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Anatomy of Thorax and Abdomen > Stuff > Flashcards

Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Referred pain

A
  1. Mid gut structures → periumbilical pain
  2. Hind gut → lower abdominal pain
  3. Obstruction → colicky pain in area according to embryological origin
  4. Foregut structures → epigastric region
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2
Q

Extent of ANT abdominal wall

A
  1. Superiorly → costal margin, xiphoid process
  2. Inferiorly→ iliac crest, pubis, pubic symphysis
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3
Q

Muscles of the ANT abdominal wall

A
  1. External oblique
  2. Internal oblique
  3. Transversus abdominis
  4. Rectus abdominis
  5. Pyrimidalis
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4
Q

Inguinal canal

A
  1. ANT wall = EO aponeurosis + IO
  2. POST wall = transversalis fascia, conjoin tendon, IO
  3. Roof = IO + transversus abdominis
  4. Floor = lacunar ligament + inguinal ligament
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5
Q

Rectus Sheath encloses

A
  1. Rectus abdominis muscle
  2. Pyramidalis
  3. Epigastric vessels
  4. ANT lower 6 thoracic nerves
  5. Lymphatics
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6
Q

Contents of inguinal canal

A

Male:
1. Spermatic Cord
2. Ilioinguinal nerve
3. Genitofemoral n.

Female:
1. Round ligament
2. ‘’
3. ‘’

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7
Q

Spermatic cord contents

A
  1. Ductus deferens
  2. Testicular artery
  3. Artery to ductus deferens
  4. Cremasteric artery
  5. Pamponiform plexus
  6. Genitofemoral n.
  7. Sympathetic nerves
  8. Lymphatics
  9. Remnants of processus vaginalis

“Piles don’t contribute to a good sex life”

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8
Q

Inguinal vs Femoral hernia

A
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9
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum

A
  1. Can cause an obstruction in SI
  2. Represents a persistent remnant of Vitello intestinal duct
  3. Site for ectopic gastric mucosa
  4. Presents on the anti-mesenteric border of SI
  5. Most common congenital abnormality in the SI
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10
Q

Physiological herniation of gut loops

A
  1. 180° rotation of midgut loops occurs when the loop returns to abdominal cavity
  2. Gastroschisis occurs due to the above process
  3. Only midgut is involved in the process
  4. Occurs due to rapid growth of intestinal loops
  5. Commences @ 6th week of IUL
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11
Q

Clara cells

A
  1. Found in respiratory + terminal bronchioles
  2. Detoxify substances
  3. Have no cilia
  4. Have ability to replace damaged cells
  5. Secretes a component surfactant
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12
Q

Circumvallate papillae

A
  1. Lined by stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve
  3. Contains numerous taste buds
  4. Has von Ebner’s glands
  5. Filiform papillae is the most common papillae type of tongue
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13
Q

Bronchioles

A
  1. Simple columnar ciliated
  2. Have Clara cells
  3. No cartilage
  4. Rings of smooth muscle
  5. Diameter > 1mm
  6. Maintains airway resistance
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14
Q

Inguinal hernia

A
  1. Most common in old age (direct) + males
  2. Weakness of conjoint tendon is reason
  3. Above and medial to pubic tubercle
  4. Direct = med. to INF epigastric vessels + through inguinal triangle
  5. Indirect = lat. to INF epigastric vessels + through deep inguinal ring
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15
Q

Liver

A
  1. Incomplete peritoneum (bear area)
  2. Lobular structure (histologically)
  3. Hepatocytes are hexagonal
  4. Developed from foregut
  5. Caudate lobe has 1st segment
  6. Right lobe @ seventh rib level
  7. Hepatocytes from liver bud
  8. Bile canaliculi from disse
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16
Q

Pancreas

A
  1. From foregut + midgut
  2. Direct contact w/ lesser sac
  3. Crosses transpyloric plane: neck @ L1 + head @ L2
  4. From endoderm
  5. Tail is b/w splenorenal ligament
17
Q

Acyanotic anomalies

A
  1. Aortic stenosis
  2. Pulmonary stenosis
  3. ASD-VSD
  4. AV septal defect
  5. Bicuspid aortic valve
  6. Coarction of aorta
  7. Patent ductus arteriosus
  8. Fallots Tetralogy
18
Q

Immunity

A

Innate immunity:
1. No ability to learn
2. Common for pathogens (not specific)
3. Macrophage is main cell (+ neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
4. Complement system; acute phase; cytokines
5. Not lifelong

Adaptive immunity:
1. Has ability to learn
2. Lifelong

19
Q

SI vs LI

A

SI:
1. Plicae circularis
2. Peyer’s patches
3. Villi
4. Diameter < 3cm
5. Lymphoid follicles
6. Centrally positioned

LI:
1. Haustrations
2. Semilunar folds
3. No villi
4. Appendices epiploicae
5. Taeniae coli (wider in sigmoid colon)
6. Fecal shadow in x-ray

20
Q

Esophagus

A
  1. Begins @ cricopharyngeous
  2. Stratified squamous non-keratinizing
  3. Thin adventitia
  4. Upper: skeletal muscle (in muscularis propria)
    Lower: smooth muscle
21
Q

Esophageal constrictions

A
  1. Narrowest @ origin = cricopharyngeous
  2. Crossed by aortic arch
  3. Left main bronchus
  4. As it enters abdomen
  5. Right crus of diaphragm loops around it
22
Q

Psoas + psoas fascia

A

Psoas:
1. POST to ureter
2. Attached to T12
3. Beneath Inguinal lig.
4. Lateral flexor
5. Extends to thorax under med. arcuate lig.

Psoas Fascia:
1. Extends up to abdomen
2. Ends @ pelvic brim (no thigh)
3. Attached to thoraco-lumbar fascia
4. Thickening to form med. arcuate lig.

23
Q

Heart sinuses

A
  1. Transverse sinus =
    ANT - aorta
    POST- SVC
    INF - LA
  2. Oblique sinus =
    ANT - LA
    POST - pericardium

Anatomy of Thorax and Abdomen (7 decks)

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