruction of beta cells, no insulin is produced, patients cells still respond to insulin, treatment includes regular insulin injections
Type 2: adult onset, lifestlye disease including obesity, poor diet etc, insulin is produced but cells don’t respond or take up insulin, management in includes a healthy diet, increase in exercise
Anterior pituitary vs posterior
Anterior
FSH-ovary:stimulates ovarian cycle, testes:stimulates sperm production
LH-ovary:stimulates ovulation, testes:stimulates secretion of testosterone
GH-all body cells:stimulates growth
TSH-thyroid gland:stimulates gland to secrete thyroxine
ACTP-cortex of adrenal glands:stimulates glands to secrete cortisol, aldosterone
PRL-mammary glands:initiate and maintain milk production
Posterior
OT-breasts:stimulates muscles in breast to release milk
ADH-kidney:regulates re absorption of water
Nervous vs endocrine
Nervous
Act in neurons
Detection in sensory neurons
Transmission through electromagnetic impulses
Speed is rapid
Very specific
Duration is brief stops when stimulus stops
Endocrine Act in endocrine glands Detection in receptors on cells Transmission through blood Speed is slow Specificity is widespread Duration is long lasting
Autonomic vs somatic
Autonomic
Function is homeostasis
Control is involuntary
Effectors are involuntary muscle, some glands
Afferent neurons are autonomic sensory neurons
Efferent are autonomic motor neurons
Sets of nerves are 2 sets para and sym
Neurotransmitter acetylcholine->inhibition, noradrenaline->excitation
Somatic Function is movement Control is voluntary Effectors are skeletal muscles Regulated by signals in cerebrum Afferent neurons are somatic sensory Efferent neurons are somatic motor neurons One set of nerves Neurotransmitter is acylcholine->excitation
Sympathetic vs para sympathetic
Sympathetic Heart: increases heart rate, cardiac output Lungs: dilates bronchioles Stomach/intestines: decrease movement Liver: increase breakdown of glycogen Eyes: dilates pupil Sweat glands: increases sweat production Bladder: wall muscles relax Adrenal medulla: stimulates hormone secretion
Parasympathetic Heart: decrease heart rate, decrease cardiac output Lungs: constricts bronchioles Stomach/intestines: increase movement Liver: increase uptake of glucose Eye: pupil constricts Sweat glands: no effect Bladder: wall muscles contract Adrenal medulla: no effect
Action potential
Polarised-neuron is at rest -70mv, Na channels open into cell causes it to become positive
Depolarized-voltage rising, k moves outside
Threshold reached at -55mV
Repolarised-na channels shut, k channels open and k floods out
Hyperpolarisation-k channels are slow closing, more k exists cell than necessary
Polarisation restored-natural movement of na/k
G words and insulin
Insulin: lowers blood glucose
Glucagon: increases blood glucose
Glycogen:polysaccharide made up of chains of glucose molecules, stored in muscle and liver
Glycogenesis: glucose molecules combine in long chains to form glycogen molecules
Glycogenolysis: converting glycogen back to glucose
Gluconeogenesis: converting fats and lipids to glucose
Feedback models
Refer to worksheet
