Studyfour.xyz Flashcards
All of the following are phytonutrients found in cruciferous veggies except?
- sulforaphane
- Glucosinolates
- Limonoids
- Lignans
Lignans
(seeds, whole grains, and legumes are good sources of lignans)
What compound in celery gives it its odor and many of its health benefits, including protection against AZ?
3-n-butyphtahlide
How much iron should a pregnant women consume?
27 mg/day (*highest per lifecycle requirement)
The following phytochemical is a sulfur-containing antioxidant found in garlic and cruciferous veggies?
Thiols (sources: artichokes, beans, carob, and buckwheat)
The following is a precursor to the coenzyme NAD+
Vitamin B3, Niacin
The following nutrient deficiencies exacerbate iodine deficiency: (3)
- Selenium
- Vit A
- Iron
Phosphorus can be found in all foods, especially processed foods
High vegan iron food source:
Chlorella
RDA for Vit C for adult females:
75 mg/day
(Males need 90 mg/day)
The following vitamin promotes blood clotting and coagulation:
VIt K > also plays a role in bone metabolism & regulation blood calcium
The following is associated with manganese: (functions)
Wound healing
Glutamine production
Osteoarthritis pain
Bone development
Superoxide dismutase
Can help with seizure disorders
The nutrient considered the backbone of the thyroid hormone:
Tyrosine
The following mineral is present in every cell of the body:
Phosphorus (phospholipid bilayer)
The following vitamin plays a key role in histone modifications, gene regulation, and cell signaling:
Bioton > essential cofactor to enzymes in intermediary metabolism and a key regulator of gene expression
Vanadium food sources:
Shellfish, black pepper, parsley, dill seeds, canned apple juice, fish sticks, grains, beer, wine, mushrooms, and sweeteners
Mineral that could present with symptoms of impaired renal function and tingling hands and feets
Potassium
Most bioactive form of thiamin:
Thiamine diphosphate
Manganese food sources:
Almonds, pecans, lima beans, pinto beans, oats, brown rice, green leafy veggies, pineapple, acai, and dark chocolate
Thiamin deficiency symptoms:
Abnormal gait, dementia, and other signs of delirium
Mineral most essential for blood clotting:
Calcium > essential for several vit K dependent clotting factors
Functions associated with sulfur:
Integral part of glutathione, insulin, keratin, cartilage, and connective tissue
Choline functions:
Modulates gene expression, cell membrane signaling, lipid transport and metabolism, and early brain development
L-trypotophan taken off the market for 30 years due to a contaminated batch causing eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (affects muscle, skin and lungs - breathing issues / rash)
Nutrient needed in glycogenolysis:
B6
Polyps in nose may be a clinical sign of:
Food allergy or salicylate sensitivity
This mineral leads to thymic atrophy and is a cofactor for 300 enzymes
zinc
SAMe Functions
- has excellent efficacy for depression
- Plays a role in methylation
- May delay, liver, transplantation, and cirrhosis patients
Vit D intakes during pregnancy - do they changes?
NO
Tetany in hands and feet might be a cause of:
hypocalcemia
(Tetany is muscle spasms )
Chielosis is associated with which nutrient deficiencies:
Riboflavin (B2), B6, niacin (B3)
Nutrients found in the citric acid cycle:
Thiamin, lipoid acid, FAD, NAD, CoA, iron, manganese, magnesium
Which lipid removes cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body.
LDL
Foods high in sulphorphane:
watercress, cabbage, broccoli, Brussels, cauliflower, bok choy, collards, arugula, mustard turnip, radish
Russell’s Sign is associated with what?
Bulimia
MAOI med’s need to avoid what foods?
fermented and Aged Foods
Leptin is synthesized by adipose tissue and is correlated with body fat percentage (true/false)
true
Ulcerative colitis patients may benefit from
butyrate supplementation because they are on low fiber diets
PRAL is used to assess what?
foods effect on acidic load
PRAL = Potential renal acidic load
Allostasis (the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis) is achieved via the following mechanisms except:
-Cytokines
-HPA axis hormones
-The autonomic nervous system
-somatic nervous system
somatic nervous system
(which is associated with the voluntary control of body movement via skeletal muscles)
Alcohol abuse may lead to:
-Primary nutrition
-Secondary nutrition
- both
BOTH
-Secondary malnutrition occurs when alcohol inhibits the body’s ability to digest and/or absorb nutrients.
-Primary malnutrition occurs because substance abuse is associated with a greater risk of food sensitivity, lack of food access, etc
Athletes who train early before eating or drinking are at risk for:
Low liver glycogen stores
What’s the best way to determine if a mother is producing an adequate supply of breast milk?
Use a growth and development char to assess baby’s progress
Folate absorption primarily takes place in the:
Jejunum
The CP-450 phase detox is:
Phase 1
When cells lack mitochondria they cannot metabolize pyruvate to Co2 via the citric acid cycle. Instead, they convert pyruvate to:
Lactate
-NADH is oxidized to NAD+ during this reaction
-Lactate may rise to high levels in the blood during extreme exercise
The following of released in response to injury except:
-ACTH
-Epinephrine
-Glucagon
-insulin
Insulin
Your client has respiratory disorder causing acidosis, what would be the compensating method in order to reduce acidosis?
Kidneys will compensate
Human breastmilk has a high content of ______ and ____fatty acid content.
- palmitic
-oleic
The FDA’s tips for minimizing exposure to BPA includes the following except:
-Avoid putting hot liquids in plastic containers
-Avoid plastics marked with codes 3, 6 & 7
-Do not use plastic water bottles with scratches
-Avoid plastics marked with code 2
Avoid plastics marked with code 2
Large urinary protein losses, as in the case of nephrotic syndrome, may lead to all of the following except:
-Hypoalbuminemia
-Hypercoagulability
-Edema
-Hypocholesterolemia
Hypocholesterolemia
Hemolytic anemia is often an indicator of which nutrient deficiency:
Vit E
-Hemolytic anemia involves defects in the RBC membranes that lead to oxidative damage and the eventual breakdown of the cell. Bc Vit E is an antioxidant, it is involved in protecting the cell against this kind of oxidative damage, therefore a signal to hemolytic anemia is Vit E deficiency.
Nutrient-related effects of chemo include:
-Myelosuppression: when bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer RBC, WBC, and platelets
-Anemia
-Xerostomia: dry mouth
Removing the germ and out layers of cereal grains may reduce the presence of what nutrient?
Mg
Tips for preventing cross-contamination in storage of food includes the following except:
-Store food and nonfood items at least 3 inches above ground
-Wrap food before storing it
-Store food and non food items away from walls
-Store food only in designated food storage areas
Store food and nonfood items at least 3 inches above ground
(Should store 6 inches above ground)
Folate content in foods in reduced by all the following except:
-Cooking
-Acidic environments
-Exposure to sunlight
-tannins
Tannins
In at-risk populations, hotdogs and deli meat should reach what temp?
165 F
In the past 30 years it is estimated that fructose intake has increased by approximately,
2000% (due to high fructose corn syrup)
Food will taste better and be safely stored if you do all of the following except:
-Reheat thoroughly when ready to eat
-Cover loosely and refrigerate immediately
-Divide large quantities into smaller portions
-Store in deeps containers
Store in deeps containers
(Should store in SHALLOW containers)
Vit K is reduced by:
Alkaline environments
BCNS eligible CE credits for the following except:
-Co-author a book in field of nutrition
-Teaching nutrition courses
-Organizing s scientific lesson
-attending a training class that promotes sale of nutritional products
attending a training class that promotes sale of nutritional products
CNS recertification guidelines, semester hours from accredited nutrition course are eligible for ____ CE credits:
15
A 3 credit course from an accredited nutrition course is eligible for ___ CE credits from the BNCS.
45
The bioavailability of copper is decreased by:
Zinc
Alcohol
Fructose
A client with a predisposition to kidney stones wants diet advice - they should avoid their consumption of:
Swiss chard, collards, parsley - OXALATES
Those with Ileum resection should reduce what foods?
Should reduce high oxalate intake
(Pts who have undergone intestinal surgery are at risk for oxalate kidney stones)
The following herbs are all used to treat PMS:
Chaste berry
Black cohosh
Evening primrose
Common nutrition diagnoses for HIV:
Inadequate oral intake
increased nutrient needs,
Altered GI function
Alcohol intake is associated with the following cancers except:
Lung
Colon
Breast
prostate cancer
age is the biggest risk factor for prostate cancer
Herb that support heavy metal detox?
Cilantro (rich source of selenium - mobilizes mercury and other neurotoxins from the cell membranes)
Med diet avoids:
Coconut oil (sat fat)
All of the following can stimulate the release of glucagon except:
Increased CCK
INcrease plasma AA
Increased norepinephrine
Decreased epinephrine
decreased epinephrine
*Glucagon is responsible for making sure blood glucose levels aren’t too low by getting glucose out of the cell.
Hepcidin synthesis is increased by:
Iron loading
*Hepcidin increased in response to iron and inflammation - decreases in response to erythropoiesis (production of RBC)
*Hepcidin is a hormone that regulates how your body uses iron.
The primary purpose of edema in pregnancy:
Increased blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus
The most widely distributed coenzyme in the body is:
ATP
The primary action of GABA is to:
Relax the lower esophageal sphincter
*GABA is an AA which acts as a neurotransmitter in the CNS
HOw much weight can a woman expect to lose within a week after delivery?
15 lbs
*Losing more than 1.5 lbs/week after can decrease milk production
On average, how many calories should an infant consume in the first 6 months of life?
108 kcal per kg/body weight
*Range is 80-120 kcal per kg/body weight
Your client has respiratory disorder causing acidosis, what would be the compensating method in order to reduce acidosis?
Kidneys will compensate
Primary action of neurotensin:
Inhibit release of gastric emptying and acid secretion
*Nuerotensin is specifically involved in regulated LH and prolactin release
True about coenzymes except:
Contain carbon
Non-protein molecules
Can be reused and recycled
Take part in redox reactions
Non-protein molecules
Disease that causes defect in copper metabolism?
Menke’s disease
*Menke’s disease is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper-transport protein.
Peak bone mass reached by what age?
30
Bones stop growing in females by 18 and males by 20, but bone mass continues to accumulate - a process known as consolidation
Coenzymne A aids in the transfer of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the:
Mitochondria
*Coenzyme A is derived by Vit B5
Daily requirements increase during pregnancy for all of the following except:
Vit B12
Biotin
VitB5
Choline
Biotin
Grapefruit is a rich source of what?
lycopene (along with tomatoes)
Calcium is tightly regulated in the body. Which of the following is one of the ways calcium is tightly regulated?
PTH increases bone resorption
*When serum Ca is low, the parathyroid glands release PTH which signals the bone, kidneys, and small intestine to breakdown stored Ca and/or increased Ca absorption. *When serum Ca is high, calcitonin is released to store Ca in the bones.
Coconut oil can be part of healthy diet bc:
Is a rich source of beta-hydroxybutyrate
May help raise HDL cholesterol
May help lower LDL cholesterol
Indiole-3-carbinol is associated with:
Cruciferous veggies
*believed to help in cancer prevention
The following deficiency in men is associated with lower testosterone and lower sperm quality?
Vit D
Cooking oil recommendations all correct except:
Store oils in a dark palace
Purchase oils that are packaged with tight-fitting lid
Pouring oil directly from their original bottle over a pan
Separate cooking fats and oils from their containers before use
Pouring oil directly from their original bottle over a pan is NOT recommended bc heat could damage oil in container
Deficiency of which mineral can lead to cretinism in utero?
Iodine
*Cretinism is a congenital iodine deficiency syndrome that stunts physical and mental growth which is caused by hypothyroidism
How are amino acids and ions absorb?
Active transport
Nutrients lost through sweating:
Large Amts sodium and chloride, next highest is calcium
Which of the following minerals enhances the effects of insulin receptors?
Chromium
True about ulcerative colitis except:
Always involves the rectum
Gall stones are possible complication
Cancer is a possible complication
Presents as bloody diarrhea
Gall stones are possible complication
Saint johns wort is contraindicated with
anti-depressants
Minerals involved, in the structure of bones and teeth include the following except:
Chloride
Mg
Ca
Phosphorus
Chloride
The bioavailability of Iron May be increased by:
Dietary sugars
The most common sources of the amino acid theanine are;
Green and black tees
Some mushrooms
What is needed for short chain, fatty acids synthesis in the colon?
Fiber
Nutrient that acts as an antioxidant and ROS?
Vit C, Vit E, Vit A, and selenium
Good sources of flavonoids:
Green tea, licorice, wine, apples, citrus, legumes
Manganese is a cofactor for all the following except:
Super oxide dismutase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Transketolase
Acetyl coA carboxylase
Transketolase is a thiamine (vit B1) dependent enzyme
Mineral found in pineapple, almond butter and tea
Manganese
Also found in: pecans, lima beans, pinto beans, pats, brown rice, green leafy veggies, pineapple, acai and dark chocolate
Vanadium functions except:
Mimics effects of insulin in adipocytes
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Regulates sodium/hydrogen ion transporter
Mimics effects of insulin in adipocytes
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Regulates sodium/hydrogen ion transporter
Arsenic functions:
Impacts cell signaling
Insulin regulation
Facilitates SAMe in the body
Indole-3-carbinol is associated with which food group?
Cruciferous veggies
Vitamin E is a preservative in
fish oil supplements
Vitamin E sources:
Cold pressed veggie oils, green leafy veggies, nuts, legumes, egg yolks
Lithium truths:
Not to be taken with SSRIs
Supplementation may help treat mood disorders
Supplementation may lengthen circadian rhythm
Toxicity of B6 leads to:
Neuropathy, ataxia (affects coordination and speech), degeneration of neurons, lesions, photosensitivity, GI issues: nausea and heartburn
Molybdenum is a cofactor for:
Aldehyde
Xanthine
Sulfite oxidase
Complete plant protein sources except:
Soybean
Quinoa
Buckwheat
Hempseed
Hempseed
Pernicious anemia leads to ____ deficiency:
Vit B12
*The most common cause of pernicious anemia is loss of stomach cells that make IF, which is needed in order to absorb N12
Respiratory quotient for carb:
1
Metformin’s primary site of action is on which organ?
liver
A adverse food reaction causing delayed symptoms and resulting from an imbalance in the GI system is considered:
Food sensitivity
HIstamine sensitive symptoms:
Asthma
Anxiety
Migraines
HDL recommended for women:
> 50 mg/dL
All of the following increase appetite except:
Flagyl
Xanax
Librium
Paxil
Flagyl is an antiinfective drug that may suppress appetite
Common markers for malabsorption:
Albumin
Serum triglycerides
Electrolytes
Hydrogen breath tests
Contemplation state:
Clients are aware of their problem but ambivalent
Acetate and butyrate are both:
SCFA
What functions as a cofactor in methionine synthesis?
Vit B12
The site of release of serotonin is the:
GI tract and spinal cord
Neurotransmitter known for its role in mood, memory, sleep, and cognition
A metabolic response to injury includes the following except:
Negative nitrogen balance
Decreased lipolysis
Increased glycogenolysis
Increased gluconeogenesis
Decreased lipolysis
*It increases lypolysis
Disaccharides except:
Sucrose
Lactose
Galactose
Maltose
Galactose > monosaccharide
Which of the following is an end product of purine metabolism from food?
Uric acid
Type 1 error:
Rejects the null hypothesis, when the null hypothesis is true
Fenugreek which is a
galactogogue
Enzyme found in pyruvate carboxylase?
Biotin
Biotin can be found with any enzyme that has “carboxylase” in it
Zinc may interfere with __________ absorption
magnesium
Salmon should be cooked to:
145 F
Riboflavin is reduced by the following except:
Irradiation
Sunlight
Tannins
Pasteurization
Tannins
Low-sodium products must be
140mg or less per serving
Only population with all 6 causes of folic acid deficiency simultaneously:
Alcoholics
Hard boiled eggs good for
1 week in fridge
Integrative medicine in a hospital includes the following except:
Yoga therapists
Speech therapists
Doctors and nurses
Acupuncturists
Speech therapists
Recommendations for first 6 weeks after renal transplant surgery except:
Moderate sodium restriction
Energy intake to prevent negative nitrogen balance
Low protein diet
Dietary potassium restriction
Low protein diet
*protein requirements increase post surgery
Vegans are susceptible to ___________ due to lack of animal protein
hypochlorhydria
This botanical has been used to treat uterine hemorrhage, jaundice, and canker sores
Bayberry
*Also known as andleberry, sweet gale, and wax-myrtle
What would support an ulcerative colitis client?
Butyrate
*UC clients have low butyrate acid be low fiber diets are recommended
AA supplementation should be taken:
One hour before a meal
Supplement may be effective in treating hereditary sideroblastic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertension, and pregnancy induced nausea?
Vit B6
(5-50 mg doses … 25 mg every 8 hours for pregnancy induced nausea)
Phosphate binders:
Aluminum hydroxide
Calcium acetate
Calcium carbonate
Mineral that increases serum concentration of estrogen and testosterone>
Boron
Which phytochemical may help prevent prostate cancer?
Lycopenes
Found in grapefruit and tomatoes
Frozen turkey good for
1 year
Most common treatment for cancer of the stomach:
surgery
_____ in the mouth reduces formation of acid formed by carbs
Fluoride
Mens IBW is
106 lbs for first 5 feet, then 6 lbs for every inch after
The presence of poorly absorbed solutes in the digesta causes:
Osmotic diarrhea
This micronutrient is primarily assessed through dietary intake data because no reliable functional test exists:
Zinc
Burke-type dietary history:
Oral reports of recent food and beverages not limited to 24 hours
Daily food record:
Accurate info on timing of meals, quantities, how food is prepared
Food Storage Order top-to-bottom:
Ready to eat
Seafood
Whole cuts of beef and pork
Ground meat and ground fish
Whole and ground poultry
Examples of metabolic response:
Sepsis, burns, stress
Tooth decay is associated with:
Gluten sensitivity, cardio disease, dysglycemia
Water is reabsorbed in
the large intestine
Excess dietary ____________________ may antagonize B6 function and impair conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid
leucine
Ulcerative Colitis truths:
Cancer is a possible complication
Presents as bloody diarrhea
Rectum always involved
Hemolytic anemia is often an indicator of which nutrient deficiency?
Vitamin E
(hemolytic anemia involves defects in the RBC membranes leading to oxidative damage - bc Vit E is an antioxidant, deficiencies would be common)
The macrobiotic diet is highest in
whole grains (40-60%)
Uric acid stones form at a pH less than
5.5
WHich of the following hormones is released to raise blood glucose, increase metabolism, and constrict certain blood vessels?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Copper toxicity can produce
Kayser-Fleischer rings around the eyes.
Cabbage and watercress contain what phytochemicals?
Sulforaphane
Others are: broccoli, brussels, cauliflower, bok choy, arugula, collards, mustard, turnip, red radish
Goji berries rich in the following:
Iron
Vit C
Vit A
WHich of the following minerals is a cofactor for carbonic anhydrase?
Zinc
Irreversible enzyme in the citric acid cycle?
Citrate synthase
Which deficiency is associated with infertility, IR, and PCOS?
Vitamin D
Macrocytic anemia is considered a
B12 def.
Primary sources of data consist of
info gathered directly by healthcare specialists.
Secondary sources of info are
those gathered, published or reported by another entity, organization of individual
Dietary advice for reducing oxalate absorption in stone formers does not include:
-consuming Ca-rich foods
-avoiding probiotic consumption
-reducing dietary oxalate
-consuming Ca-rich foods
reducing dietary oxalate
*Restricting dietary oxalate may be relatively ineffective intervention to decrease urinary oxalate excretion
Carcinogenic chromium?
Hexavalent chromium
As body weight ____, the excretion of Ca, Oxalate, and uric acid _____?
Increases, increases
Type of diarrhea most closely associated with dumping syndrome?
Osmotic diarrhea
All of the following are involved in normal glucose homeostasis except:
Mineralocorticoids
Growth hormone
Corticosteroids
Insulin and glucagon
Mineralocorticoids: these are in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balance
Associated with anorexia:
Edema
Hypothermia
Diarrhea
Dry skin
Diarrhea
Growth of these bacterias are prevented by refrigeration:
Campylobacter
Listeria
Salmonella
E coli
listeria: can only be prevented by proper food handling and sanitation, such as washing hands, equipment, and cutting boards
Risk factors for development of birth defects are all of the following except:
Hypoxia during pregnancy (lack of O2)
Paternal drug use
Older father
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy
Older mother
Older father
Which vitamin is cofactor for methionine synthesis?
Vit B12
GAPS diet is a strict elimination diet that should be used cautiously and only with specific population that could benefit from it -
Schizophrenia
ADD/ADHD
Dyslexia
Autism
_________ is considered a cholagogue (stimulates bile flow from gallbladder)
Dandelion
Other cholagogues are: milk thistle, goldenseal ginger, barberry
Null hypothesis:
there isn’t a difference between 2 groups
Hemochromatosis is
the accumulation of iron in the blood.
*Supplementing with high doses of zinc might be helpful bc high doses of zinc can inhibit iron absorption.
Anorexia is the most frequent symptom of this form of hepatitis:
Hepatitis A (highly contagious liver infection)
Recommendations to improve male fertility include all the following except:
Eating monounsaturated fats
Eating low fat dairy products
Lower animal protein diets
Eating high fiber foods
Eat high fat diary
Trans fats reduced
Eating low fat dairy products
Daily supplementation with MVMs should be approached cautiously with which population:
Smokers (possibly former smokers)
SHould avoid large amts of beta-carotene or Vit A bc studies have shown an increased risk of lung cancer
Which type of nutrient absorbs water, turns into gel, and has been shown to lower cholesterol and blood sugar?
Soluble fiber
Dietary rec for elevated LDL in adolescents includes the following except:
Limi sat fat intake to no more than 7% of calories
Psyllium fiber can be added
At least 1 hr of moderate to vigorous exercise daily
Limit fat intake to no more than 15% of calories
Total fat intake should be limited but can consist of up to 30% of daily calories
Limit fat intake to no more than 15% of calories
Ileum resection:
Should avoid high oxalate foods (those with intestinal surgeries are at risk for calcium oxalate kidney stones)
Each nutrition hour of a course taken for credit is eligible for
15 CE credits
Each audited course hour is eligible for
8 CE credits
Antibiotic associated diarrhea
saccharomyces boulardii
Tetany (muscle spasms) in hands and feet can be an indicator of:
Hypocalemia (exacerbated by Ca imbalance)
Synthroid should be taken
away from meals bc it interferes with Ca
Most B vitamins are found in which of the following foods?
Fortified foods
Which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium?
Aldosterone
*Adrenal glands will secrete aldosterone to signal the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium in order to increase blood pressure
Mg toxicity is rare but may occur in what population?
Individuals with kidney failure (impaired renal function)
Glycogen stores are depleted during endurance exercise of … (how long)
90 min or greater
Level 2 dysphagia diet excludes
soft bread
includes ground meats, mashed fruits, soft canned veggies
Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism includes the following except:
-dry, course skin
-sleep disturbances
-changes in vision
-sweating
dry, course skin (hypothyroidism)
Creatine is synthesized from what AAs:
Glycine, arginine, and methionine
For a competitive athlete, preseason training will typically include the following except:
Preparation load cycles followed by recovery cycles
Higher and lower energy needs based upon weight goals
Greater protein needs for lean muscle mass
High carb to support high intensity
high carb to support high intensity - reserved for competitive season
Impaired wound healing is a clinical sign of the following deficiencies:
Vit E
Vit C
Zinc
Vit A
Vit E
Vanadium has the following functions:
Mimics effects of insulin
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Regulates sodium/hydrogen ion transporter
Nutrients that act as antioxidants and ROS?
Vit C
Vit E
Vit A
Selenium
Released in response to injury except:
Glucagon
Insulin
ACTH
Epinephrine
*ACTH (made by pituitary gland, controls cortisol, which responds to stress)
Hematocrit represents the percentage of
RBC
Which of the following acid-base imbalances would we see in a person with chronic diarrhea>?
Metabolic acidosis
*Chronic diarrhea can cause lower levels of bicarbonate in the blood which help neutralize acids
The sole iron exporter in iron-transporting cells is:
Ferroportin
Signs and symptoms with selenium toxicity include the following except:
Garlic breath
Skin rashes
Bleeding gums
Brittle hairs and nails
Irritability
Bleeding gums
Population at highest risk for hypertension?
Black males
Which of the following hormones is secreted by adipose tissue and is correlated with the percentage of body fat?
Leptin
Which nutrient deficiency could cause alopecia or scaly red rash around the eyes?
Biotin
Primary organ affected by CCK:
Pancreas
*CCK stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes, causes contraction of the gallbladder, slows gastric emptying, and increase motility in the colon
Dental health is an indicatory of overall health. Missing teeth or tooth decay is an indicator of
Dysglycemia
Gluten sensitivity
Cardio disease
The following nutrients decrease manganese?
Iron
Mg
Ca
Phytic acid
Oxalates
A client with dyslipidemia would benefit from reducing:
High-fructose food and drinks
Silymarin
(known as milk thistle) supports liver health
This nutrient is an antioxidant that support glutathione production:
Selenium
Precontemplation stage:
client in denial they need to change
Recommendation to cancer clients with xerostomia (the sensation of oral dryness) includes the following except:
Avoiding mouthwash
Using cool mist humidifier
Tart foods may help dry mouth
Sipping on liquids throughout the day
Tart foods may help dry mouth
Evening primrose is often used to treat
menopausal hot flashes
Riboflavin content is reduced by
cooking, sunlight, pasteurization and irradiation
*Not tannins
Recommendations for HIV pts experiencing nausea or vomiting:
Keep log of symptoms
Wear loose-fitting clothes
Eat small, frequent meals
Drink liquids away from meals
Nutrition management for HIV infection includes the following except:
Appetite stimulants
Addressing psycho-social economic barriers to food
Parenteral nutrition if necessary
Complete nutrition assessment monthly
Complete nutrition assessment monthly
*should be Complete nutrition assessment 2-6 times yearly
The ETC contains how many large protein complexes?
4
NADH is the electron donor in this system
All of the following drugs are contraindicated with anorexia except:
Xanax
Ritalin
Adderall
Prozac
xanax (considered an appetite stimulator)
True about cancer in the US except:
The most common form of cancer is breast cancer
There are more fatal cases of colon/rectum cancer than pancreatic cancer
Cancer mortality rates have decreased in last 15 years
Can rates are higher for women than men
Can rates are higher for women than men
*opposite is true
When NAD+ gains electrons through a redox reaction, what is formed?
NADH
What is the preferred fuel source for enterocytes
Glutamine
Tartrazine is what?
yellow #5
FDA requires on food labels
FDA requires on drug labels
May cause severe allergic reactions
True or False
ZINC is the primary cofactor for more than 300 enzymes and deficiency may lead to thymic atrophy
True
Parkinson’s Disease truths except:
Less common in blacks and asians
50% of individuals are disabled after 10 years
One of the most common neurologic disease in north america
Commonly occurs between 40 and 70
50% of individuals are disabled after 10 years
*It’s actually 80% of individuals are disabled after 10 years
Cholagogues:
dandelion, milk thistle, goldenseal, ginger and barberry
According to the CDC, the 3 most preventable risk factors for disease are the following except:
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
Smoking
Preventable, poor sleep
Preventable, poor sleep
Calcium is responsible for activating
vitamin K dependent clotting factors.
what is the “danger zone” of food
40-140 F
Vegetarian and low-fat diets are most likely to increase the formation of:
Large VLDL particles
The large, buoyant VLDL particle is believed to be non-atherogenic.
GABAs primary action is to
relax the lower esophageal sphincter
L-lysine may be recommended for
cold sores (supports mechanism to prevent herpes simplex type 1 to spread)
Low-histamine diets avoid
aged and fermented foods, chocolate, citrus, and alcohol
Nijmegen scale is a 16-point measure used to help identify:
Anxiety and hyperventilation
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is
is a defect in the gene that helps create the enzyme to break down phenylalanine (AA) which causes it to build up in the body.
Which mineral competes with iron for binding sites on transferrin?
Chromium
Good sources of iodine the following except:
Processed food
Cod
Bread
Nori
Processed food
Scallops are cooked thoroughly when
flesh is milky white or opaque and firm
Which medication chelates iron and inhibits its absorption, inhibits excretion, and increases urinary zinc excretion?
ACE inhibitors
To be considered physically active, you must get:
20 minutes of vigorous physical activity on 3 or more days a week
Pharmacokinetics:
refers the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of an ingested substance
Distribution:
the dissemination via circulation to interstitial and intracellular fluids
Bioavailability:
the extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action
Power:
is the design’s ability to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false
Confidence Interval:
can be used to test a null hypothesis regarding 1 or 2 groups of subjects
Type 2 Error:
A failure to reject the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually false
Type 1 Error:
A rejection of the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually true
Diseases associated with decreased iron absorption:
IBD
Celiac
Obesity
Causes insulin to be released from pancreas:
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
AA uptake and protein synthesis
Major cite of O2 utilization is the
mitochondria
*which is main cite for energy transformation, providing over 90% of cellular ATP
Saponins: are associated with reduced total cholesterol - sources?
Legumes
Spinach
Tomatoes
Eggs cooked to
150 F
Protein deficiency symptoms;
edema, alopecia, low serum albumin levels
(albumin is one of the major blood proteins produced by the liver)
Addison’s Disease:
insufficient steroid hormones produced
Norepinephrine primary actions:
decrease motility, increase contraction of sphincters, and inhibit secretions
Increased diamine oxidase activity is associated with:
Increase risk of colorectal cancer
Vitamin B3 is a precursor to the coenzyme
NAD+
used to assess alcoholism
ALT, AST, and GGT- in addition to thiamin, folate and B12
*ALT and AST are also beneficial for eating disorders
__________ will be leached out into water if boiled for too long
Potassium
________ are congenital or development aspects of the individual that can include gender, family history, and genomics.
Antecedents
Kidney Stones all true but:
Lower occurrence in black non-hispanics and hispanic individuals
Most frequent in 4th and 5th decade of life
Family history is not a significant risk factor
Predominantly a male disease
Family history is not a significant risk factor
*Family history IS a significant risk factor
________________ gives brown adipose tissue its color
Iron
Lactobacilli is _____ of the microbiome
25%
One of the primary organs affected by CCK:
Pancreas
When in excess, which mineral increases urinary excretion of Ca?
Phosphorus
Vit K function is impacted by what mineral?
Ca
A client with this condition might supplement with high doses of Zinc
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Bulimia is associated with
a history of childhood sexual or physical abuse
Crohn’s disease:
Shallow ulcers
Gallstones a possible complication
Granulomas may be present
Aldosterone: increases reabsorption of _______ in the kidneys
sodium
Odynophagia
painful swallowing
Clinical symptoms of GERD:
Dental corrosion
Odynophagia
Eyelid spasms
The anemia of chronic renal disease is caused by the kidney’s inability to produce:
Erythropoietin
EPO is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. Its plays a role in the production of RBCs
Metabolic response to injury all except:
AA convert to glucose in liver
Increased lipolysis
Hypoglycemia
Increased skeletal muscle breakdown
Hypoglycemia
*causes hyperglycemia
Hemolytic anemia occurs when there is a defect in _________ that lead to oxidative damage
RBC membranes
In the absence of B12, ________ is largely inactive
folate
Zinc may interfere with ____ absorption
Mg
Colostrum is yellow bc of the high amounts of ______
Vit A
Thiamin is needed for the _______________________ in the PPP
transketolase enzyme
Increased amt of Vitamin A are needed in lactation than pregnancy:
Pregnancy: 770 mcg
Lactation: 1300 mcg
Angiotensin II stimulates the ________ to produce more aldosterone
adrenals
End product of beta oxidation in the mitochondria is:
acetyl-CoA
Glucagon is synthesized in the
pancreas
Fortification:
adding what not lost during processing
Enrichment:
is adding what’s lost during processing
Riboflavin assist in __________ and in rxns that protect biological membranes from oxidative damage
redox reaction
C-reactive protein monitors
metabolic stress
Cardio Death predictor:
total cholesterol to HDL ratio
Hemoglobin can determine all of these:
Anemia
Protein status
Traces mineral status
Leucine antagonizes which nutrient?
B6 (excess leucine can impair the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid)
Ciguatera (food poisoning): caused by eating ______ with this contamination
fish
Foods at high risk for contributing to foodborne illness include:
Thos high in protein and water
HIghest amt in sweat out of these 4 options:
Ca
Mg
Zinc
Cu
Ca
WHich of the following mineral levels may be used to increase testosterone, increase estrogen and treat osteoarthritis?
Zinc
Selenium
Boron
Nickel
Boron
*Food sources: raisins, dates, brazil nuts, apricots, avocado
Which of the following is a biomarker for cell health on an electrical bioimpedance analysis?
Phase angle
BMI
lean body mass
water content
phase angle
CORRECT ONE
a history of childhood sexural or physical abuse is associated with :
bulimia
Which of the following is not true about echinacea supplementation with cancer survivors?
boasts the immune system
may cause diarrhea
may cause constipation
may cause nausea
may cause constipation
Which of the following is the most nutrient dense source of polyphenols?
cloves
artichokes
dark chocolate
sage
cloves
(all good sources, cloves is highest)
Deficiency of this nutrient is a consequence of long-term consumption of excessive zinc:
copper
Ca
Mg
potassium
copper
Gallstones are more prevalent in which diet of western diet?
H fiber, L fat
L fiber, L fat
H fiber, H fat
L fiber, H fat
L fiber, H fat
Determinants of health in the elderly do not include:
retirement
medication
loss of spouse
religion
religion
___ is used to treat muscle strain and soreness
arnica
To reduce lung cancers in smokers, the following supplement are recommended:
Vit A
Vit C
*Beta carotene and Vit C work synergistically as powerful antioxidants. In this case, Vit C reduces oxidized beta carotene (a result of smoking)
____ is a phytochemical that may reduce cholesterol
carageenan
Which crop had more pesticide residue than any other?
potatoes
WHich of the following herbs may reduce milk supply?
lemongrass
hibiscus flower
jasmine flower
raspberry
jasmine flower
*the other improve milk flow
Which of the following mineral toxicities may cause gout?
molybdenum
chromium
vanadium
silicon
molybdenum
*involved with uric acid metabolism
Timing is important with Ca supplement. Ca supplement taken with meals ____ urinary Ca, ____ urinary citrate, and ____ urinary oxalate.
increase, increase, increase
decrease, decrease, decrease
increase, decrease, increase
increase, increase, decrease
increase, increase, decrease
Which of the following is considered the main protein in breast milk?
glucose
lactose
whey
casein
whey
What is leading cause of CKD?
diabetes
glomerulonephritis
amyloidosis
hypertension
diabetes
In pregnancy, excess of which of the following vitamins or minerals is toxic to the fetus?
Vit D
Vit A
iron
Ca
Vit A
Chymotrypsin is the active form of …
chymotrypsinogen
Reactive hypoglycemia is associated with all of the following except:
sulfa drug treatment
gastric bypass surgery
glycogen storage disease
galactosemia
sulfa drug treatment
Hypoglycemia > low BG that occurs a few hours after eating
*galactosemia occurs when an enzyme called galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) is missing or not functional. This liver enzyme is responsible for breaking down galactoseinto glucose.
The bioavailability of zinc is not reduced by:
milk
beans
fructose
cereals
fructose
Zinc bioavailability is high in meats, eggs, and seafood.
Zinc is less bioavailable from whole grains and legumes
Which is not found with superoxide dismutase?
Mn
Zinc
Cu
Mg
Mg
SOD needs zinc, Cu, Mn, Se, and glutathione in order to convert O2 to H20
Which is MOST true of valerian supplementation?
May increase effects of certain anti-seizure meds
*Helps as a mild sedative or sleep aid, and muscle relaxant
MOst sensitive indicator for iron deficiency?
plasma ferritin
Cyp2A6 is primarily involved in the metabolism of:
nicotine
Population most at risk for UTIs?
elderly women
Fasting in contraindicated in states where ….
diarrhea may be severe
(such as Crohn’s, dumping syndrome, UC)
absorption of non-heme iron is most likely to be inhibited by all the following except:
phosphates
dietary fiber
leucine
tannins
leucine
What disease state does the Guthrie Test test for?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
*heel prick on infants
SAMe is generally used to treat:
osteoarthritis
liver disease
depression
SAMe truths:
- has excellent efficacy for depression
- may delay liver transplantation in cirrhosis clients
- plays and important role in methylation
What helps with Niacin flushing?
Apples
*quercetin containing foods - mainly fruits/veggies
*citrus fruits, apples, onions, parsley, sage, tea, and red wine
In post surgical patients, protein intake increases to:
1.5-2.0 g/kg
Vitamin involved in cofactor in oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids?
Biotin
Glutamine and what herbal work synergistically?
Turmeric
*both recommended to treat intestinal permeability and other gut disorders
Fetus preferred fuel source?
glucose
Protein requirement for 1st year of life?
1.6 g/kg
Which i snot true about thalassemia?
- may results in osteomalacia
- ineffective erythropoeisis leads to decreased plasma volume
- inherited
- may result in facilal deformities
- ineffective erythropoeisis leads to decreased plasma volume
*Thalassemia, is ultimately increased iron absorption and progressive deposition in tissures resulting in oxidative damage
Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy can increase the risk for which of the following?
anemia, infants with low iron stores, and preterm delivery
BMI 26.3 is what category?
opverweight
Impaired liver function, jaundice, gallstones, and impaired renal function are most closely associated with what form of anemia?
sickle cell
*an inherited form of anemia
almost all nephrotic syndrome cases stem from what?
- diabetes mellitus
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- amyloidosis*
*is a rare disease that occurs when a protein called amyloid builds up in organs. This amyloid buildup can make the organs not work properly. Organs that may be affected include the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, nervous system and digestive tract.
Possible mechanisms involved in GERD except:
acid pocket
delayed gastric emptying
decreased salivation
Increased lower esophageal sphincter pressure
- DECREASED lower esophageal sphincter pressure
What anemia could be present with a B6 deficiency?
Sideroblastic anemia
*Most common cause of this anemia is alcohol abuse
What food helps with niacin flushing?
Apples
Use of anthracycline drugs may inhibit synthesis off?
CoQ10
Boiling foods for long periods may leach out what most?
potassium
Food sources of Molybdenum?
beer, wheat bran, bananas, green beans, root veggies
Recurrent episodes of binge eating at least 1x/week for 3 months is a sign of:
Bulimia
Clients may neglect to take their phosphate binders because:
- cannot feel difference
- may be difficult to swallow
- may cause acid reflux
Vitamin D Facts:
- calcitriol is active form
- necessary for bone remodeling and maintenance
- promotes efficient absorption of Ca
- suppresses PTH production (which is involved in the mobilization of Ca from bone)
Keshan’s disease associated with ____ deficiency?
selenium
*Keshan’s disease is a heart disease that occurs as a result of selenium deficiency and an infection.
Supplementation with what may be effective at treating autoimmune thyroiditis and dyslipidemia?
selenium
*Selenium’s antioxidant effects may improve T4 to T3 conversion
Paresthesias of the lips, tongue, and fingers may suggest what nutrient deficiency?
Calcium
Nijmegen scale is a 16-item measure used to identify:
anxiety and hyperventilation
What mineral interferes most with iron absorption?
Ca
The progressive loss of dopamine is most commonly associated with what condition?
Parkinson’s Disease
*Symptoms include: tremors, difficulty walking, and other movement issues
What stimulates release of CCK?
peptides, AA, dates and HCl
DHA recommended during pregnancy?
200-300mg
The oil from this botanical may be used therapeutically as a diuretic or to soothe intestinal cramps:
Borage
*contains gamma-linolenic acid
*Used to increase sweating, as a diuretic, to soothe intestinal cramps, and reduce swelling
Ground meats cooked to?
160 F
AA used during acute panic?
Glycine
*Used for anxiety related conditions
In renal failure what lab marker is routinely elevated?
Prealbumin
In renal failure:
- consuming adequate protein is challenging
- potassium usually requires restriction
- dialysis increases protein needs
Preferred fuel source by the fetus?
Glucose (and lactate)
Salmon cooked to what temp?
145 F
Which vitamins are found primarily in fish, eggs, liver?
- Vit C and iron
- Mg and Ca
- choline and biotin
- folate and B12
- choline and biotin
High serum NH3 is found in clients with:
liver disease
*when live isn;’ functioning properly NH3 can’t be properly cleared and build up
Parkinson’s Disease has the following causal factors;:
- dairy consumption
- drinking well water
- exposure to agricultural chemicals
- drug use
A sore, reddened tongue is a clinical sign for which nutrient deficiencies?
- B2
- Niacin
- B6
- Folate
- B12
A sore, reddened tongue is a clinical sign for which nutrient deficiencies?
- B2
- Niacin
- B6
- Folate
- B12
Is super tasting caused by medications or a genetic condition?
Genetic
*Inadequeate veggie consumption
*May prefer cold food
*tendency to avoid high Ca foods
which neurotransmitter is produced by the hypothalamus, is an appetite stimulant, and is a regulator of glucose?
orezin (aka hypocretin)
What is a cross-sectional study?
An observational study that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time
How do lipid soluble compounds enter the intestinal cells form the brush border?
passive diffusion
Which B vitamins have UL?
folate (1,000 ug/day)
B6 (100 mg/day)
A null hypothesis is when:
there is no relationship (or difference) between the two groups
All of the following reactions occur in phase 1 detoxification except:
- dehalogenation
- oxidation
- reduction
- sulfation
sulfation is phase 2
Heart failure clients should consume what types of meals?
small and frequent
Which nutrient is needed in the PPP?
- B5
- folate
- B2
- B1
B1, thiamin
Wilson’s temperature syndrome is a type of:
hypothyroid disease
Which mineral enhances the use of iron?
- Mg
- Nickel
- Se
- Zinc
Nickel (specifically for non-heme iron)
