Studyfour.xyz Flashcards
All of the following are phytonutrients found in cruciferous veggies except?
- sulforaphane
- Glucosinolates
- Limonoids
- Lignans
Lignans
(seeds, whole grains, and legumes are good sources of lignans)
What compound in celery gives it its odor and many of its health benefits, including protection against AZ?
3-n-butyphtahlide
How much iron should a pregnant women consume?
27 mg/day (*highest per lifecycle requirement)
The following phytochemical is a sulfur-containing antioxidant found in garlic and cruciferous veggies?
Thiols (sources: artichokes, beans, carob, and buckwheat)
The following is a precursor to the coenzyme NAD+
Vitamin B3, Niacin
The following nutrient deficiencies exacerbate iodine deficiency: (3)
- Selenium
- Vit A
- Iron
Phosphorus can be found in all foods, especially processed foods
High vegan iron food source:
Chlorella
RDA for Vit C for adult females:
75 mg/day
(Males need 90 mg/day)
The following vitamin promotes blood clotting and coagulation:
VIt K > also plays a role in bone metabolism & regulation blood calcium
The following is associated with manganese: (functions)
Wound healing
Glutamine production
Osteoarthritis pain
Bone development
Superoxide dismutase
Can help with seizure disorders
The nutrient considered the backbone of the thyroid hormone:
Tyrosine
The following mineral is present in every cell of the body:
Phosphorus (phospholipid bilayer)
The following vitamin plays a key role in histone modifications, gene regulation, and cell signaling:
Bioton > essential cofactor to enzymes in intermediary metabolism and a key regulator of gene expression
Vanadium food sources:
Shellfish, black pepper, parsley, dill seeds, canned apple juice, fish sticks, grains, beer, wine, mushrooms, and sweeteners
Mineral that could present with symptoms of impaired renal function and tingling hands and feets
Potassium
Most bioactive form of thiamin:
Thiamine diphosphate
Manganese food sources:
Almonds, pecans, lima beans, pinto beans, oats, brown rice, green leafy veggies, pineapple, acai, and dark chocolate
Thiamin deficiency symptoms:
Abnormal gait, dementia, and other signs of delirium
Mineral most essential for blood clotting:
Calcium > essential for several vit K dependent clotting factors
Functions associated with sulfur:
Integral part of glutathione, insulin, keratin, cartilage, and connective tissue
Choline functions:
Modulates gene expression, cell membrane signaling, lipid transport and metabolism, and early brain development
L-trypotophan taken off the market for 30 years due to a contaminated batch causing eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (affects muscle, skin and lungs - breathing issues / rash)
Nutrient needed in glycogenolysis:
B6
Polyps in nose may be a clinical sign of:
Food allergy or salicylate sensitivity
This mineral leads to thymic atrophy and is a cofactor for 300 enzymes
zinc
SAMe Functions
- has excellent efficacy for depression
- Plays a role in methylation
- May delay, liver, transplantation, and cirrhosis patients
Vit D intakes during pregnancy - do they changes?
NO
Tetany in hands and feet might be a cause of:
hypocalcemia
(Tetany is muscle spasms )
Chielosis is associated with which nutrient deficiencies:
Riboflavin (B2), B6, niacin (B3)
Nutrients found in the citric acid cycle:
Thiamin, lipoid acid, FAD, NAD, CoA, iron, manganese, magnesium
Which lipid removes cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body.
LDL
Foods high in sulphorphane:
watercress, cabbage, broccoli, Brussels, cauliflower, bok choy, collards, arugula, mustard turnip, radish
Russell’s Sign is associated with what?
Bulimia
MAOI med’s need to avoid what foods?
fermented and Aged Foods
Leptin is synthesized by adipose tissue and is correlated with body fat percentage (true/false)
true
Ulcerative colitis patients may benefit from
butyrate supplementation because they are on low fiber diets
PRAL is used to assess what?
foods effect on acidic load
PRAL = Potential renal acidic load
Allostasis (the process by which the body responds to stressors in order to regain homeostasis) is achieved via the following mechanisms except:
-Cytokines
-HPA axis hormones
-The autonomic nervous system
-somatic nervous system
somatic nervous system
(which is associated with the voluntary control of body movement via skeletal muscles)
Alcohol abuse may lead to:
-Primary nutrition
-Secondary nutrition
- both
BOTH
-Secondary malnutrition occurs when alcohol inhibits the body’s ability to digest and/or absorb nutrients.
-Primary malnutrition occurs because substance abuse is associated with a greater risk of food sensitivity, lack of food access, etc
Athletes who train early before eating or drinking are at risk for:
Low liver glycogen stores
What’s the best way to determine if a mother is producing an adequate supply of breast milk?
Use a growth and development char to assess baby’s progress
Folate absorption primarily takes place in the:
Jejunum
The CP-450 phase detox is:
Phase 1
When cells lack mitochondria they cannot metabolize pyruvate to Co2 via the citric acid cycle. Instead, they convert pyruvate to:
Lactate
-NADH is oxidized to NAD+ during this reaction
-Lactate may rise to high levels in the blood during extreme exercise
The following of released in response to injury except:
-ACTH
-Epinephrine
-Glucagon
-insulin
Insulin
Your client has respiratory disorder causing acidosis, what would be the compensating method in order to reduce acidosis?
Kidneys will compensate
Human breastmilk has a high content of ______ and ____fatty acid content.
- palmitic
-oleic
The FDA’s tips for minimizing exposure to BPA includes the following except:
-Avoid putting hot liquids in plastic containers
-Avoid plastics marked with codes 3, 6 & 7
-Do not use plastic water bottles with scratches
-Avoid plastics marked with code 2
Avoid plastics marked with code 2
Large urinary protein losses, as in the case of nephrotic syndrome, may lead to all of the following except:
-Hypoalbuminemia
-Hypercoagulability
-Edema
-Hypocholesterolemia
Hypocholesterolemia
Hemolytic anemia is often an indicator of which nutrient deficiency:
Vit E
-Hemolytic anemia involves defects in the RBC membranes that lead to oxidative damage and the eventual breakdown of the cell. Bc Vit E is an antioxidant, it is involved in protecting the cell against this kind of oxidative damage, therefore a signal to hemolytic anemia is Vit E deficiency.
Nutrient-related effects of chemo include:
-Myelosuppression: when bone marrow activity is decreased, resulting in fewer RBC, WBC, and platelets
-Anemia
-Xerostomia: dry mouth
Removing the germ and out layers of cereal grains may reduce the presence of what nutrient?
Mg
Tips for preventing cross-contamination in storage of food includes the following except:
-Store food and nonfood items at least 3 inches above ground
-Wrap food before storing it
-Store food and non food items away from walls
-Store food only in designated food storage areas
Store food and nonfood items at least 3 inches above ground
(Should store 6 inches above ground)
Folate content in foods in reduced by all the following except:
-Cooking
-Acidic environments
-Exposure to sunlight
-tannins
Tannins
In at-risk populations, hotdogs and deli meat should reach what temp?
165 F
In the past 30 years it is estimated that fructose intake has increased by approximately,
2000% (due to high fructose corn syrup)
Food will taste better and be safely stored if you do all of the following except:
-Reheat thoroughly when ready to eat
-Cover loosely and refrigerate immediately
-Divide large quantities into smaller portions
-Store in deeps containers
Store in deeps containers
(Should store in SHALLOW containers)
Vit K is reduced by:
Alkaline environments
BCNS eligible CE credits for the following except:
-Co-author a book in field of nutrition
-Teaching nutrition courses
-Organizing s scientific lesson
-attending a training class that promotes sale of nutritional products
attending a training class that promotes sale of nutritional products
CNS recertification guidelines, semester hours from accredited nutrition course are eligible for ____ CE credits:
15
A 3 credit course from an accredited nutrition course is eligible for ___ CE credits from the BNCS.
45
The bioavailability of copper is decreased by:
Zinc
Alcohol
Fructose
A client with a predisposition to kidney stones wants diet advice - they should avoid their consumption of:
Swiss chard, collards, parsley - OXALATES
Those with Ileum resection should reduce what foods?
Should reduce high oxalate intake
(Pts who have undergone intestinal surgery are at risk for oxalate kidney stones)
The following herbs are all used to treat PMS:
Chaste berry
Black cohosh
Evening primrose
Common nutrition diagnoses for HIV:
Inadequate oral intake
increased nutrient needs,
Altered GI function
Alcohol intake is associated with the following cancers except:
Lung
Colon
Breast
prostate cancer
age is the biggest risk factor for prostate cancer
Herb that support heavy metal detox?
Cilantro (rich source of selenium - mobilizes mercury and other neurotoxins from the cell membranes)
Med diet avoids:
Coconut oil (sat fat)
All of the following can stimulate the release of glucagon except:
Increased CCK
INcrease plasma AA
Increased norepinephrine
Decreased epinephrine
decreased epinephrine
*Glucagon is responsible for making sure blood glucose levels aren’t too low by getting glucose out of the cell.
Hepcidin synthesis is increased by:
Iron loading
*Hepcidin increased in response to iron and inflammation - decreases in response to erythropoiesis (production of RBC)
*Hepcidin is a hormone that regulates how your body uses iron.
The primary purpose of edema in pregnancy:
Increased blood flow and nutrient transfer to the placenta and fetus
The most widely distributed coenzyme in the body is:
ATP
The primary action of GABA is to:
Relax the lower esophageal sphincter
*GABA is an AA which acts as a neurotransmitter in the CNS
HOw much weight can a woman expect to lose within a week after delivery?
15 lbs
*Losing more than 1.5 lbs/week after can decrease milk production
On average, how many calories should an infant consume in the first 6 months of life?
108 kcal per kg/body weight
*Range is 80-120 kcal per kg/body weight
Your client has respiratory disorder causing acidosis, what would be the compensating method in order to reduce acidosis?
Kidneys will compensate
Primary action of neurotensin:
Inhibit release of gastric emptying and acid secretion
*Nuerotensin is specifically involved in regulated LH and prolactin release
True about coenzymes except:
Contain carbon
Non-protein molecules
Can be reused and recycled
Take part in redox reactions
Non-protein molecules
Disease that causes defect in copper metabolism?
Menke’s disease
*Menke’s disease is a recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper-transport protein.
Peak bone mass reached by what age?
30
Bones stop growing in females by 18 and males by 20, but bone mass continues to accumulate - a process known as consolidation
Coenzymne A aids in the transfer of fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the:
Mitochondria
*Coenzyme A is derived by Vit B5
Daily requirements increase during pregnancy for all of the following except:
Vit B12
Biotin
VitB5
Choline
Biotin
Grapefruit is a rich source of what?
lycopene (along with tomatoes)
Calcium is tightly regulated in the body. Which of the following is one of the ways calcium is tightly regulated?
PTH increases bone resorption
*When serum Ca is low, the parathyroid glands release PTH which signals the bone, kidneys, and small intestine to breakdown stored Ca and/or increased Ca absorption. *When serum Ca is high, calcitonin is released to store Ca in the bones.
Coconut oil can be part of healthy diet bc:
Is a rich source of beta-hydroxybutyrate
May help raise HDL cholesterol
May help lower LDL cholesterol
Indiole-3-carbinol is associated with:
Cruciferous veggies
*believed to help in cancer prevention
The following deficiency in men is associated with lower testosterone and lower sperm quality?
Vit D
Cooking oil recommendations all correct except:
Store oils in a dark palace
Purchase oils that are packaged with tight-fitting lid
Pouring oil directly from their original bottle over a pan
Separate cooking fats and oils from their containers before use
Pouring oil directly from their original bottle over a pan is NOT recommended bc heat could damage oil in container
Deficiency of which mineral can lead to cretinism in utero?
Iodine
*Cretinism is a congenital iodine deficiency syndrome that stunts physical and mental growth which is caused by hypothyroidism
How are amino acids and ions absorb?
Active transport
Nutrients lost through sweating:
Large Amts sodium and chloride, next highest is calcium
Which of the following minerals enhances the effects of insulin receptors?
Chromium
True about ulcerative colitis except:
Always involves the rectum
Gall stones are possible complication
Cancer is a possible complication
Presents as bloody diarrhea
Gall stones are possible complication
Saint johns wort is contraindicated with
anti-depressants
Minerals involved, in the structure of bones and teeth include the following except:
Chloride
Mg
Ca
Phosphorus
Chloride
The bioavailability of Iron May be increased by:
Dietary sugars
The most common sources of the amino acid theanine are;
Green and black tees
Some mushrooms
What is needed for short chain, fatty acids synthesis in the colon?
Fiber
Nutrient that acts as an antioxidant and ROS?
Vit C, Vit E, Vit A, and selenium
Good sources of flavonoids:
Green tea, licorice, wine, apples, citrus, legumes
Manganese is a cofactor for all the following except:
Super oxide dismutase
Pyruvate carboxylase
Transketolase
Acetyl coA carboxylase
Transketolase is a thiamine (vit B1) dependent enzyme
Mineral found in pineapple, almond butter and tea
Manganese
Also found in: pecans, lima beans, pinto beans, pats, brown rice, green leafy veggies, pineapple, acai and dark chocolate
Vanadium functions except:
Mimics effects of insulin in adipocytes
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Regulates sodium/hydrogen ion transporter
Mimics effects of insulin in adipocytes
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Regulates sodium/hydrogen ion transporter
Arsenic functions:
Impacts cell signaling
Insulin regulation
Facilitates SAMe in the body
Indole-3-carbinol is associated with which food group?
Cruciferous veggies
Vitamin E is a preservative in
fish oil supplements
Vitamin E sources:
Cold pressed veggie oils, green leafy veggies, nuts, legumes, egg yolks
Lithium truths:
Not to be taken with SSRIs
Supplementation may help treat mood disorders
Supplementation may lengthen circadian rhythm
Toxicity of B6 leads to:
Neuropathy, ataxia (affects coordination and speech), degeneration of neurons, lesions, photosensitivity, GI issues: nausea and heartburn
Molybdenum is a cofactor for:
Aldehyde
Xanthine
Sulfite oxidase
Complete plant protein sources except:
Soybean
Quinoa
Buckwheat
Hempseed
Hempseed
Pernicious anemia leads to ____ deficiency:
Vit B12
*The most common cause of pernicious anemia is loss of stomach cells that make IF, which is needed in order to absorb N12
Respiratory quotient for carb:
1
Metformin’s primary site of action is on which organ?
liver
A adverse food reaction causing delayed symptoms and resulting from an imbalance in the GI system is considered:
Food sensitivity
HIstamine sensitive symptoms:
Asthma
Anxiety
Migraines
HDL recommended for women:
> 50 mg/dL
All of the following increase appetite except:
Flagyl
Xanax
Librium
Paxil
Flagyl is an antiinfective drug that may suppress appetite
Common markers for malabsorption:
Albumin
Serum triglycerides
Electrolytes
Hydrogen breath tests
Contemplation state:
Clients are aware of their problem but ambivalent
Acetate and butyrate are both:
SCFA
What functions as a cofactor in methionine synthesis?
Vit B12
The site of release of serotonin is the:
GI tract and spinal cord
Neurotransmitter known for its role in mood, memory, sleep, and cognition
A metabolic response to injury includes the following except:
Negative nitrogen balance
Decreased lipolysis
Increased glycogenolysis
Increased gluconeogenesis
Decreased lipolysis
*It increases lypolysis
Disaccharides except:
Sucrose
Lactose
Galactose
Maltose
Galactose > monosaccharide
Which of the following is an end product of purine metabolism from food?
Uric acid
Type 1 error:
Rejects the null hypothesis, when the null hypothesis is true
Fenugreek which is a
galactogogue
Enzyme found in pyruvate carboxylase?
Biotin
Biotin can be found with any enzyme that has “carboxylase” in it
Zinc may interfere with __________ absorption
magnesium
Salmon should be cooked to:
145 F
Riboflavin is reduced by the following except:
Irradiation
Sunlight
Tannins
Pasteurization
Tannins
Low-sodium products must be
140mg or less per serving
Only population with all 6 causes of folic acid deficiency simultaneously:
Alcoholics
Hard boiled eggs good for
1 week in fridge
Integrative medicine in a hospital includes the following except:
Yoga therapists
Speech therapists
Doctors and nurses
Acupuncturists
Speech therapists
Recommendations for first 6 weeks after renal transplant surgery except:
Moderate sodium restriction
Energy intake to prevent negative nitrogen balance
Low protein diet
Dietary potassium restriction
Low protein diet
*protein requirements increase post surgery
Vegans are susceptible to ___________ due to lack of animal protein
hypochlorhydria
This botanical has been used to treat uterine hemorrhage, jaundice, and canker sores
Bayberry
*Also known as andleberry, sweet gale, and wax-myrtle
What would support an ulcerative colitis client?
Butyrate
*UC clients have low butyrate acid be low fiber diets are recommended
AA supplementation should be taken:
One hour before a meal
Supplement may be effective in treating hereditary sideroblastic anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, hypertension, and pregnancy induced nausea?
Vit B6
(5-50 mg doses … 25 mg every 8 hours for pregnancy induced nausea)
Phosphate binders:
Aluminum hydroxide
Calcium acetate
Calcium carbonate
Mineral that increases serum concentration of estrogen and testosterone>
Boron
Which phytochemical may help prevent prostate cancer?
Lycopenes
Found in grapefruit and tomatoes
Frozen turkey good for
1 year
Most common treatment for cancer of the stomach:
surgery
_____ in the mouth reduces formation of acid formed by carbs
Fluoride
Mens IBW is
106 lbs for first 5 feet, then 6 lbs for every inch after
The presence of poorly absorbed solutes in the digesta causes:
Osmotic diarrhea
This micronutrient is primarily assessed through dietary intake data because no reliable functional test exists:
Zinc
Burke-type dietary history:
Oral reports of recent food and beverages not limited to 24 hours
Daily food record:
Accurate info on timing of meals, quantities, how food is prepared
Food Storage Order top-to-bottom:
Ready to eat
Seafood
Whole cuts of beef and pork
Ground meat and ground fish
Whole and ground poultry
Examples of metabolic response:
Sepsis, burns, stress
Tooth decay is associated with:
Gluten sensitivity, cardio disease, dysglycemia
Water is reabsorbed in
the large intestine
Excess dietary ____________________ may antagonize B6 function and impair conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid
leucine
Ulcerative Colitis truths:
Cancer is a possible complication
Presents as bloody diarrhea
Rectum always involved
Hemolytic anemia is often an indicator of which nutrient deficiency?
Vitamin E
(hemolytic anemia involves defects in the RBC membranes leading to oxidative damage - bc Vit E is an antioxidant, deficiencies would be common)
The macrobiotic diet is highest in
whole grains (40-60%)
Uric acid stones form at a pH less than
5.5
WHich of the following hormones is released to raise blood glucose, increase metabolism, and constrict certain blood vessels?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Copper toxicity can produce
Kayser-Fleischer rings around the eyes.
Cabbage and watercress contain what phytochemicals?
Sulforaphane
Others are: broccoli, brussels, cauliflower, bok choy, arugula, collards, mustard, turnip, red radish
Goji berries rich in the following:
Iron
Vit C
Vit A
WHich of the following minerals is a cofactor for carbonic anhydrase?
Zinc
Irreversible enzyme in the citric acid cycle?
Citrate synthase
Which deficiency is associated with infertility, IR, and PCOS?
Vitamin D
Macrocytic anemia is considered a
B12 def.
Primary sources of data consist of
info gathered directly by healthcare specialists.
Secondary sources of info are
those gathered, published or reported by another entity, organization of individual
Dietary advice for reducing oxalate absorption in stone formers does not include:
-consuming Ca-rich foods
-avoiding probiotic consumption
-reducing dietary oxalate
-consuming Ca-rich foods
reducing dietary oxalate
*Restricting dietary oxalate may be relatively ineffective intervention to decrease urinary oxalate excretion
Carcinogenic chromium?
Hexavalent chromium
As body weight ____, the excretion of Ca, Oxalate, and uric acid _____?
Increases, increases
Type of diarrhea most closely associated with dumping syndrome?
Osmotic diarrhea
All of the following are involved in normal glucose homeostasis except:
Mineralocorticoids
Growth hormone
Corticosteroids
Insulin and glucagon
Mineralocorticoids: these are in the adrenal cortex and influence salt and water balance
Associated with anorexia:
Edema
Hypothermia
Diarrhea
Dry skin
Diarrhea
Growth of these bacterias are prevented by refrigeration:
Campylobacter
Listeria
Salmonella
E coli
listeria: can only be prevented by proper food handling and sanitation, such as washing hands, equipment, and cutting boards
Risk factors for development of birth defects are all of the following except:
Hypoxia during pregnancy (lack of O2)
Paternal drug use
Older father
Iodine deficiency during pregnancy
Older mother
Older father
Which vitamin is cofactor for methionine synthesis?
Vit B12
GAPS diet is a strict elimination diet that should be used cautiously and only with specific population that could benefit from it -
Schizophrenia
ADD/ADHD
Dyslexia
Autism
_________ is considered a cholagogue (stimulates bile flow from gallbladder)
Dandelion
Other cholagogues are: milk thistle, goldenseal ginger, barberry
Null hypothesis:
there isn’t a difference between 2 groups
Hemochromatosis is
the accumulation of iron in the blood.
*Supplementing with high doses of zinc might be helpful bc high doses of zinc can inhibit iron absorption.
Anorexia is the most frequent symptom of this form of hepatitis:
Hepatitis A (highly contagious liver infection)
Recommendations to improve male fertility include all the following except:
Eating monounsaturated fats
Eating low fat dairy products
Lower animal protein diets
Eating high fiber foods
Eat high fat diary
Trans fats reduced
Eating low fat dairy products
Daily supplementation with MVMs should be approached cautiously with which population:
Smokers (possibly former smokers)
SHould avoid large amts of beta-carotene or Vit A bc studies have shown an increased risk of lung cancer
Which type of nutrient absorbs water, turns into gel, and has been shown to lower cholesterol and blood sugar?
Soluble fiber
Dietary rec for elevated LDL in adolescents includes the following except:
Limi sat fat intake to no more than 7% of calories
Psyllium fiber can be added
At least 1 hr of moderate to vigorous exercise daily
Limit fat intake to no more than 15% of calories
Total fat intake should be limited but can consist of up to 30% of daily calories
Limit fat intake to no more than 15% of calories
Ileum resection:
Should avoid high oxalate foods (those with intestinal surgeries are at risk for calcium oxalate kidney stones)
Each nutrition hour of a course taken for credit is eligible for
15 CE credits
Each audited course hour is eligible for
8 CE credits
Antibiotic associated diarrhea
saccharomyces boulardii
Tetany (muscle spasms) in hands and feet can be an indicator of:
Hypocalemia (exacerbated by Ca imbalance)
Synthroid should be taken
away from meals bc it interferes with Ca
Most B vitamins are found in which of the following foods?
Fortified foods
Which hormone signals the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium?
Aldosterone
*Adrenal glands will secrete aldosterone to signal the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium in order to increase blood pressure
Mg toxicity is rare but may occur in what population?
Individuals with kidney failure (impaired renal function)
Glycogen stores are depleted during endurance exercise of … (how long)
90 min or greater
Level 2 dysphagia diet excludes
soft bread
includes ground meats, mashed fruits, soft canned veggies
Common symptoms of hyperthyroidism includes the following except:
-dry, course skin
-sleep disturbances
-changes in vision
-sweating
dry, course skin (hypothyroidism)
Creatine is synthesized from what AAs:
Glycine, arginine, and methionine
For a competitive athlete, preseason training will typically include the following except:
Preparation load cycles followed by recovery cycles
Higher and lower energy needs based upon weight goals
Greater protein needs for lean muscle mass
High carb to support high intensity
high carb to support high intensity - reserved for competitive season
Impaired wound healing is a clinical sign of the following deficiencies:
Vit E
Vit C
Zinc
Vit A
Vit E
Vanadium has the following functions:
Mimics effects of insulin
Stimulates osteoblast activity
Regulates sodium/hydrogen ion transporter
Nutrients that act as antioxidants and ROS?
Vit C
Vit E
Vit A
Selenium
Released in response to injury except:
Glucagon
Insulin
ACTH
Epinephrine
*ACTH (made by pituitary gland, controls cortisol, which responds to stress)
Hematocrit represents the percentage of
RBC
Which of the following acid-base imbalances would we see in a person with chronic diarrhea>?
Metabolic acidosis
*Chronic diarrhea can cause lower levels of bicarbonate in the blood which help neutralize acids
The sole iron exporter in iron-transporting cells is:
Ferroportin
Signs and symptoms with selenium toxicity include the following except:
Garlic breath
Skin rashes
Bleeding gums
Brittle hairs and nails
Irritability
Bleeding gums
Population at highest risk for hypertension?
Black males
Which of the following hormones is secreted by adipose tissue and is correlated with the percentage of body fat?
Leptin
Which nutrient deficiency could cause alopecia or scaly red rash around the eyes?
Biotin
Primary organ affected by CCK:
Pancreas
*CCK stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes, causes contraction of the gallbladder, slows gastric emptying, and increase motility in the colon
Dental health is an indicatory of overall health. Missing teeth or tooth decay is an indicator of
Dysglycemia
Gluten sensitivity
Cardio disease
The following nutrients decrease manganese?
Iron
Mg
Ca
Phytic acid
Oxalates
A client with dyslipidemia would benefit from reducing:
High-fructose food and drinks
Silymarin
(known as milk thistle) supports liver health
This nutrient is an antioxidant that support glutathione production:
Selenium
Precontemplation stage:
client in denial they need to change
Recommendation to cancer clients with xerostomia (the sensation of oral dryness) includes the following except:
Avoiding mouthwash
Using cool mist humidifier
Tart foods may help dry mouth
Sipping on liquids throughout the day
Tart foods may help dry mouth
Evening primrose is often used to treat
menopausal hot flashes
Riboflavin content is reduced by
cooking, sunlight, pasteurization and irradiation
*Not tannins
Recommendations for HIV pts experiencing nausea or vomiting:
Keep log of symptoms
Wear loose-fitting clothes
Eat small, frequent meals
Drink liquids away from meals
Nutrition management for HIV infection includes the following except:
Appetite stimulants
Addressing psycho-social economic barriers to food
Parenteral nutrition if necessary
Complete nutrition assessment monthly
Complete nutrition assessment monthly
*should be Complete nutrition assessment 2-6 times yearly
The ETC contains how many large protein complexes?
4
NADH is the electron donor in this system
All of the following drugs are contraindicated with anorexia except:
Xanax
Ritalin
Adderall
Prozac
xanax (considered an appetite stimulator)
True about cancer in the US except:
The most common form of cancer is breast cancer
There are more fatal cases of colon/rectum cancer than pancreatic cancer
Cancer mortality rates have decreased in last 15 years
Can rates are higher for women than men
Can rates are higher for women than men
*opposite is true
When NAD+ gains electrons through a redox reaction, what is formed?
NADH
What is the preferred fuel source for enterocytes
Glutamine
Tartrazine is what?
yellow #5
FDA requires on food labels
FDA requires on drug labels
May cause severe allergic reactions
True or False
ZINC is the primary cofactor for more than 300 enzymes and deficiency may lead to thymic atrophy
True
Parkinson’s Disease truths except:
Less common in blacks and asians
50% of individuals are disabled after 10 years
One of the most common neurologic disease in north america
Commonly occurs between 40 and 70
50% of individuals are disabled after 10 years
*It’s actually 80% of individuals are disabled after 10 years
Cholagogues:
dandelion, milk thistle, goldenseal, ginger and barberry
According to the CDC, the 3 most preventable risk factors for disease are the following except:
Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
Smoking
Preventable, poor sleep
Preventable, poor sleep
Calcium is responsible for activating
vitamin K dependent clotting factors.
what is the “danger zone” of food
40-140 F
Vegetarian and low-fat diets are most likely to increase the formation of:
Large VLDL particles
The large, buoyant VLDL particle is believed to be non-atherogenic.
GABAs primary action is to
relax the lower esophageal sphincter
L-lysine may be recommended for
cold sores (supports mechanism to prevent herpes simplex type 1 to spread)
Low-histamine diets avoid
aged and fermented foods, chocolate, citrus, and alcohol
Nijmegen scale is a 16-point measure used to help identify:
Anxiety and hyperventilation
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is
is a defect in the gene that helps create the enzyme to break down phenylalanine (AA) which causes it to build up in the body.
Which mineral competes with iron for binding sites on transferrin?
Chromium
Good sources of iodine the following except:
Processed food
Cod
Bread
Nori
Processed food
Scallops are cooked thoroughly when
flesh is milky white or opaque and firm
Which medication chelates iron and inhibits its absorption, inhibits excretion, and increases urinary zinc excretion?
ACE inhibitors
To be considered physically active, you must get:
20 minutes of vigorous physical activity on 3 or more days a week
Pharmacokinetics:
refers the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of an ingested substance
Distribution:
the dissemination via circulation to interstitial and intracellular fluids
Bioavailability:
the extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action
Power:
is the design’s ability to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false
Confidence Interval:
can be used to test a null hypothesis regarding 1 or 2 groups of subjects
Type 2 Error:
A failure to reject the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually false
Type 1 Error:
A rejection of the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually true
Diseases associated with decreased iron absorption:
IBD
Celiac
Obesity
Causes insulin to be released from pancreas:
Glycolysis
Glycogenesis
AA uptake and protein synthesis
Major cite of O2 utilization is the
mitochondria
*which is main cite for energy transformation, providing over 90% of cellular ATP
Saponins: are associated with reduced total cholesterol - sources?
Legumes
Spinach
Tomatoes
Eggs cooked to
150 F
Protein deficiency symptoms;
edema, alopecia, low serum albumin levels
(albumin is one of the major blood proteins produced by the liver)
Addison’s Disease:
insufficient steroid hormones produced
Norepinephrine primary actions:
decrease motility, increase contraction of sphincters, and inhibit secretions
Increased diamine oxidase activity is associated with:
Increase risk of colorectal cancer
Vitamin B3 is a precursor to the coenzyme
NAD+
used to assess alcoholism
ALT, AST, and GGT- in addition to thiamin, folate and B12
*ALT and AST are also beneficial for eating disorders
__________ will be leached out into water if boiled for too long
Potassium
________ are congenital or development aspects of the individual that can include gender, family history, and genomics.
Antecedents
Kidney Stones all true but:
Lower occurrence in black non-hispanics and hispanic individuals
Most frequent in 4th and 5th decade of life
Family history is not a significant risk factor
Predominantly a male disease
Family history is not a significant risk factor
*Family history IS a significant risk factor
________________ gives brown adipose tissue its color
Iron
Lactobacilli is _____ of the microbiome
25%
One of the primary organs affected by CCK:
Pancreas
When in excess, which mineral increases urinary excretion of Ca?
Phosphorus
Vit K function is impacted by what mineral?
Ca
A client with this condition might supplement with high doses of Zinc
Hereditary hemochromatosis
Bulimia is associated with
a history of childhood sexual or physical abuse
Crohn’s disease:
Shallow ulcers
Gallstones a possible complication
Granulomas may be present
Aldosterone: increases reabsorption of _______ in the kidneys
sodium
Odynophagia
painful swallowing
Clinical symptoms of GERD:
Dental corrosion
Odynophagia
Eyelid spasms
The anemia of chronic renal disease is caused by the kidney’s inability to produce:
Erythropoietin
EPO is a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys. Its plays a role in the production of RBCs
Metabolic response to injury all except:
AA convert to glucose in liver
Increased lipolysis
Hypoglycemia
Increased skeletal muscle breakdown
Hypoglycemia
*causes hyperglycemia
Hemolytic anemia occurs when there is a defect in _________ that lead to oxidative damage
RBC membranes
In the absence of B12, ________ is largely inactive
folate
Zinc may interfere with ____ absorption
Mg
Colostrum is yellow bc of the high amounts of ______
Vit A
Thiamin is needed for the _______________________ in the PPP
transketolase enzyme
Increased amt of Vitamin A are needed in lactation than pregnancy:
Pregnancy: 770 mcg
Lactation: 1300 mcg
Angiotensin II stimulates the ________ to produce more aldosterone
adrenals
End product of beta oxidation in the mitochondria is:
acetyl-CoA
Glucagon is synthesized in the
pancreas
Fortification:
adding what not lost during processing
Enrichment:
is adding what’s lost during processing
Riboflavin assist in __________ and in rxns that protect biological membranes from oxidative damage
redox reaction
C-reactive protein monitors
metabolic stress
Cardio Death predictor:
total cholesterol to HDL ratio
Hemoglobin can determine all of these:
Anemia
Protein status
Traces mineral status
Leucine antagonizes which nutrient?
B6 (excess leucine can impair the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid)
Ciguatera (food poisoning): caused by eating ______ with this contamination
fish
Foods at high risk for contributing to foodborne illness include:
Thos high in protein and water
HIghest amt in sweat out of these 4 options:
Ca
Mg
Zinc
Cu
Ca
WHich of the following mineral levels may be used to increase testosterone, increase estrogen and treat osteoarthritis?
Zinc
Selenium
Boron
Nickel
Boron
*Food sources: raisins, dates, brazil nuts, apricots, avocado
Which of the following is a biomarker for cell health on an electrical bioimpedance analysis?
Phase angle
BMI
lean body mass
water content
phase angle
CORRECT ONE
a history of childhood sexural or physical abuse is associated with :
bulimia
Which of the following is not true about echinacea supplementation with cancer survivors?
boasts the immune system
may cause diarrhea
may cause constipation
may cause nausea
may cause constipation
Which of the following is the most nutrient dense source of polyphenols?
cloves
artichokes
dark chocolate
sage
cloves
(all good sources, cloves is highest)
Deficiency of this nutrient is a consequence of long-term consumption of excessive zinc:
copper
Ca
Mg
potassium
copper
Gallstones are more prevalent in which diet of western diet?
H fiber, L fat
L fiber, L fat
H fiber, H fat
L fiber, H fat
L fiber, H fat
Determinants of health in the elderly do not include:
retirement
medication
loss of spouse
religion
religion
___ is used to treat muscle strain and soreness
arnica
To reduce lung cancers in smokers, the following supplement are recommended:
Vit A
Vit C
*Beta carotene and Vit C work synergistically as powerful antioxidants. In this case, Vit C reduces oxidized beta carotene (a result of smoking)
____ is a phytochemical that may reduce cholesterol
carageenan
Which crop had more pesticide residue than any other?
potatoes
WHich of the following herbs may reduce milk supply?
lemongrass
hibiscus flower
jasmine flower
raspberry
jasmine flower
*the other improve milk flow
Which of the following mineral toxicities may cause gout?
molybdenum
chromium
vanadium
silicon
molybdenum
*involved with uric acid metabolism
Timing is important with Ca supplement. Ca supplement taken with meals ____ urinary Ca, ____ urinary citrate, and ____ urinary oxalate.
increase, increase, increase
decrease, decrease, decrease
increase, decrease, increase
increase, increase, decrease
increase, increase, decrease
Which of the following is considered the main protein in breast milk?
glucose
lactose
whey
casein
whey
What is leading cause of CKD?
diabetes
glomerulonephritis
amyloidosis
hypertension
diabetes
In pregnancy, excess of which of the following vitamins or minerals is toxic to the fetus?
Vit D
Vit A
iron
Ca
Vit A
Chymotrypsin is the active form of …
chymotrypsinogen
Reactive hypoglycemia is associated with all of the following except:
sulfa drug treatment
gastric bypass surgery
glycogen storage disease
galactosemia
sulfa drug treatment
Hypoglycemia > low BG that occurs a few hours after eating
*galactosemia occurs when an enzyme called galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) is missing or not functional. This liver enzyme is responsible for breaking down galactoseinto glucose.
The bioavailability of zinc is not reduced by:
milk
beans
fructose
cereals
fructose
Zinc bioavailability is high in meats, eggs, and seafood.
Zinc is less bioavailable from whole grains and legumes
Which is not found with superoxide dismutase?
Mn
Zinc
Cu
Mg
Mg
SOD needs zinc, Cu, Mn, Se, and glutathione in order to convert O2 to H20
Which is MOST true of valerian supplementation?
May increase effects of certain anti-seizure meds
*Helps as a mild sedative or sleep aid, and muscle relaxant
MOst sensitive indicator for iron deficiency?
plasma ferritin
Cyp2A6 is primarily involved in the metabolism of:
nicotine
Population most at risk for UTIs?
elderly women
Fasting in contraindicated in states where ….
diarrhea may be severe
(such as Crohn’s, dumping syndrome, UC)
absorption of non-heme iron is most likely to be inhibited by all the following except:
phosphates
dietary fiber
leucine
tannins
leucine
What disease state does the Guthrie Test test for?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
*heel prick on infants
SAMe is generally used to treat:
osteoarthritis
liver disease
depression
SAMe truths:
- has excellent efficacy for depression
- may delay liver transplantation in cirrhosis clients
- plays and important role in methylation
What helps with Niacin flushing?
Apples
*quercetin containing foods - mainly fruits/veggies
*citrus fruits, apples, onions, parsley, sage, tea, and red wine
In post surgical patients, protein intake increases to:
1.5-2.0 g/kg
Vitamin involved in cofactor in oxidation and synthesis of fatty acids?
Biotin
Glutamine and what herbal work synergistically?
Turmeric
*both recommended to treat intestinal permeability and other gut disorders
Fetus preferred fuel source?
glucose
Protein requirement for 1st year of life?
1.6 g/kg
Which i snot true about thalassemia?
- may results in osteomalacia
- ineffective erythropoeisis leads to decreased plasma volume
- inherited
- may result in facilal deformities
- ineffective erythropoeisis leads to decreased plasma volume
*Thalassemia, is ultimately increased iron absorption and progressive deposition in tissures resulting in oxidative damage
Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy can increase the risk for which of the following?
anemia, infants with low iron stores, and preterm delivery
BMI 26.3 is what category?
opverweight
Impaired liver function, jaundice, gallstones, and impaired renal function are most closely associated with what form of anemia?
sickle cell
*an inherited form of anemia
almost all nephrotic syndrome cases stem from what?
- diabetes mellitus
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- amyloidosis*
*is a rare disease that occurs when a protein called amyloid builds up in organs. This amyloid buildup can make the organs not work properly. Organs that may be affected include the heart, kidneys, liver, spleen, nervous system and digestive tract.
Possible mechanisms involved in GERD except:
acid pocket
delayed gastric emptying
decreased salivation
Increased lower esophageal sphincter pressure
- DECREASED lower esophageal sphincter pressure
What anemia could be present with a B6 deficiency?
Sideroblastic anemia
*Most common cause of this anemia is alcohol abuse
What food helps with niacin flushing?
Apples
Use of anthracycline drugs may inhibit synthesis off?
CoQ10
Boiling foods for long periods may leach out what most?
potassium
Food sources of Molybdenum?
beer, wheat bran, bananas, green beans, root veggies
Recurrent episodes of binge eating at least 1x/week for 3 months is a sign of:
Bulimia
Clients may neglect to take their phosphate binders because:
- cannot feel difference
- may be difficult to swallow
- may cause acid reflux
Vitamin D Facts:
- calcitriol is active form
- necessary for bone remodeling and maintenance
- promotes efficient absorption of Ca
- suppresses PTH production (which is involved in the mobilization of Ca from bone)
Keshan’s disease associated with ____ deficiency?
selenium
*Keshan’s disease is a heart disease that occurs as a result of selenium deficiency and an infection.
Supplementation with what may be effective at treating autoimmune thyroiditis and dyslipidemia?
selenium
*Selenium’s antioxidant effects may improve T4 to T3 conversion
Paresthesias of the lips, tongue, and fingers may suggest what nutrient deficiency?
Calcium
Nijmegen scale is a 16-item measure used to identify:
anxiety and hyperventilation
What mineral interferes most with iron absorption?
Ca
The progressive loss of dopamine is most commonly associated with what condition?
Parkinson’s Disease
*Symptoms include: tremors, difficulty walking, and other movement issues
What stimulates release of CCK?
peptides, AA, dates and HCl
DHA recommended during pregnancy?
200-300mg
The oil from this botanical may be used therapeutically as a diuretic or to soothe intestinal cramps:
Borage
*contains gamma-linolenic acid
*Used to increase sweating, as a diuretic, to soothe intestinal cramps, and reduce swelling
Ground meats cooked to?
160 F
AA used during acute panic?
Glycine
*Used for anxiety related conditions
In renal failure what lab marker is routinely elevated?
Prealbumin
In renal failure:
- consuming adequate protein is challenging
- potassium usually requires restriction
- dialysis increases protein needs
Preferred fuel source by the fetus?
Glucose (and lactate)
Salmon cooked to what temp?
145 F
Which vitamins are found primarily in fish, eggs, liver?
- Vit C and iron
- Mg and Ca
- choline and biotin
- folate and B12
- choline and biotin
High serum NH3 is found in clients with:
liver disease
*when live isn;’ functioning properly NH3 can’t be properly cleared and build up
Parkinson’s Disease has the following causal factors;:
- dairy consumption
- drinking well water
- exposure to agricultural chemicals
- drug use
A sore, reddened tongue is a clinical sign for which nutrient deficiencies?
- B2
- Niacin
- B6
- Folate
- B12
A sore, reddened tongue is a clinical sign for which nutrient deficiencies?
- B2
- Niacin
- B6
- Folate
- B12
Is super tasting caused by medications or a genetic condition?
Genetic
*Inadequeate veggie consumption
*May prefer cold food
*tendency to avoid high Ca foods
which neurotransmitter is produced by the hypothalamus, is an appetite stimulant, and is a regulator of glucose?
orezin (aka hypocretin)
What is a cross-sectional study?
An observational study that analyzes data from a population at a specific point in time
How do lipid soluble compounds enter the intestinal cells form the brush border?
passive diffusion
Which B vitamins have UL?
folate (1,000 ug/day)
B6 (100 mg/day)
A null hypothesis is when:
there is no relationship (or difference) between the two groups
All of the following reactions occur in phase 1 detoxification except:
- dehalogenation
- oxidation
- reduction
- sulfation
sulfation is phase 2
Heart failure clients should consume what types of meals?
small and frequent
Which nutrient is needed in the PPP?
- B5
- folate
- B2
- B1
B1, thiamin
Wilson’s temperature syndrome is a type of:
hypothyroid disease
Which mineral enhances the use of iron?
- Mg
- Nickel
- Se
- Zinc
Nickel (specifically for non-heme iron)
Which of the following mineral can act as a pro-oxidant if consumed to toxic levels?
- Cu
- Zinc
- Fe
- Mg
Fe
Which of the following mineral can act as a pro-oxidant if consumed to toxic levels?
- Cu
- Zinc
- Fe
- Mg
Fe
Which of the following mineral can act as a pro-oxidant if consumed to toxic levels?
- Cu
- Zinc
- Fe
- Mg
Fe
Which of the following mineral can act as a pro-oxidant if consumed to toxic levels?
- Cu
- Zinc
- Fe
- Mg
Fe
Food labels are required to have what vitamins in mg/mcg and %DV?
What vitamins are no longer required to be on label bc deficiency is rare?
- Vit D, Ca, Fe, and K
- Vit C and A
Increased diamine oxidase activity is associated with what?
increased risk of colorectal cancer
Creatine is synthesized from the AA’s?
- isoleucine, threonine, histidine
- tyrosine, leucine
- glutamine, methionine
- glycine, arginine, methionine
- glycine, arginine, methionine
The best practice for measuring wrist circumference is:
a. measurement is made with a tape just distal to the styloid process at wrist crease of right hand,
calculate the ratio of height to wrist circumference and compare to standard range for weight
b. measurement is made with a tape just distal to the styloid process at wrist crease of right hand,
calculate the ratio of height to wrist circumference and compare to standard range for gender
c. measurement is made with a tape just below the elbow of right hand, calculate the ratio of
height to wrist circumference and compare to standard range for gender
d. none of the above
B
What is the protein requirement per kilogram of body weight per day for young adolescents?
a. 0.8 g
b. 0.85 g
c. 0.9 g
d. 0.95 g
D
The Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) during adolescence takes into account all of the following
except:
a. energy needed to maintain health
b. energy needed to promote optimal growth
c. energy needed to support physical activity
d. stress factors
D
Bone mass is reduced in the elderly, and this is one of the reasons that their RDA for calcium has been
increased from 1,000 mg to _____ mg/day.
a. 1100
b. 1200
c. 1300
d. 1400
B
The Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) is obtained from which of the following sources:
a. Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)
b. Thermogenic effect of food (TEF)
c. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)
d. Post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
e. All of the above
E
What is the function of angiotensin II?
a. Prevent the adrenal glands from releasing aldosterone
b. Stimulate the adrenal glands to release more aldosterone
c. Prevent the lungs from producing rennin
d. Stimulate the lungs to produce rennin
B
What gland responds to a lack of water in the body by releasing a hormone?
a. Pineal
b. Hypothyroid
c. Pituitary
d. Thyroid
C
What is formed when fatty acids are oxidized in the mitochondria (i.e., what is the end product of beta-oxidation)?
a. glycerol
b. pyruvate
c. acetyl-CoA
d. triacylglycerol
C
- As kidney function declines, serum creatinine may:
a. Decrease
b. Increase
c. Stay the same
B
Sunil finished his evening meal of curried chicken, rice, fruit, salad, cookies, and tea about 30 minutes
ago. Which of the following best describes what is happening?
a. His blood concentration of glucagon exceeds that of insulin.
b. His blood concentration of insulin exceeds that of glucagon.
c. His blood contains glucagon but no insulin.
d. His blood contains insulin but no glucagon.
B
Why are skeletal muscle cells able to take up glucose without insulin during exercise?
a. Muscle contractions can activate movement of glucose transporters from the cytoplasm to the
cell membrane.
b. The cell membranes of muscle cells contain glucose receptors.
c. Muscle cells can take up glucose without insulin.
d. Muscle cells do not depend on glucose transporters for uptake of glucose.
A
When blood calcium concentration is low the _____ releases _____ in order to raise blood calcium levels.
a. Parathyroid gland, calcitonin
b. Thyroid gland, PTH
c. Parathyroid gland, PTH
d. Thyroid gland, calcitonin
C
Which body water reservoir is made up of plasma and interstitial fluid?
a. Intracellular
b. Extracellular
c. Total body water
d. Glomerular filtrate
B
Which of the following foods are the best sources of the major minerals?
a. Legumes and nuts
b. Whole-grain products
c. Fruits and vegetables
d. Seafood, meat, and dairy products
D
Which of the major minerals function primarily in maintenance of fluid balance?
a. Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium
b. Sodium, chloride, potassium
c. Chloride, potassium, calcium
d. Phosphorus, chloride, sodium
B
What hormone is released by some gastric cells when there is food in your stomach?
a. Gastrin
b. Pepsinogen
c. Cholecystokinin
d. Trypsin
A
In the first phase of intestinal triglyceride digestion, large lipid molecules are dispersed into smaller lipid
droplets called _____ so that they will not separate out into an oily layer and thus can be further
digested.
a. Micelles
b. Emulsions
c. Suspensions
d. Globules
A
What substance stimulates the pancreas to release pancreatic lipase?
a. Thyroxin
b. Secretin
c. Homocysteine
d. Phospholipids
B
What hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum?
a. Retinolase (RNS)
b. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
c. Insulin
d. Glucagon
B
The metabolic process used by the body to synthesize nonessential amino acids is called _____.
a. Reamination
b. Deamination
c. Transamination
d. Transmigration
C
People born with an inborn error of metabolism called PKU cannot convert phenylalanine to _____.
a. Tryptophan
b. Casein
c. Tyrosine
d. Aspartame
C
The body produces _____ from fatty acids when its supply of glucose is limited.
a. Glucose
b. Glycogen
c. Triglycerides
d. Ketones
D
Because lipids are not water soluble, they require _____ to facilitate their circulation in the body.
a. Phospholipids
b. Sodium
c. bile acids
d. cholesterol esters
A
- In order for short- and medium-chain fatty acids to be circulated away from the small intestine in the
blood, they are first bound to _____.
a. Cholesterol
b. vitamin D
c. triglycerides
d. albumin
D
Which lipoprotein do intestinal cells synthesize in order to circulate long-chain fatty acids away from the
gastrointestinal tract?
a. VLDL
b. Chylomicrons
c. Triglycerides
d. LDL
B
What is the name of the process in which certain vitamins and/or minerals are added to select foods
such as rice, flour, bread and rolls, and farina in amounts suggested by the FDA?
a. Enrichment
b. Fortification
c. Enhancement
d. Supplementation
A
Which vitamins must be added to a food for it to be labeled “enriched”?
a. Thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and folate
b. Thiamin, B6, riboflavin, and folate
c. Thiamin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and folate
d. Thiamin, B12, riboflavin, and folate
A
Which of the following is the coenzyme form of thiamin?
a. TPP
b. ATP
c. TCA
d. ETC
A
YPP = Thiamine Pyrophosphate
Which of the following is not a function of thiamine’s coenzyme form?
a. It is required for your body to make ATP.
b. It is required for the activation of the enzyme needed to convert pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.
c. It is a required component in the citric acid cycle.
d. It is part of an enzyme that allows fatty acids to enter the citric acid cycle.
D
What vitamin assists in reduction-oxidation reactions, as well as several reactions that protect biological
membranes from oxidative damage?
a. Thiamin
b. Riboflavin
c. Niacin
d. Pantothenic acid
B
The amino acid tryptophan can be converted to:
a. Niacin
b. Thiamin
c. Folate
d. vitamin B6
A
What is the coenzyme form of pantothenic acid?
a. FAD
b. Coenzyme Q
c. NAD
d. Coenzyme A
D
“Burning feet syndrome” is thought to be due to what vitamin deficiency?
a. Pantothenic acid
b. Thiamin
c. Niacin
d. Riboflavin
A
Which vitamin is required by the enzyme that converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate, a key step in
gluconeogenesis?
a. Thiamin
b. Niacin
c. Biotin
d. Vitamin B12
C
Which vitamins are required for the production of methionine from homocysteine?
a. Thiamin and vitamin B12
b. Niacin and vitamin B6
c. Vitamin B6 and vitamin B12
d. Folate and vitamin B12
D
A folate deficiency can be characterized by:
a. Macrocytic, hypochromic anemia
b. Megaloblastic, microcytic anemia
c. Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia
d. Microcytic, hypochromic anemia
C
Intrinsic factor is made in the:
a. Mouth
b. Stomach
c. Small intestine
d. Pancreas
B
What nutrient can be produced in the body from the amino acids methionine and lysine?
a. Carnitine
b. Vitamin C
c. Choline
d. Niacin
A
What happens to retinal in the enterocyte?
a. It is esterified
b. It is reduced to retinol
c. it is transported into the portal blood
d. 15, 15’ dioxygenase acts to form beta-caroten
A
Dietary cholecalciferol must be further hydroxylated in order to be active vitamin D. The first
hydroxylation occurs in the _____ to produce _____.
a. liver, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
b. kidney, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
c. skin, 7-dehydrocholesterol
d. kidney, 1-hydrocholesterol
A
Immediately following a balanced meal that contained vitamin E (such as fortified milk), where would
you most likely find most of the vitamin E in the body?
a. in the portal blood as α-tocopherol
b. in the general circulation bound to RBC
c. inside cells as free α-tocopherol
d. in chylomicrons in the lymphatic vessels and general circulation
D
Anticoagulant drugs that act by inhibiting vitamin K activity do so by which mechanism?
a. inhibiting the formation of the active form of vitamin K
b. interfering with micelle formation so vitamin K is not absorbed
c. not allowing calcium to interact with Gla residues
d. stimulating osteocalcin synthesis
A
What tissues do both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and vitamin D act on to increase calcium
reabsorption?
a. Bone
b. Kidneys
c. Liver
d. Small intestine
B
What happens when blood calcium is high?
a. The parathyroid gland produces more parathyroid hormone (PTH).
b. Calcium resorption from bone increases
c. The thyroid gland releases a hormone called calcitonin
d. Less calcium is lost in urine.
C
What is the most abundant cation in the intracellular fluids?
a. Potassium
b. Magnesium
c. Sodium
d. Chloride
A
S-adenosylmethioine supplementation has been reported to be useful for the following:
a. Arthritis and depression
b. Cardiovascular disease and diabetes
c. Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels
d. Metabolic syndrome
A
Saccharomyces boulardii is used therapeutically for:
a. Crohn’s disease
b. Diarrhea
c. Hypertension
d. Metabolic syndrome
B
Which of the following is a type of phytoestrogen?
a. Genistein
b. Lutein
c. Indoles
d. Isothiocynates
A
*Genistein belongs to a class of isoflavones found in soybeans, which forms the main dietary source of phytoestrogens for humans, cattle and rodents
Which type of malnutrition is characterized by a “skin and bones-like” appearance without the
presence of severe edema?
a. Ascites
b. Marasmus
c. Kwashiorkor
d. Malnutrition of mild degree
B
*Marasmus - severe undernourishment causing an infant’s or child’s weight to be significantly low for their age
Bleeding gums may be a sign of:
a. Vitamin K deficiency
b. Vitamin C deficiency
c. Vitamin D deficiency
d. Vitamin E deficiency
B
The 5 steps to the Nutrition Care Process are:
a. Assessment, nutrition diagnosis, intervention, monitoring and evaluation
b. Subjective, objective, assessment, plan and intervention
c. Assessment, subjective, objective, assessment and plan
d. Subjective, assessment, nutrition diagnosis, monitoring and evaluation
A
C-reactive protein (CRP):
a. Monitors metabolic stress
b. Is produced by the kidneys
c. Is commonly detected in general blood tests
d. All of the above
A
*CRP is synthesized primarily in liver hepatocytes but also by smooth muscle cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, lymphocytes, and adipocytes
A routine urine analysis can assess which of the following:
a. Glucose, pH, protein, specific gravity
b. Glucose, cholesterol, protein, pH
c. Protein, B12, specific gravity, glucose
d. Glucose, pH, protein, ketones, B12
A
specific gravity = more formally known as relative density, is a measure of the density of a substance in comparison to the density of water
Antecedents are:
a. Triggering activators
b. Predisposing factors or events
c. Mediators
d. All of the above
B
The best description of the nutrition care process is:
a. a process that enables the nutritionist to develop individual client nutritional strategies
b. a professional progress note that enables the nutritionist to document the assessments and
interventions
c. a systematic problem-solving method that nutritionists use for critical thinking and decision
making to address nutrition related problems and provide safe and effective quality nutrition
care
d. a systematic method that nutritionists use for decision making to address a nutritional diagnosis
and develop nutritional interventions
C
Nutrition screening is best described as:
a. the process of identifying key characteristics to quickly identify individuals who are at a health
risk and determining if a more detailed assessment is warranted
b. the process of identifying key characteristics to quickly identify individuals who are malnourished
or at nutrition risk and determining if a more detailed assessment is warranted
c. the process of identifying core imbalances to develop a nutritional plan
d. the process of identifying symptoms, antecedents and lifestyle factors to identify individuals who
are malnourished or at nutrition risk and determining if a more detailed assessment is warranted
B
Examples of qualitative methods when interpreting dietary data are except:
a. Determining the macronutrient ratio
b. Determining the number of servings of macronutrients in a day
c. Calculating specific nutrients in a food
d. None of the above
C
Of Immune status to assess visceral parameters in the body, what is the main test?
a. CBC
b. Total lymphocyte count
c. BUN
d. Creatinine
B
Which is true of creatinine-height index (CHI)?
a. Is excreted in a altered form in the urine
b. Requires a midstream urine specimen
c. Creatine is derived from the breakdown of creatinine.
d. Creatinine excreted in urine remains at a constant rate in proportion to the amount of body
muscle
Which of the following is untrue about prealbumin?
a. Serves as a transport protein for T4
b. Serves as a retinol-binding protein
c. Is a plasma protein marker of inflammatory status
d. Is sensitive to acute changes in protein status
C
Which is true of serum albumin lab tests?
a. Is an early indicator of protein malnutrition
b. Measures parietal protein status
c. Is more sensitive indicator than serum tranferrin tests
d. None of the above
D
Albumin is a protein made by the liver. A serum albumin test measures the amount of this protein in the clear liquid portion of the blood. measure of nutrition status
Hemoglobin is an important test that can determine the following except:
a. Anemia
b. Protein status
c. Trace mineral status
d. All of the above
D
A complete blood analysis (CBC) includes:
a. Cholesterol, BUN, creatinine, potassium
b. Cholesterol, total white blood cells, potassium, sodium
c. Total white blood cell count, MCV, lymphocytes, hemoglobin
d. Hematocrit, creatinine, sodium, potassium
C
A comprehensive chemistry blood test includes:
a. Total white blood cells, red blood cells, lymphocytes
b. Glucose, BUN, creatinine, albumin, sodium
c. Hematocrit, creatinine, sodium, potassium
d. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium
B
Variations in gene expression that occur without alterations in DNA sequence are called _____ modifications.
a. Epigenetic
b. Nutrigenomic
c. Nutrigenetic
d. Biogenetic
A
The ability of the cells to take up LDL particles may be influenced by mutations in the genes that code
for _____.
a. VLDL lipase
b. LDL receptor proteins
c. SFA receptor proteins
d. MUFA transferase
B
Triglycerides, aka triacylglycerides, (TAGs)
a. when elevated can be a risk marker for CVD and metabolic syndrome
b. can be catabolized to glycerol, and fatty acids which are then escorted into the mitochondria
with the aid of carnitine
c. all of the above
C
The main weaknesses of a Food Record are except:
a. eating behavior may change
b. literate and numerate dependent
c. high client burden
d. not memory reliant
D
The main weaknesses of a Food Frequency Questionnaire are except:
a. primarily provides qualitative info
b. literate and numerate dependent
c. can examine specific nutrients
d. doesn’t work well for individuals consuming atypical diets or foods not on the list
C
Nutrition Diagnosis stands for:
a. plan, evaluate, signs and symptoms
b. problem, etiology, signs and symptoms
c. plan, related to, etiology and signs
d. problem, evaluate, signs and symptoms
B
Nicole has kidney disease. Her blood levels of which minerals are likely to be disrupted because her
kidneys cannot regulate their levels in her blood as they normally would?
a. Magnesium calcium, phosphorous
b. Chloride, sodium, and potassium
c. Chloride, magnesium, potassium
d. Phosphorous, calcium, sodium
A
People with cystic fibrosis have significant respiratory difficulties and may have profound digestive
complications because a genetic defect results in the inability to pump which ions across cell
membranes?
a. Sodium
b. Potassium
c. Phosphate
d. Chloride
D
Hyponatremia means …..
Hyponatremia means that the sodium level in the blood is below normal
John is a 62 year old man who takes statin medication as prescribed by his physician. He has been
taking the statin for less than 2 months. He complains of muscle fatigue in his legs. John may be having
a drug-nutrient interaction because statins are known to deplete:
a. Antioxidant levels
b. CoenzymeQ10 levels
c. Fatty acids
d. Pyridoxine levels
B
Which of the following statements is not true about the cytochrome P450 system:
a. Detoxifies the drugs by enabling excretion in bile or urine
b. Is the second phase of a two-phase detoxification system
c. Located on the liver rough endoplasmic reticulum
d. Oxidizes lipophilic drugs and steroid hormones, thus making them hydrophilic
B
Overconsumption of antacids, such as Rolaids or Maalox, can:
a. Deplete the body of the B vitamin riboflavin
b. Weaken bones by hindering their mineral uptake
c. Decrease vitamin C absorption
d. All of the above
B
Large doses of zinc can interfere with the absorption of:
a. Iron
b. Copper
c. Iron and Calcium
d. Iron, Copper and Calcium
D
A common indicator of Gastric acid insufficiency is:?
a. Chronic Halitosis
b. Loss of hearing
c. Rice watery stools
d. Diabetes
A
halitosis = an oral health problem where the main symptom is bad smelling breath
Which of the following microorganisms is anaerobic, symptoms occur after 8-18 hours including nausea,
vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea? It is also called the cafeteria bug.
a. Clostridium botulinum
b. Bacillus cerus
c. Staphylococcus aureus
d. Clostridium perfringens
D
The end products of bacterial fermentation of malabsorbed carbohydrate are:
a. Carbon dioxide, hydrogen and pyruvate
b. Lactic acid, alpha ketoglutaric acid and carbon dioxide
c. Lactic acid, hydrogen and methane
d. Short chain fatty acids, hydrogen and carbon dioxide
D
All of the following are potentially modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis except:
a. Anorexia nervosa
b. Chronically low intake of calcium and vitamin D
c. Chronically low intake of vitamins C and B6
d. Excessive alcohol consumption
C
Osteocalocin depends on which vitamin for synthesis?
a. Cobalamin
b. Folic acid
c. Vitamin D
d. Vitamin K
D
______ is when the kidneys produce too much hydrogen or retain to much hydrogen which leads to an
increase in carbonic acid production. Or the kidneys may excrete to much base.
a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Metabolic alkalosis
c. Respiratory alkalosis
d. Respiratory acidosis
A
Symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia may include all of the following except:
a. Extreme, intermittent facial pain in the jaw or cheek
b. Tingling or numbness on one side of the face
c. Pain triggered by contact with the face or facial movements
d. Inability to swallow
D
trigeminal nueralgia = is a type of chronic pain disorder that involves sudden, severe facial pain
Vegetables with thiols are considered to be the most protective against cancer. Thiols are found in:
a. Flax seed, oats and barley
b. Food with blue, blue-red and violet pigments
c. Prunes and dried fruits
d. The cabbage family
D
Your patient/client has been taking statin drugs to block HMGCoA-Reductase, hence inhibit his body’s
production of cholesterol. To which of the following conditions is he/she likely to be more vulnerable?
a. Compromised immunity and calcium reserves, also auto-immune conditions,
due to low vitamin D
b. Fatigue and weakness due to impaired CoenzymeQ10 production
c. Muscle weakness and deterioration due to low testosterone
d. All of the above
D
Aspirin taken on a regular basis – say, by an arthritis or heart patient – can deplete the body of:
a. Vitamin A
b. Iron
c. Manganese
d. vitamin B thiamin
B
To be able to recommend nutrition management to a patient with end-stage renal disease who is on
hemodialysis, a nutritionist needs information about the:
a. Patient’s intake of iron pre-admission
b. Patient’s usual carbohydrate intake
c. Serum potassium level
d. Specific gravity of the urine
C
Which special supplemental nutrition program requires participants to be at nutritional risk?
a. Commodity Supplemental Food Program
b. Food Stamp Program
c. Head Start Program
d. Special Supplemental Foods Program for Women, Infants, and Children
D
Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) is traditionally used for the following condition:
a. Obesity
b. Constipation
c. Hormonal imbalance
d. Dehydration
B
What are the 6 purposes of medical records?
a. medical, legal, communication, historical, initial evaluation, follow up evaluation
b. medical, legal, communication, client records, historical, evaluation
c. medical, legal, communication, financial, historical, evaluation
d. medical, legal, communication, financial, court records, evaluation
C
The following are proper guidelines to medical record documentation except:
a. all entries in black pen or typed
b. entries should have date, time, and service
c. documentation should be complete, clear, BRIEF - complete sentences are not necessary
d. all entries in blue pen or typed
D
A large group of people experience acute gastroenteritis 4-6 hours after eating custard pie. Which
bacteria is most likely the culprit?
a. Campylobacter jejuni
b. Listeria monocytogenes
c. Staphylococcus aureus
d. Vibrio parahaemolyticus
C
Ray is cleaning up after the lunch service and realizes he has several quarts of pasta leftover. After
pouring it into a new container, what is the proper procedure for handling the pasta?
a. Throw it out immediately
b. Label it, date it and store in the refrigerator
c. Leave it on the counter until the dinner service is served.
d. Label it, date it and store in the freezer
D
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to pregnancy-induced:
hypertension
premature delivery
A and B
asthma
A and B
The term for excessive hunger is which of the following?
-glycosuria
-polyuria
-polydipsia
-polyphagia
-polyphagia
*polydipsia: great thirst
*polyuria: lots of urine
Elevated bilirubin is:
-nothing to be concerned about
-neurotoxic
-a concern for the heart
-none of the above
-neurotoxic
Which of the following serum proteins has the function of transporting vitamin A in plasma?
-IGF-1
-retinol-binding protein
-prealbumin
-albumin
retinol-binding protein
Vitamin K is often given to patients after extensive anticoagulant therapy because:
-these drugs destroy the bacteria in the intestines
-to treat causes of hemorrhage
-A and B
-not an antidote for an overdose of blood thinners
-A and B
If a person is on a low-residue diet, he or she should avoid which of the following?
-butter
-hard-boiled eggs
-dried fruits
-cooked, mild-flavored vegetables
-dried fruits
*Dried fruits and vegetables, along with fresh fruits and vegetables should be avoided on a low-residue diet. Other things to avoid include: whole-grain breads and cereals, legumes, coconut, marmalade, tough meats, rich pastries, milk (unless allowed by physician), meats and fish with tough connective tissue, and potato skin.
Vitamin K is made up of several compounds that are essential to blood clotting. Vitamin K is found in which of the following dietary sources?
-leafy greens
-green vegetables
-animal tissue
-all of the above
-all of the above
Males who are regular cigarette smokers should consume how much vitamin C daily?
-75 mg
-90 mg
-125 mg
-1000 mg
-125 mg
___ and ____ work together to form hemoglobin.
-Iron, zinc.
-Magnesium, selenium.
-Iodine, copper.
-Iron, copper.
-Iron, copper.
In terms of the pathophysiology of ingestion, a dysfunction of the esophagus is which of the following?
-achalasia
-gastritis
-steatorrhea
-pinocytosis
-achalasia
Which animal product is a source of potassium?
Beef.
Pork.
Yogurt.
Chicken.
Yogurt.
Taking Prozac ( an SSRI) may deplete the supply of, increase the need for, or interfere with the activity of __________
melatonin
Salt water fish is a natural source of _____.
Coenzymes.
Selenium.
Iodine.
Fiber.
Iodine.
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is a congenital defect resulting in the inability to metabolize all of the following amino acids except:
leucine
isoleucine
lysine
valine
lysine
*When the infant ingests food protein, there are increased blood levels of these amino acids, causing ketosis.
A deficiency in which of the following will increase blood pressure and cholesterol?
-Selenium.
-Iron.
-Copper.
-Zinc
-Copper.
When every available bond in the hydrocarbon chain is attached to a molecule of hydrogen this is which of the following?
-saturated fatty acid
-monounsaturated fatty acid
-polyunsaturated fatty acid
-all of the above
-saturated fatty acid
*Foods containing primarily saturated fatty acids are generally solid at room temperature and come primarily from animal sources.
A person with the disorder familial combined hyperlipidemia (hyperlipoproteinemia type 2B) will have lipid levels that include all of the following except:
-Total cholesterol less than 400 mg/dl
-LDL cholesterol less than 320 mg/dl
-HDL cholesterol 70 - 80 mg/dl
-TG levels less than 800 mg/dl
-HDL cholesterol 70 - 80 mg/dl
*A patient with familial combined hyperlipidemia (hyperlipoproteinemia type 2B) with have lipid levels that include total cholesterol less than 400 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol less than 320 mg/dl, TG levels less than 800 mg/dl and HDL cholesterol of 30-45 mg/dl.
ALT (alanine aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in the largest concentrations in which of the following?
-myocardium
-skeletal muscles
-liver
-kidneys
-liver
*Injury to the liver is the usual cause of elevated serum ALT levels.
Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis often have all but which of the following?
-hyperzincuria
-zinc toxicity
-low liver Zn concentrations
-hypozincemia
-zinc toxicity
The adequate intake of calcium for children aged 4 – 8 years is which of the following?
-800 mg
-1000 mg
-500 mg
-1300 mg
-1000 mg
Damage to the heart muscle caused by infection, alcohol, or drug abuse is which of the following?
cardiomyopathy
occlusion
ischemia
infarction
cardiomyopathy
Copper deficiency may result from all of the following except:
-total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
-vitamin B12 deficiency
-lack of zinc
-intestinal malabsorption from gastric resection or bariatric surgery
-lack of zinc
*Zinc overload can result in copper deficiency (can be caused by zinc containing adhesive dental creams)
Deprivation of which of the following nutrients during periods of rapid growth impairs brain and sexual development?
folate
niacin
pantothenic acid
zinc
zinc
Which of the following statements about vitamin C is least accurate?
The reduced form of vitamin C is ascorbic acid.
Deficiency of vitamin C results in beriberi.
The oxidized form of vitamin C is known as dehydroascorbic acid.
Vitamin C is necessary for the formation of collagen.
Deficiency of vitamin C results in beriberi.
The nutrition care process includes what four phases?
The phases are assessment, diagnosis, intervention, and monitoring & evaluation.
The tracking of movements in nutrition by gathering information at more than one time is known as which of the following?
trend analysis
morbidity ratio
periodic screening
surveillance
trend analysis
What is recommended for a person with diverticulosis?
Water soluble fiber.
Water-insoluble fiber.
Glucose.
Sucrose.
Water-insoluble fiber.
Garlic contains all of the following except:
allicin
phytoncide
non-sulfur containing compounds
hydrocarbons
hydrocarbons
*Garlic contains allicin, an antibiotic, and phytoncide, an antifungal. In addition, garlic is also rich in sulfur-containing and nonsulfur-containing compounds, which are mostly responsible for its biological activities.
The factors that contribute to a deterioration in nutrition status are known as which of the following?
Problems.
Signs.
Interventions.
Etiology.
Etiology.
The primary benefit of breast milk is nutritional. Breast milk contains just the right amount of:
lactose and water
essential fatty acids
amino acids
all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dietary fiber?
helps create soft bulky stool
digestible parts of plants
may lower blood pressure
believed to bind cholesterol in the colon
digestible parts of plants
*Dietary fiber consists of the indigestible parts of plants. Along with the other three choices, dietary fiber helps to rid cholesterol from the body.
Foods that should be avoided for those with PKU are:
meats, fish and poultry
eggs, milk and cheese
nuts, dried beans and peas
all of the above
all of the above
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released in response to:
A. Decreased serum osmolality
B. Increased serum osmolality
C. Decreased urinary urea nitrogen
D. Increased urinary urea nitrogen
B
*If you do not drink enough water, the concentration of chemicals in your blood (serum osmolality) increases. When serum osmolality increases, your body releases ADH. This keeps water from leaving in the urine, and it increases the amount of water in the blood.
The usual dietary treatment for cholecystitis is:
A. Restriction of foods that stimulate pancreatic enzymes
B. 20% fat diet with MCT supplementation
C. 25% fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplementation
D. Lowering cholesterol intake to less than 300 mg/day
C
*Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gall bladder, usually caused by the accumulation of bile due to blockage of the bile duct or gallstone formation. Lower fat restriction is not used because some fat is needed to stimulate gallbladder constriction and drainage of bile.
Which of the following is not included in extracellular water (ECF)?
A. Plasma
B. Lymph
C. Metabolic water
D. Spinal fluid
C
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has which of the following objectives?
A. Ongoing collection of health data from Americans < 65 years of age
B. Identification of low birth weight infants
C. Treatment for elevated blood lipid levels
D. Collection of dietary data using 24-hour recalls
D
The digestive hormone gastrin exerts all of the following effects except:
A. Increased esophageal sphincter pressure
B. Decreased pepsinogen production by the stomach
C. Increased gallbladder contraction
D. Increased HCL production by the parietal cells
B
*The digestive hormone gastrin increases pepsinogen production by the stomach, in response to the presence of protein foods.
Clinical signs of cirrhosis of the liver are:
A. Ascites and hypoalbuminemia
B. Portal hypotension and constriction of esophageal veins
C. Fat malabsorption and hyponatremia
D. Decreased hepatic plasma volume and high osmolality
A
*Clinical signs of cirrhosis of the liver are ascites (abdominal edema) and hypoalbuminemia, resulting from the replacement of healthy liver cells with fibrous connective tissue. This buildup of abnormal tissue disrupts normal blood flow, eventually leading to portal hypertension, expansion of esophageal veins, hypernatremia, and increased hepatic plasma volume. The end result of these changes is decreased serum albumin and fat malabsorption, with eventual nutrient deficiencies.
Dumping syndrome is associated with:
A. Osmotic movement of water into the jejunum due to the presence of carbohydrate
B. Reactive hypoglycemia
C. Gastric resection surgery
D. All of the above
D
*Dumping syndrome is associated with the movement of water into the jejunum due to the presence of carbohydrate. It often accompanies gastric resection surgery and leads to diarrhea. Reactive hypoglycemia may result when carbohydrate in the gut is rapidly digested and absorbed, leading to over-secretion of insulin.
Which of the following is a common side effect of immunosuppressive drug therapy used in organ transplantation?
A. Sodium and fluid diuresis
B. Hyperphosphatemia
C. Hyperkalemia
D. Decreased vitamin C requirements
C
*Hyperkalemia (elevated potassium levels) is a common side effect of immunosuppressive drug therapy used in organ transplantation, as a result of disturbances in renal hormone activity. Sodium and fluid retention and hypophosphatemia are also side effects of immunosuppressive drugs.
Which of the following is true for reactive hypoglycemia?
A. It is defined as a plasma glucose level less than 70 mg/dl.
B. It is treated with a diet high in complex carbohydrates.
C. It is diagnosed by measuring blood glucose levels one hour after eating.
D. Peak insulin activity occurs 90-180 minutes after food is eaten.
D
*In reactive hypoglycemia peak insulin activity occurs 90-180 minutes after food is eaten, vs. the normal insulin response which occurs 30-60 minutes after eating. Reactive hypoglycemia is defined as a plasma glucose level than 50 mg/dl, is treated with a moderate carbohydrate (40 to 55%) diet, and is diagnosed by measuring blood glucose levels immediately after eating.
Steatorrhea may be caused by:
A. Disruption in the activity of pancreatic enzymes
B. Excessive production of bile salts by the liver
C. Lack of intrinsic factor
D. Intake of more than 70 grams of fat per day
A
*Steatorrhea may be caused by disruption in the activity of pancreatic enzymes that help to digest fat. It may also be caused by inadequate production of bile salts, which are needed for fat absorption.
Maple-syrup urine disease (MSUD) is an autosomal recessive disorder in infants caused by:
A. The inability to metabolize branched-chain amino acids
B. Plasma leucine levels exceeding 10 mg/dl
C. A defect in the gene that controls the activity of alpha-keto acid hydrogenase
D. A & C
D
Addison’s disease is caused by the deterioration of the adrenal cortex, and results in hypoglycemia, weight loss, and muscle wasting. Dietary intervention includes:
A. A high protein diet with liberal sodium
B. A high protein diet with restricted sodium
C. Frequent meals with 50-60 grams of complex carbohydrates
D. A & C
D
*Addison’s disease, also called adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon illness that occurs when the body doesn’t make enough of certain hormones
Treatment goals for cystic fibrosis include:
A. Pancreatic enzyme replacement
B. Increased energy, protein, and fat intakes
C. Sodium restriction
D. A & B
D
Impaired glucose tolerance is defined as:
A. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > 140 mg/dl
B. 2-hour plasma glucose between 140-199 mg/dl
C. Casual plasma glucose of 200 mg/dl or greater
D. An HbA1c level of 6 or greater
B
*Impaired glucose tolerance is defined as a 2-hour postprandial blood glucose between 140-199 mg/dl. Impaired glucose tolerance is also characterized by a fasting plasma glucose of 100-125 mg/dl. A casual plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dl or greater is diagnostic of diabetes.
Nutritional therapy for AIDS/HIV infection includes which of the following?
A. Supplementation with ginseng and other herbs
B. Avoidance of raw fruits and vegetables
C. Protein intake of 0.8-1.2 g/kg per day
D. Use of milk-based shakes to boost caloric intake
B
Which of the following measures are used to calculate serum osmolality?
A. Sodium, chloride, and glucose
B. Sodium, potassium, and magnesium
C. Sodium, lactic acid, and glutamine
D. Sodium, glucose, and BUN
D
*Osmolality indicates the concentration of all the particles dissolved in body fluid.
Dietary zinc may promote wound healing by which of the following mechanisms?
A. Promotes epithelial cell differentiation
B. Reduces the inflammatory response
C. Prevents oxidation of lipids in cell membranes
D. Increases collagen synthesis
D
*Dietary zinc may promote wound healing by increasing collagen synthesis at the site of the wound. Collagen synthesis is essential for tissue repair.
Which of the following is not true about a low serum albumin level?
A. It may be associated with ascites.
B. It may be an indicator of kwashiorkor.
C. It may be used to diagnosis esophageal reflux.
D. It is commonly seen in nephrotic syndrome.
C
*A low serum albumin level is not seen in esophageal reflux. Low serum albumin levels often accompany ascites in liver disease, may be an indicator of the protein-calorie malnutrition of kwashiorkor, and are commonly seen in nephritic syndrome, in which large amounts of protein are lost in the urine.
Which dietary measures are recommended for treating hypercalcuria that is not associated with renal stones?
A. Limiting calcium to 1000 mg per day
B. Increasing fluid intake to 2 liters per day
C. 400 IU vitamin D per day
D. Limiting animal protein to less than 1.7 g/kg per day
D
*Limiting animal protein to less than 1.7 g/kg per day is recommended for the treatment of hypercalcuria because excessive intakes of animal protein cause calcium loss from the bones. A moderate calcium intake of 600-800 mg of calcium per day is recommended, since lowering calcium intake results in increased absorption. Increasing fluid intake does not prevent hypercalcuria.
Iron in foods is primarily in the form of what:
- ferrous iron
- ferric iron
- ferritin
- transferrin
- ferric iron
What is dysgeusia?
bad taste in mouth
Pantothenic acid is a component of:
- FAD
- NAD
- hemoglobin
- coenzyme A
coenzyme A
The best source of supplemental calcium for an elderly woman with hypochlorhydria is:
a. calcium carbonate.
b. calcium phosphate.
c. calcium citrate.
d. bone meal.
c. calcium citrate.
Cruciferous vegetables lack:
a. highly bioavailable calcium.
b. cancer-inhibiting indoles.
c. large amounts of vitamin K.
d. large amounts of ȕ-carotene.
a. highly bioavailable calcium.
The vitamin K content of human breast milk is:
a. undetectable.
b. low.
c. high.
d. unknown.
b. low.
25-OHD 3 is converted to 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 by:
a. neurons.
b. sunlight.
c. hepatocytes.
d. renal cells.
d. renal cells.
Skeletal manifestations of hypervitaminosis A include:
a. cortical sclerosis.
b. cortical porosis.
c. osteomalacia.
d. osteonecrosis.
b. cortical porosis.
Selenium is a required cofactor for:
a. NADP reductase.
b. glutathione reductase.
c. glutathione transferase.
d. glutathione peroxidase.
d. glutathione peroxidase.
Vitamin E deficiency in humans commonly results in:
a. neurological dysfunction.
b. respiratory dysfunction.
c. reproductive dysfunction.
d. digestive dysfunction
a. neurological dysfunction.
Oats contain what phytochemical?
beta-glucan
Saponin food sources and function:
legumes, spinach, tomatoes, and potatoes.
- they can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and reduce their viability
Flavonoids are:
a. water soluble.
b. lipid miscible.
c. alcohols.
d. Carcinogens
b. lipid miscible.
Gilbert’s Disease:
is an inherited (genetic) liver disorder that affects the body’s ability to process bilirubin
Prolonged protein insufficiency in the presence of adequate calories resulting in loss of visceral protein and decreased cellular immunity is which of the following:
- marasmus
- failure to thrive
- cachexia
- kwashiorkor
- kwashiorkor
Marasmus:
severe undernourishment causing an infant’s or child’s weight to be significantly low for their age
The USDA “food pyramid” does not recommend:
a. 2 to 3 dairy servings daily.
b. 5 to 9 fruit and vegetable servings daily.
c. 6 to 11 grain servings daily.
d. up to 5 meat servings daily.
d. up to 5 meat servings daily.
The protein intake standard the USRDA uses to reflect protein quality is the:
a. biological value.
b. net protein utilization.
c. protein efficiency ratio.
d. chemical score.
c. protein efficiency ratio.
Intake of chromium below 30 μg/day has been associated with decreased:
a. skeletal mass.
b. glucose tolerance.
c. lean tissue mass.
d. muscle glycogen content.
a. skeletal mass.
The daily calcium requirements of postmenopausal women who are not receiving estrogen replacement therapy can be met by the daily consumption of:
a. one (1) cup of skim milk.
b. three (3) cups of skim milk.
c. five (5) cups of skim milk.
d. seven (7) cups of skim milk.
c. five (5) cups of skim milk.
The quality of foods voluntarily selected by a population or group is not likely to be improved by:
a. changes in guidelines.
b. targeted education.
c. concentrated market forces.
d. new product information.
a. changes in guidelines.
Compared to his peers, a healthy 15-year old male who is a competitive weight lifter should consume more protein and more:
a. minerals.
b. carbohydrates.
c. fat.
d. carbohydrates and fat.
b. carbohydrates.
A vegetarian who ingests no animal products whatsoever is most at risk for developing a deficiency of:
a. calcium and vitamins A and D.
b. vitamins B 12 , C and D.
c. protein, calories and vitamin C.
d. vitamin B 12 , riboflavin, and zinc.
d. vitamin B 12 , riboflavin, and zinc.
Megaloblastic anemia of pregnancy usually results from a deficiency of:
a. iron.
b. oxytocin.
c. antipernicious anemia factor.
d. folacin.
d. folacin.
During gestation, the fetus receives nourishment primarily from:
a. nutrient secretions from fallopian tube cells.
b. tropoblast cells of the decidua basilis.
c. the amniotic fluid.
d. the placental circulation.
d. the placental circulation.
Compared to commercial infant formulas, human milk has a greater concentration of:
a. cholesterol.
b. protein.
c. casein.
d. linoleic acid
a. cholesterol.
Some nutrient requirements are greater during lactation than during pregnancy; however, the requirements are the same for:
a. B-vitamins.
b. calcium and iron.
c. fluoride and zinc.
d. vitamins A and C.
b. calcium and iron.
Weight loss in obese persons is associated with increased risk for:
a. gallstones.
b. hypertension.
c. hypertriglyceridemi a.
d. glycosuria.
a. gallstones.
In order to maximize the health of her fetus, a woman in the sixth month of pregnancy should supplement her diet with additional:
a. iron and folic acid.
b. iron and calcium.
c. calories and folic acid.
d. calories and iron.
d. calories and iron.
In order to prevent trichinosis, the internal temperature of pork during cooking should reach at least:
a. 120 o F.
b. 135 o F.
c. 170 o F.
d. 212 o F.
c. 170 o F
*food-borne disease caused by a microscopic parasite called Trichinella. People can get this disease by eating raw or undercooked meat from animals infected with the parasite. Often these infected meats come from wild game, such as bear, or pork products.
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) programs are designed to minimize the risk of food contamination by:
a. continuous monitoring of processing operations.
b. emphasizing events at selected processing steps.
c. random sampling of partially processed products.
d. random testing of selected finished products
b. emphasizing events at selected processing steps.
Use of a thiazide diuretic drug may produce a low plasma concentration of:
a. calcium.
b. potassium.
c. uric acid.
d. phosphorus.
b. potassium.
Pharmacologic agents used in chemotherapy can cause adverse gastrointestinal reactions because these agents:
a. alter normal mucosal cell proliferation.
b. alter the pH of pancreatic secretions.
c. are hyperosmolar.
d. initiate carcinogenesis in mucosal cells.
a. alter normal mucosal cell proliferation.
Individuals taking anticonvulsant medications may develop depleted reserves of:
a. folate and vitamin D.
b. thiamin and riboflavin.
c. folate and pantothenic acid.
d. pyridoxine and biotin.
a. folate and vitamin D.
Initial advice for a lactose-intolerant postmenopausal woman with a history of kidney stones and subnormal spinal BMD should be:
a. restriction of dietary calcium intake.
b. restriction of fluid intake.
c. increased consumption of dairy products.
d. dietary supplementation with magnesium.
d. dietary supplementation with magnesium.
Children with cystic fibrosis are not likely to be able to absorb large amounts of:
a. electrolytes.
b. Lipids.
c. amino acids.
d. simple sugars.
b. Lipids.
*Most cystic fibrosis (CF) patients malabsorb dietary fats because of pancreatic insufficiency, which leads to impaired lipolysis (5, 6). The symptoms of pancreatic insufficiency, such as steatorrhea and poor growth, can be alleviated by oral supplementation with pancreatic enzymes.
Epidemiologic data suggest that decreased mortality from heart disease accompanies increased consumption of the antioxidant:
a. selenium.
b. vitamin E.
c. ȕ-carotene.
d. vitamin C.
b. vitamin E.
An inborn error of metabolism may result from:
a. polyploidy.
b. DNA replication errors.
c. congenital malnutrition.
d. neonatal infection.
b. DNA replication errors.
The oil most effective for increasing the serum HDL-cholesterol concentration without increasing the serum LDL-cholesterol concentration is:
a. olive oil.
b. canola oil.
c. safflower oil.
d. flax oil.
a. olive oil.
In individuals with chronic alcoholism, protection may be afforded against the fatty infiltration of the liver caused by alcoholism by maintaining adequate dietary intake of:
a. vitamin A.
b. thiamin.
c. choline.
d. para-ami no-benzoic acid.
c. choline.
Dumping syndrome is accompanied by symptoms of:
a. faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration.
b. acute gastritis.
c. peptic ulcer disease.
d. intestinal malabsorption
a. faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration.
Dietary modifications helpful to individuals with alcoholic cirrhosis include restricted consumption of foods that contain large amounts of:
a. carbohydrates.
b. protein.
c. fat.
d. calcium.
b. protein.
Dietary modifications appropriate for an individual with uncomplicated infectious hepatitis include:
a. increasing energy intake to more than 3000 Kcal daily.
b. restricting protein intake to less than 30 g daily.
c. restricting fat intake to less than 30 g daily.
d. restricting fluid intake to less than 2000 mL daily
a. increasing energy intake to more than 3000 Kcal daily.
A possible reason for failure of oral rehydration in children is the persistence of:
a. diarrhea.
b. salt intake.
c. breastfeeding.
d. vomiting.
d. vomiting.
A metabolic response to injury typically does not include:
A - increased glycogenolysis
B - decreased gluconeogenesis
C - negative nitrogen balance
D - increased lypolysis
B - decreased gluconeogenesis
*Increased gluconeogensis is a metabolic response to injury.
Impaired wound healing may be a clinical sign of all of the following deficiencies/insufficiences except:
A - Vit E
B - Vit C
C - zinc
D - Vit A
A - Vit E
What are good sources of folate?
green leafy veggies
avocado
mushrooms
eggs
green leafy veggies
If absorption is functioning well, dietary intake of chlorophyll-rich foods should provide adequate amounts of:
Mg
Iodine
Zinc
Ca
Mg
*RDA for adults is 310-420 mg
Premature graying is a clinical indicator of:
copper or B12 deficiency
*Along with oxidative stress and smoking
Clinical symptoms associated with GERD:
asthma, odynophagia (a painful sensation in the oesophageal region that occurs in relation to swallowing), dental corrosion
Drugs to avoid with soy allergies except:
accupril
atrovent (inhaler)
accutane
phazyme
accupril
*The others have significant amts of soy present in the drug
RDA for men?
8 mg/day
What vitamin can lead to fishy body odor if consumed at toxic levels?
choline
*toxicity of choline can also present with excess salivation and perspiration, and vomiting
Salicylate sensitivity leads to:
anxiety, nasal decongestion, asthma
*Food Sources: fruits - apples, apricots, berries, cherries, grapes, dates
Which organic acid binds to calcium?
Oxalates
*High oxalate consumption may contribute to risk of kidney stones
*Food sources: sopinach, rhubarb, almonds, cashews, miso
All of the following are released in response to injury except:
glucagon
ACTH
epinephrine
insulin
insulin
Major risk factors for cardio disease include all of the following except:
- hypertension
- diabetes
- older than 55 years of age
- micoralbuminuria
- older than 55 years of age
*Its specifically older than 45
*Microalbuminuria has to do with hypertension
Whic of the folowing does not cause insulin to release from the pancreas?
- glycolysis
- AA uptake and protein synthesis
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogenesis
- gluconeogenesis
*Causes glucagon to be released
Which herb may inhibit FSH and prolactin secretion?
Chasteberry (vitex)
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone - helps manage the menstrual cycle and stimulates the ovaries to produce eggs
Deficiency of this nutrient is a consequence of long-term consumption of excessice zinc?
copper
BUN:creatinine is used to assess location of damage to the:
kidney
Which of the following is not true about prryoloquinoline quinone (PQQ)?
- sources include parsley, kiwi, papaya
- plays a tole in methylation
- support mitochondrial function
- reduces inflammation based on CRP levels
- plays a tole in methylation
*Used for low mitochondrial function including aging and neurological diseases
What nutrient is involved in the synthesis of carnitine?
Vit C
*Carnitine transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitrochondria for enegery production
All of the following support TH1 immunity dominance except:
- reveratrol
- curcumin
- echinacea
- ECG
- echinacea
*Supports TH2
Angiogenesis inhibitors are used as cancer biotherapy drugs. Common symptoms caused by these drugs include except:
- edema
- GI proliferation
- hypertension
- hypothyroidism
- edema
*Other symptoms include: hemorrhage and ptroteinuria
Which of the following enzymes converts starches to simple sugars?
pancreatic lipase
pancreatic amylase
trypsin
peptidase
pancreatic amylase
*Chyme triggers the pancreas to secrete its juice into the small intestine. Pancreatic juice contains (among other enzymes) pancreatic amylase which converts starches (polysaccharides) to simple sugars
An excessive intake of this mineral can inhibit copper absorption. It is known as:
calcium Molybdenum iron iodine
Molybdenum
*The best sources include milk, liver, legumes and cereals.
The dysbiosis metabolic marker test measures which of the following?
creatinine yeast benzoate all of the above
all of the above
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones that increase both heart rate and contractility. They are produced by which of the following?
pancreas thyroid adrenal medulla anterior pituitary
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are hormones that increase both heart rate and contractility. They are produced by which of the following?
pancreas thyroid adrenal medulla anterior pituitary
esophageal sphincter is also called:
the cardiac sphincter
The food sensitivity test in which a patient’s blood sample is mixed with food on a paper disk to measure the formation of antibodies is which of the following?
RAST Brian’s Test skin testing neutralization testing
RAST
*The radioallergosorbent extract test (RAST) mixes a patient’s blood sample with food on a paper disk to measure the formation of antibodies. This test is expensive and less accurate that other tests, but is useful if the patient is very sensitive and a true reaction needs to be avoided.
An injured liver results in:
elevated ammonia concentrations
The adult reference range for carbon dioxide in serum or plasma is which of the following?
10 – 20 mEq/L 12.5 – 18.5 mEq/L 23 – 29 mEq/L 25.5 – 40 mEq/L
23 – 29 mEq/L
*Measurement of carbon dioxide in serum helps assess the body’s acid/base balance. The adult reference range in serum or plasma is 23 – 29 mEq/L.
Foods that are labeled organic need to have at least what percentage of organic ingredients except for added water and salt?
50% 65% 75% 95%
95%
The _____ content in colostrum is roughly double the amt in mature humand breast milk.
Vit A
Drinking raw milk poses an increased risk for developing especially which food-borne illness?
- norovirus
- campylo-bacter jejuni
- E coli
- clostridium botulinum
- campylo-bacter jejuni
*Assocaited with drinking raw milk, under cooked meat, shellfish or poultry
Which blood test represents the actual percentage of RBCs?
hematocrit
5 classic signs of inflammation:
- pain
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- loss of function
What anti-fungal botanical may be used to treat intestinal parasites or even bed bugs infestations?
Black walnut (juglans nigra)
Which of the following is gluten free?
- maltodextrin
- modified corn starch
- malt extract
- seitan
- maltodextrin
Enlarged tonsils in a child may be associated with food allergies or what nutrient deficiences?
Vit A, Vit C, zinc
Which of the following is NOT associated with selenium?
- iodothyronine deiodinase
- thyroid conversion
- needed for superoxide dismutase
- pyruvate kinase
- pyruvate kinase
Sesame oil smoke point?
High - 450 F
What is substance P?
a neurotransmitter that stimulates pain receptors in the body
(increase sensory awareness and partistalsis)
Increased diamine ocidase activity is assopciated with>
- increased risk of intestinal permeability
- increased risk of celiac disease
- increased risk of colorectal cancer
- increased risk of liver disease
- increased risk of colorectal
*increased diamine oxidase acitivty increases colonocytes with compensating with an increase in apoptotic rate
Examples of dietary nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:
a. amino acids.
b. medium-chain fatty acids.
c. monosaccharides.
d. long-chain fatty acids.
d. long-chain fatty acids.
The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of:
a. chylomicrons.
b. low-density lipoproteins.
c. high-density lipoproteins.
d. micelles.
a. chylomicrons.
The product of enterokinase reactions is:
a. Trypsin.
b. chymotrypsin.
c. pepsin.
d. carboxypeptidase.
a. Trypsin.
Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier:
a. heme.
b. ferritin.
c. transferrin.
d. albumin.
c. transferrin.
The organs most active in the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol are the liver and the:
a. gallbladder.
b. pancreas.
c. adrenal glands.
d. intestinal mucosa.
d. intestinal mucosa.
Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is:
a. absorbed in the small intestine.
b. absorbed in the large intestine.
c. a nonabsorbable laxative.
d. not found in the human diet.
c. a nonabsorbable laxative.
Digested dietary protein is absorbed primarily in the:
a. stomach.
b. duodenum.
c. jejunum.
d. ileum.
c. jejunum.
Monosaccharides are transported across the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by the process of:
a. simple diffusion.
b. facilitated diffusion.
c. active transport.
d. pinocytosis.
b. facilitated diffusion.
If a bolus containing 600 mOsm/ L enters the jejunum, the net direction of fluid movement in the intestinal tract will be:
a. from the intestinal lumen to the circulation.
b. from the circulation to the intestinal lumen.
c. longitudinally along the mucosal basement membrane.
d. from the circulation to the lymphoid system
b. from the circulation to the intestinal lumen.
Excessive production of gas within the intestines may be caused by excessive colonic bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed:
a. gluten.
b. small peptides.
c. lignin.
d. carbohydrates.
d. carbohydrates.
A major intracellular antioxidant
Glutathione
A required prerequisite to the digestion of proteins is the HCl-dependent process called:
a. hydrolysis.
b. evaporation.
c. denaturation.
d. distillation.
c. denaturation.
The true digestibility of dietary fatty acids is:
a. 65% to 75%.
b. 75% to 85%.
c. 85% to 95%.
d. > 95%
d. > 95%
The structures of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid differ in their:
a. chain lengths.
b. double bond positions.
c. numbers of double bonds.
d. side chain moieties.
c. numbers of double bonds.
An example of a compound that is not considered to be a component of dietary fiber is:
a. pectin.
b. hemi cellulose.
c. amylose.
d. cellulose.
c. amylose.
Dietary fats and oils primarily are composed of:
a. triglycerides.
b. polyunsaturated fatty acids.
c. saturated fatty acids.
d. monounsaturated fatty acids.
a. triglycerides.
Vitamin reserves can become depleted because all vitamins are:
essential nutrients
Nutrification is the:
a. addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group.
b. specific addition of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to white flour.
c. structural modification of complex carbohydrates.
d. addition of at least 25% of the RDA of a nutrient to a food product that has been designed to replace a meal or food item.
a. addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group.
The plasmalemma does not incorporate:
a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin E.
c. cholesterol.
d. phospholipids.
a. vitamin A.
The metabolic effects of insulin include stimulation of:
a. adipocyte secretion of non-esterified fatty acids.
b. myocyte amino acid uptake.
c. hepatocyte gluconeogenesis.
d. myocyte glycogenesis.
b. myocyte amino acid uptake.
The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is:
a. hyperostosis.
b. osteoporosis.
c. rickets.
d. secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:
a. lipoproteins.
b. phospholipids.
c. fecal fat.
d. bile acids.
d. bile acids.
Vitamin B 12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid:
a. alanine.
b. valine.
c. methionine.
d. tyrosine.
b. valine.
Copper is a component of:
a. alkaline phosphatase.
b. glycosyl transferase.
c. ceruloplasmin.
d. glucose tolerance factor.
c. ceruloplasmin.
The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:
a. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B 12 .
b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B 12 .
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
d. biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B 12
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:
a. oxidation of amino acids .
b. synthesis of nonessential amino acids .
c. urinary excretion of amino acids.
d. skeletal collagen metabolism.
a. oxidation of amino acids .
During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is:
a. fatty acids .
b. lactate .
c. glycogen.
d. Glucose.
a. fatty acids .
A set of 150 observations has a mean of 5 and a standard deviation of 1.5. The 95% confidence limits (95% CL) of the mean can be calculated by solving the formula:
a. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5).
b. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5) 2 /150)] 1/2 .
c. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5) 1/2 /150].
d. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)(1.5/150) 1/2 .
b. 95% CL = 5 ± (1.96)[(1.5) 2 /150)] 1/2 .
The phrase “p<.05” should be interpreted to mean that:
a. the probability of being correct is >95%.
b. the probability of being incorrect is <5%.
c. the results are less convincing than if “p” were “<.01.”
d. the probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%.
d. the probability of the same result occurring by random chance is <5%
The reference value for mean corpuscular volume in males is which of the following?
80-100 fL (same for females)
Overweight and Obese BMI:
Overweight: 25-29.9
Obese: > 30
*73% of adults males and 62% of adult females are either overweight or obese
The supplement that acts as a circulatory stimulant, induces perspiration, and is used to stimulate digestion is which of the following?
bilberry dandelion capsicum astragalus
capsicum
*It should be used with caution if a person has an upset stomach, stomach ulcers, irritable bowel problems, or other gastrointestinal conditions.
The volume of red blood cells in a volume of centrifuged whole blood is known as which of the following?
TIBC MCV HCT RDW
HCT
*Elevated levels may indicate dehydration or polycythemia. Low levels can indicate generalized anemia, over-hydration, or hemorrhage.
There are three principal mechanisms used to control the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and blood pressure. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
digestive regulation neural regulation hormonal regulation renal autoregulation of GFR
digestive regulation
*This is not one of the three principal mechanisms used to control GFR. Renal autoregulation of GFR is a negative feedback regulation of GFR; hormonal regulation is controlled by angiotensin II, and atrial natriuretic peptide; and through neural regulation, the blood vessels of the kidneys are supplied by vasoconstrictor fibers.
A physiologically normal 70 kg (154 lb) man contains about how many grams of phosphorus?
500 g 700 g 1000 g 1500 g
700 g
*A physiologically normal 70 kg man contains about 700 g of phosphorus. Eighty percent is contained in bone and 9% in skeletal muscle.
What is urea?
Urea is the end product of amino acid metabolism produced in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. It can be elevated due to renal insufficiency.
Urea is the end product of amino acid metabolism produced in the liver and excreted by the kidneys. It can be elevated due to renal insufficiency.
150 to 400 g/day.
*A burn patient requires 150 to 400 g/day to boost his or her immune system. This dosage will also promote healing.
Levels of plasma vitamin A for all ages should be:
up to 10 mcg/100 ml up to 12 mcg/100 ml up to 15 mcg./ 100 ml 20 +mcg/100 ml
20 +mcg/100 ml
*Acceptable levels of plasma vitamin A should be 20+ mcg./100 ml. A deficiency of this important vitamin is considered up to 10 mcg./ 100 ml and should be addressed nutritionally.
Enterotoxins affect which of the following?
skin mucous membranes nervous system skeletal system
mucous membranes
*Enterotoxins affect mucous membranes in the digestive tract. Toxins, in general, can be produced by bacteria during food preparation or storage, or by bacteria in one’s digestive tract.
The bark, dried flowers and leaves of this plant are used to increase fluidity of lung and bronchial tube mucus, promote menses, stimulates appetite and uterine contractions. It is known as:
Fennel Fenugreek Feverfew Flax
Feverfew
*Feverfew is also good for arthritis, colitis, fever, headaches, menstrual problems, muscles tension and pain.
*It should not be used during pregnancy.
The body requires energy to process food through digestion, absorption, transportation, metabolism and storage. This requirement represents_____________% of daily energy (calorie) intake.
5 10 15 20
10
*Multiply BMR by 0.10 and add to the BMR (REE) before an activity factor is calculated.
Sauerkraut and other pickled vegetables should be avoided when taking which of the following type of drugs?
anti-malarial monoamine oxidase inhibitors tetracycline antibiotics
monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
*Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, such as Dopamine, Tyramine, Phenylethylamine, and Histamine may, in some people, cause a hypertensive crisis. Sauerkraut and other pickled vegetables, along with many other foods may cause this crisis.
Which of the following tests is used to diagnose and monitor treatment of acute pancreatitis?
amylase GGT T3 creatinine
amylase
*The test for amylase is done to diagnose and monitor treatment of acute pancreatitis. The normal value is 21 – 160 U/L.
All of the following are symptoms of Listeria monocytogenes except:
Fever and chills headache dehydration backache
dehydration
*Occasional abdominal pain and diarrhea can result. Onset can be within a few hours or up to 30 days.
Essential AA:
- glycine
- leucine
- lysine
- arginine
- histidine
- isoleucine
- methionine
- phenylalanine
- threonine
- valine
Ayurveda Medicine:
Ayurveda roughly translates as the “science of life.” It deals with healthy living, along with therapeutic measure that relate to physical, mental, social, and spiritual harmony. It operates on the precept that various materials of vegetable, animal, and mineral origin have some medical value.
What nutrient does methotrexate reduce?
Folate / folic acid
Leaky gut syndrome is characterized by increased intestinal permeability. The test for leaky gut is which of the following?
BUN food allergy test microbial flora testing mannitol and lactulose testing
mannitol and lactulose testing
*The standard test for leaky gut syndrome is the mannitol and lactulose test. Both are water soluble molecules that the body can’t use. Mannitol is easily absorbed by people with healthy intestinal linings. Lactulose is a larger molecule and is only slightly absorbed. A person drinks a solution contain both mannitol and lactulose. Urine is collected for six hours and the amount present in urine reflects how much was absorbed by the body. A healthy test shows high levels of mannitol and low levels of lactulose. If high levels of both molecules are found, it indicates a leaky gut condition. If low levels of both molecules are found, it indicates general malabsorption of all nutrients.
Bilberry is used to control insulin levels and strengthen connective tissue. Which part of the herb is used?
bark berries the entire plant root only
the entire plant
*Bilberry also acts as a diuretic and urinary tract antiseptic. It is useful for hypoglycemia, inflammation, stress, anxiety, night blindness, and cataracts. It may help halt or prevent macular degeneration.
Peripheral neuropathy, stocking and glove sensory loss, and areflexia can all be caused by a deficiency of which of the following?
vitamin C vitamin A thiamin cyanide
thiamin
Which of the following statements about vitamin D is least accurate?
Vitamin D is considered a prohormones. Vitamin D exists in two forms - D2 and D3. Vitamin D is absorbed in the stomach and is chemically changed in the intestines. The best source of vitamin D is sunlight.
Vitamin D is absorbed in the stomach and is chemically changed in the intestines.
*Vitamin D is absorbed in the intestines and is chemically changed in the liver and kidneys. Excess amounts of vitamin D are stored in the liver and in adipose tissue.
Potassium food sources:
rich in potassium along with pumpkin, cabbage, squash, raisins, and pineapple, among others, grapefruit, sweet potatoes, apricots
Which of the following is NOT true about ginko supplementation with cancer survisors?
- irritates the stomach
- increases risk of excessive bleeding
- helps increase blood circulation
- enhances memory
- irritates the stomach
*May increase bleeding in cancer survivors
The use of 5-HTP may eliminate the need for which supplement?
melatonin
* Melatonin is synthesized via the following 4-step pathway: dietary tryptophan > 5HTP > serotonin > melatonin
Dyslipidemia client should reduce what types of foods?
high fructose food such as fruit juices and sodas
Low sodium can cause:
headaches and confusion seizures death all of the above
all of the above
*Sodium is an electrolyte whose primary function is the control of fluid balance in the body. It controls the extracellular fluid and is essential for osmosis. Sodium is also necessary to maintain the acid-base balance in the body.
Which of the following vitamins is absorbed primarily in the duodenum through active transport?
vitamin E vitamin B12 manganese thiamin
thiamin
*Thiamin is absorbed primarily in the duodenum through active transport. Vitamin E is absorbed through the lymphatic system. Vitamin B12 needs intrinsic factor to be absorbed in the ileum. Manganese is poorly absorbed.
How many exchange lists are there in the diabetic exchange?
10 5 4 7
7
*The Diabetic exchange list helps people to regulate the amount of foods that they eat. There are seven exchange lists. These include starch, milk, fruit, meat and meat substitutes, vegetables, carbohydrates, and fat.
What is the minimal amount of servings for fruits and vegetables daily?
2-3 3-4 5 8
5
*According to the National Institutes of Health, fruits and vegetables should be consumed in abundance and include 5 servings per day as a minimal amount. You should include leafy green and orange vegetables daily.
Which mineral is contained in chlorophyll?
Magnesium. Calcium. Iron. Zinc.
Magnesium
*Chlorophyll is the pigment in plants. Magnesium is found in chlorophyll, which makes leafy vegetables a good source of magnesium.
Which of the following is NOT a conditionally essential amino acid?
Alanine Arginine Cysteine Glycine
Alanine
*Currently, there are six amino acids that are considered conditionally indispensable. These are Arginine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, and Tyrosine. Alanine is a dispensable amino acid.
Which of the following nutrients is lacking in patients dealing with dorsolateral myelopathy?
Vitamin C Vitamin B12 Vitamin B6 Vitamin A
Vitamin B12
*Leg weakness, difficulty walking and increased urinary frequency are all signs of dorsolateral myelopathy. Vitamin B12 deficiency is most likely responsible for this condition that also includes proximal motor weakness.
Cascara sagrada is:
bark berry root none of the above
bark
*Cascara sagrada acts as a colon cleanser and as a laxative. It is useful for colon disorders, constipation, and parasitic infection. However, it is very bitter in tea form.
The hormone that causes the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate is which of the following?
secretin gastrin motilin all of the above
secretin
*Secretin is the hormone that causes the pancreas to release sodium bicarbonate. This neutralizes the acidity of the chyme in the process of digestion.
A Vitamin B6 deficiency may cause which of the following?
niacin deficiency vitamin C deficiency vitamin A deficiency vitamin E deficiency
niacin deficiency
*Vitamin B6 deficiency may cause niacin deficiency as a result of impaired tryptophan metabolism. Increased homocysteine responds to pyridoxine, Vitamin B12, or folate, depending on the type of depletion.
There are a number of non-organ-specific autoimmune diseases. The disease that is a systemic disease where fibrosis and degenerative changes occur in the skin, synovium and internal organs is which of the following?
scleroderma rheumatoid arthritis systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
scleroderma
*Scleroderma or progressive systemic sclerosis is a systemic disease where fibrosis and degenerative changes occur in the skin, synovium and internal organs. Laboratory results will show polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, positive ANA, Scl-70 positive, or a positive centromere antibody.
The natural pattern of circulating estrogens is:
10-20% estrone and estradiol 60-80% estriol A and B 20% DHEA
A and B
*All compounding pharmacies carry triple estrogen in the above proportions. The average dose is 2.5 mg, however since women’s bodies always make and contain all three estrogens, triple estrogen is used unless a woman has had cancer.
All of the following parts are used with the Elder herb except:
berries stems flowers inner bark
stems
*Roots and leaves are also used with this herb and contain Anthocyanin, B-complex vitamins, calcium, carbohydrates and fat, to name a few nutrients. It helps build the blood, cleanses the system, eases constipation, enhances immune system function, fights inflammation, increases perspiration and lowers fever. It is also use to soothe the respiratory tract and stimulate circulation with powerful antioxidant properties.
When evaluating a person who is anorexic, one of the minerals they could be lacking is:
calcium phosphorous fluoride magnesium
phosphorous
*A deficiency in phosphorous can certainly lead to anorexia as this mineral is important for the effectiveness and absorption of some vitamins, and the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins.
Neoplasia is:
The abnormal growth of cells
A variety of lesions associated with riboflavin deficiency are not uncommon in many parts of the world. The specificity of these lesions as indicators of riboflavin depletion is, however, in doubt. The usual method of estimating riboflavin adequacy is by examination of:
blood urine secretion saliva diet journal
urine secretion
*Urine tests are not completely satisfactory due to the variability of riboflavin excretion. Enzyme testing estimates the glutathione reductase in red blood cells and the “FAD” effect (the increase in activity due to the addition of flavin adenine dinucleotide). This may become the method of choice, although experience with it is limited.
Adults have approximately how much zinc concentrated in their skin, hair, nails, testes, liver, muscles, and bones?
12 g 8 mg 2 g 12 mg
2 g
*Zinc is widely distributed in the body. Adults have about 2 grams concentrated in their skin, hair, nails, testes, liver, muscles, and bones. Sources of zinc include: oysters, red meats, soybeans, nuts, and wheat germ.
The GI hormone that stimulates gastric secretion and motility is
Gastrin. Gastric inhibitory peptides. Secretin. Pepsinogen.
Gastrin*Gastrin is produced in the pyloric antrum and duodenal end mucosa. It stimulates gastric secretion and motility.
6 stages of change outlined in the Transtheoretical Model
precontemplation,
contemplation,
preparation,
action,
maintenance,
termination
Clients who are tube-fed and are able to digest or absorb nutrients may be given which of the following commercial formulas?
hydrolyzed formula elemental formula polymeric formula all of the above
polymeric formula
*Numerous commercial formulas are available for patients who must be tube-fed. Clients who are able to digest and absorb nutrients can be given polymeric formulas containing intact proteins, carbohydrates, and fats that require digestion. Clients who have limited ability to digest or absorb nutrients may be given elemental or hydrolyzed formulas that contain the products of digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats, and are lactose-free.
Which of the following statements about sulfur as a nutrient is least accurate?
Sulfur is necessary to all body tissue and is found in all body cells. The amount of sulfur required by the human body is 500 mg per day. Sulfur is necessary for metabolism. Sulfur is a component of some amino acids and consequently is found in protein- rich foods.
The amount of sulfur required by the human body is 500 mg per day.
sucrose is composed of:
glucose and fructose
All of the following are actions and uses for Chamomile except:
sleep aid lymphatic cleanser colitis inflammation
lymphatic cleanser
*Chamomile is a traditional remedy for stress and anxiety, indigestion, inflammation, and insomnia. Chamomile relaxes nerves and muscles. It should NOT be used for long periods of time, as this may lead to ragweed allergy. It should not be used by those who are allergic to ragweed.
The percentage of red blood cells making up the entire volume of whole blood is known as which of the following?
mean corpuscular volume mean corpuscular hemoglobin hematocrit hemoglobin
hematocrit
*Hematocrit (also known as packed cell volume) is defined as the percentage of red blood cells making up the entire volume of whole blood. Hematocrit depends largely on the number of red blood cells and to a lesser extent on their average size.
The end of the stomach nearest the intestine is which of the following?
pylorus cardiac sphincter jejunum duodenum
pylorus
*The stomach consists of an upper portion known as the fundus, a middle area known as the body of the stomach, and the end nearest the small intestine called the pylorus. Food enters the fundus and moves to the body of the stomach where it is mixed with digestive juices. It is then propelled forward into the pylorus.
Which of the following inhibits the absorption of tetracycline?
green leafy vegetables grapefruit juice milk and milk products legumes
milk and milk products
*Milk and milk products inhibit the absorption of tetracycline.
Polysaccharides are commonly called complex carbohydrates because they are compounds of many monosaccharides (simple sugars). Which of the following is a polysaccharide important in nutrition?
starch glycogen fiber all of the above
all of the above
The process that refers to reactions that break down cellular materials into less complex compounds for energy production or excretion is which of the following?
catabolism metabolism anabolism glycolysis
catabolism
*Catabolism refers to reactions that break down cellular materials into less complex compounds for energy production or excretion. Catabolic reactions release energy, whereas anabolic processes use energy.
A deficiency of which of the following minerals may result in dwarfism or hypogonadism?
chromium manganese iodine zinc
zinc
*A deficiency in zinc may result in dwarfism, hypogonadism, anemia, loss of appetite, skin changes, impaired wound healing and decreased taste acuity. Zinc can be found in food such as seafood, especially oysters, liver, eggs, milk, what bran, and legumes.
All of the following statements about the concentrations of zinc in the body are accurate EXCEPT:
There is currently no specific sensitive biochemical or functional indicator of zinc status. The body has a large functional reserve of zinc. Decreased zinc levels can result from stress. Serum zinc can fall by 15 – 20% following a meal.
The body has a large functional reserve of zinc
*This is not an accurate statement. There is little if any functional reserve of zinc in the body. The body’s zinc levels are maintained by both conservation and redistribution of tissue zinc.
Which of the following herbal remedies might you suggest to a client for migraine headaches?
feverfew gingko biloba celery seed bilberry
feverfew
*A wealth of scientific evidence shows that feverfew is an effective treatment and prophylactic for migraine headaches. Used for centuries in European folk medicine, feverfew was traditionally utilized for headache, arthritis, and fever.
The religion that prohibits the use of pork and alcohol and requires other meats to be slaughtered according to specific laws is which of the following?
Islamic Hindu Eastern Orthodox Mormon
Islamic
*Adherents of Islam are called Muslims. Their dietary laws prohibit the use of pork and alcohol, and other meats must be slaughtered according to specific laws. During the month of Ramadan, Muslims do not eat or drink during daylight hours.
The type of kidney stone that develops after a urinary tract infection is which of the following?
uric acid stone struvite stone cystine stone calcium oxalate stone
struvite stone
*Struvite stones are composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate. They are sometimes called infection stones because they develop following urinary tract infections caused by certain microorganisms. A low-phosphorus diet is often prescribed.
Numerous opportunities currently exist for applying nutritional assessment skills. The Healthy People 2020 Objectives outlines a comprehensive, nationwide health promotion and disease prevention agenda to improve the health of all people in the U.S. The goals include all of the following except:
attain high quality longer lives free of preventable disease achieve health equity disability is not included free of injury and premature death
disability is not included
*The 2020 objectives focus on attaining high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury and premature death. It also includes achieving health equity, eliminating disparities and improve the health of all groups, create social and physical environments that promote good health for all.
The primary FDA approved antioxidants for addition to fat to prevent it from becoming rancid when it is oxidized include all of the following EXCEPT:
BHA BHT EDTA propyl gallate
EDTA
*The primary FDA approved antioxidants are BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), BHT (butylated hydroxytouene), and propyl gallate. EDTA is a chelating substance which curtails oxidation.
The protein substance that holds body cells together is which of the following?
polypeptides collagen glycine amino acids
collagen
*Collagen is a protein substance that holds body cells together. Vitamin C has an important role in the formation of collagen, making it necessary for wound healing.
Folic acid does all of the following except:
helps build red blood cells increases resistance to infection may help protect against heart disease helps prevent birth defects
increases resistance to infection
*Folic acid helps build red blood cells and may help protect against heart disease. Folic acid is also important for pregnant women to prevent birth defects. It can be found in fruit, whole-grains, dark leafy green vegetables and dry beans and peas.
The enzyme that breaks protein into polypeptides is known as
Dipeptidase. Aminopeptidase. Pepsin. Carboxypeptides.
Pepsin
*Pepsin breaks protein into polypeptides. This process of protein digestion takes place in the stomach.
The ongoing survey program conducted by the FDA that provides national estimates of average dietary intakes for pesticide residues, industrial chemicals, elements, radionuclides, and folate is which of the following?
National Health and Nutrition Examination Health and Diet Survey Total Diet Study Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Total Diet Study
*The Total Diet Study (TDS) is an ongoing program conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that provides national estimates of average dietary intakes for pesticide residues, industrial chemicals, elements, radionuclides, and folate for the total U.S. population and 14 age/sex subgroups. Sometimes referred to as the Market Basket Study, the TDS was originally established in 1961 as a program to monitor radioactive contaminants following atmospheric testing of thermonuclear weapons.
Title III nutrition services include all of the following EXCEPT:
Home Delivered Meals Summer Food Service Program Congregate Meals Program Senior Farmers’ Market Program
Summer Food Service Program
*Title III is the Elderly Nutrition Program of the Older Americans Act. It is intended to keep seniors living independently in their communities. The Summer Food Service Program is a child nutrition program the provides free nutritious meals for low-income children during school vacation at day camps where at least 50% of the children are from households below 185% of the poverty level.
The oxidized form of vitamin C is known as which of the following?
ascorbic acid pre-ascorbic acid total ascorbic acid dehydroascorbic acid
dehydroascorbic acid
*Vitamin C is a generic term for compounds exhibiting the biological activity of ascorbic acid, the reduced form of vitamin C. The oxidized form of vitamin C is known as dehydroascorbic acid.
Vitamin A intoxication produces which of the following?
increased intracranial pressure intractable heart failure lactic acidosis Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
increased intracranial pressure
*Excessive intake of vitamin A produces increased intracranial pressure. It also causes irritability, anorexia, confusion, headache, vomiting, lethargy, malaise, abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, and myalgias.
*Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome > deficiency in B1
Which of the following minerals is absorbed in the small intestine with only about 10% lost in urine and feces?
manganese calcium potassium sodium
potassium
*Potassium is absorbed in the small intestine, with only about 10% lost in urine and feces. Calcium is absorbed through the duodenum; sodium is absorbed through the large intestine; and manganese is poorly absorbed, with only 3 – 5% entering the bloodstream.
A serum albumin count of 2.4 g/dL would indicate which of the following?
severe depletion moderate depletion mild depletion normal value
moderate depletion
*The normal values for serum albumin are 3.5 – 5.0 g/dL. A value of 2.4 g/dL indicates moderate depletion.
A serum albumin count of 2.4 g/dL would indicate which of the following?
severe depletion moderate depletion mild depletion normal value
moderate depletion
*The normal values for serum albumin are 3.5 – 5.0 g/dL. A value of 2.4 g/dL indicates moderate depletion.
The mother’s calorie requirement increases during lactation. The caloric requirement depends on the amount of milk produced. Approximately ________________calories are required to produce 3 1/2 ounces of milk.
50 65 85 100
85
*During the first 6 months, average daily milk production is 25 ounces, and for this the mother requires approximately an extra 640 calories per day.
Which of the following has been associated with reduced risk of kidney stone formation?
- milk
- fruit juice
- kombucha
- coffee
Coffee
*Coffee and alcohol are associated with reduced risk bc they are diuretics.
The following can result from a choline deficiency:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
*Choline deficiency contributes towards fat build up in the liver
Supplementation of which nutrient may help alleviate post-exercise delayed onset muscle soreness?
omega-3 fatty acids
Which hormone released after stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with accelerating the formation of plaque?
angiotensin II
*May contribute to CVD disease bc of this mechanism
The primary action of substance P is to:
increase sensory awareness and peristalsis.
*Substance P stimulaltes pain receptors in the body
Which of the following minerals mimics the effects of insulin on adipocytes?
- boron
- vanadium
- molybdenum
- chromium
vanadium
*chromium potentiates the action of insulin
Required on food labels except:
- Vit C
- Potassium
- Vit D
- amt of mcironutrients in mcg
Vit C
*Vit A is no longer required either
Pathogenic causes of kidneyt stones do not include:
- hyperoxaluria
- hypocitraturia
- hypoparathyroidism
- hypercalciuria
hypoparathyroidism
*HYPER parathyroidism is considered a cause of kidney stones.
*hypocitraturia - is a metabolic disorder marked by a low level of citrate excretion in the urine—less than 320 mg per day. Low urinary citrate excretion is known to increase the risk of developing kidney stones
The most accurate way to assess micronutrient intake is through the use of a:
a. 24-hour food intake recall questionnaire.
b. 7-day food intake frequency.
c. “food frequency questionnaire.”
d. stool and urine analysis.
c. “food frequency questionnaire.”
The metabolite whose serum concentration is the most important to monitor during refeeding of a chronically starved individual is:
a. Phosphorus.
b. calcium.
c. cholesterol.
d. urea nitrogen.
a. Phosphorus.
The breath hydrogen test is a useful diagnostic tool in the identification of individuals suffering from:
a. gluten enteropathy.
b. pancreatitis.
c. lactose intolerance.
d. cystic fibrosis.
c. lactose intolerance.
A useful test to monitor the adequacy of diet and drug therapy in an individual with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is the:
a. glucose tolerance test.
b. fasting plasma glucose concentration.
c. C peptide assay.
d. hemoglobin A1c (glycohemoglobin) concentration.
d. hemoglobin A1c (glycohemoglobin) concentration.
The growth-limiting amino acid in soy protein is:
a. methionine.
b. phenylalanine.
c. cystine.
d. alanine
a. methionine.
ymptoms of magnesium deficiency include:
a. apathy, depression, and fatigue.
b. irritable bowel syndrome.
c. frequent colds and delayed healing.
d. backache and muscle spasms.
a. apathy, depression, and fatigue.
*apathy: lack of interest, concern
Experimentally increasing calcium intake may improve measured calcium balance without increasing measured calcium deposition because:
a. the multicompartment theory of calcium metabolism is invalid.
b. increased calcium balance may result from decreased bone resorption.
c. it is possible to increase net calcium balance by >25% without increasing calcium deposition. d. the circulation serves as a potentially massive sink for dietary calcium.
b. increased calcium balance may result from decreased bone resorption.
The most accurate and reliable way to assess the macronutrient intake of an individual is through the use of a:
a. 24-hour food intake recall questionnaire.
b. 7-day food intake diary.
c. “food frequency questionnaire.”
d. stool and urine analysis.
b. 7-day food intake diary.
An increase in the serum concentration of unconjugated bilirubin may be caused by metabolic dysfunction in the:
a. liver.
b. gallbladder.
c. pancreas.
d. Kidney
a. liver.
fasting plasma glucose concentration of 134 mg/dL reflects probable:
a. diabetes.
b. glucose intolerance.
c. normal glucose tolerance.
d. hyperinsulinemia.
b. glucose intolerance.
The modern practice of nutrition is based on:
a. a well-established scientific base.
b. a scientific base in frequent flux.
c. folk tradition.
d. irrefutable facts.
b. a scientific base in frequent flux.
According to the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994, all of the following are dietary supplements except:
a. ginseng.
b. echinacea.
c. ephedra.
d. salicylates.
Vitamin”C’s”actual”participation”in”biochemical”reactions”usually”involves”its”
antioxidant”ability.”Choose”the”description”of”this”activity.
a.Donates”an”electron”or”electrons”to”oxidize”a”mineral”cofactor
b.Accepts”an”electron”or”electrons”to”reduce”a”mineral”cofactor
c.Donates”an”electron”or”electrons”to”reduce”a”mineral”cofactor
d. Accepts”an”electron”from”the”quinone”form”of”vitamin”E
c.Donates”an”electron”or”electrons”to”reduce”a”mineral”cofactor
The necessity of ascorbic acid for its role in _____ is believed to be the reason that”people”with”scurvy”have”no”energy”and”are”very”tired.
a. collagen synthesis
b. creatine synthesis
c. hormone activation
d. carnitine synthesis
d. carnitine synthesis
A major role of thiamin is:
energy transformation
Riboflavin”coenzymes”remain”bound”to”their”enzymes during the oxidation
reduction reactions and”the”complexes”are”called”_____.
flavoproteins
Which”vitamin”has”a”reduced”coenzyme”form”important”for”fatty”acid”and”
cholesterol”synthesis”that”is”a”product”of”the”pentose”phosphate”pathway?
Niacin
Which”three”vitamins”are”involved”in”the”synthesis”of”fatty”acids?
Biotin
Niacin
Pantothenic Acid
Biotin”must”be”covalently”bound”to”each”of”four different enzymes in order
for them to carry out_____.
carboxylations
. A”deficiency”of”what”vitamin”is”associated”with”these”symptoms:
hallucinations,”lethargy,”skin”rash,”alopecia,”and”muscle”pain?
a. biotin
b. thiamin
c. vitamin”C
d. vitamin”B12
a. biotin
Folate”in”foods”can”only”be”absorbed”in”the”monoglutamate”form;”therefore,”
digestive”enzymes”called”_____“are”important”for”folate”nutriture.
a. hydrolases
b. lipases
c. conjugases
d. legumes
c. conjugases
To”absorb”folate”consumed”from”green,”leafy”vegetables,”_____.
a. phosphate”groups”much”be”removed”by”the”action”of”alkaline”
phosphatase
b. glutamate”must”be”transaminated”to”form”alpha0ketoglutarate
c. glutamic”acid”molecules”must”be”removed
d. glutamic”acid”molecules”must”be”added
c. glutamic”acid”molecules”must”be”removed
Which”of”the”following”reflects”long0term”folate”status?
a. serum”folate
b. red”blood”cell”folate
c.” homocysteine”concentration”in”blood
d. serum”methylmalonic”acid
b. red”blood”cell”folate
. In”the”enzyme”methionine”synthase,”vitamin”B12 acts”by”accepting”a”_____”
group”from”_____“and”donating”this”group”to”_____“to”form”methionine.
a. carbon,”methionine,”folate
b. methyl,”50methyltetrahydrofolate,”homocysteine
c. methyl,”formiminoglutamic”acid,”succinyl0CoA
d. carbon,”serine,”glycine
b. methyl,”50methyltetrahydrofolate,”homocysteine
Which”is”NOT”a”fate”of”homocysteine”in”the”cell?
a. methylated”to”methionine
b. used”to”restore”tetrahydrofolate
c. used”to”synthesize”cysteine
d. used”in”the”synthesis”of”leucine
d. used”in”the”synthesis”of”leucine
Which”vitamin”is”most”involved”in”amino”acid”metabolism?
a. biotin
b. vitamin”E
c. vitamin”A
d. vitamin”B6
d. vitamin”B6
Which”vitamin”is”most”involved”in”amino”acid”metabolism?
a. biotin
b. vitamin”E
c. vitamin”A
d. vitamin”B6
d. vitamin”B6
Metabolism”of”vitamin”B6 to”the”primary”coenzyme”form,”pyridoxal”
phosphate,”requires”the”action”of”what”other”B”vitamin?
a. GSH
b. NAD
c. THF
d. FMN
d. FMN
A”good”source”of”vitamin”B6 is”muscle”meats”because”PLP”is”predominantly”
bound”to”the”enzyme”_____.
a. alanine”aminotransferase
b. cystathionine”synthase
c. glycogen”phosphorylase
d. aspartic”aminotransferase
c. glycogen”phosphorylase
Vitamin”B6 functions”importantly”in”all”of”the”following”EXCEPT”_____.
a. transamination”of”amino”acids
b. synthesis”of”fatty”acids
c. synthesis”of”niacin
d. glycogen”breakdown
b. synthesis”of”fatty”acids
Because”vitamin”B6 is”involved”in”heme”synthesis,”a”deficiency”symptom”is”
a. hypochromic,”microcytic”anemia.
b. seizures.
c. hyperhomocysteinemia.
d. impaired”calcium”metabolism.
a. hypochromic,”microcytic”anemia.
Which”of”the”following”vitamins”has”a”Tolerable”Upper”Intake”Level”
established?
a. thiamin
b. riboflavin
c. vitamin”B6
d. vitamin”B12
c. vitamin”B6
True or False
Pellagra”symptoms”may”appear”during”B6 deficiency,”because”this”vitamin”is”
required”in”the”process”of”obtaining”niacin”from”tryptophan
True
True or False
Water0soluble”vitamins”are”not”stored,”but”readily”excreted—the”one”
exception”is”that”we”can”store”folate”in”the”liver.
False
Explanation:The#exception#is#not#folate,#but#B12¸which#can#be#stored#in#the#liver.
True or False
Pernicious”anemia”can”be”due”to”folate”or”B12 deficiency.
False
Explanation:Pernicious#anemia#refers#to#megaloblastic#anemia#owing#to#lack#of#
intrinsic#factor.
True or False
The”active”form”of”a”vitamin”is”usually”the”form”that”has”the”greatest bioavailability.
False
Explanation:Opposite—usually#the active#form#must#be#modified#to#its#parent#
form#for#absorption#(e.g.,#TPP#to#thiamin)
True or False
High”circulating”levels”of”homocysteine”(i.e.,”hyperhomocysteinemia)”have”
been”implicated”in”a”number”of”pathologies”including”cardiovascular”disease.
True
True or False
Circulating”concentrations”of”a”vitamin”typically”reflect”diet,”whereas”
intracellular”(e.g.,”RBCs,”leukocytes)”concentrations”reflect”body”pools.
True
True or False
An”increase”in”blood”pyruvate”and”lactate”levels”may”be”due”to”a”deficiency”
of”riboflavin.
False
Explanation:Thiamin,#not#riboflavin
Which organic acids is produce by pyruvate?
Acetate
*Acetate and CoA join otgether to create acetyl CoA for th critic acid cycle
ALS except:
- average onset in 50’s
- there is no known cure
- women are affected more than men
- 90% with no family history
MEN are affected more than women
3 causes of hyponatremia?
- hyperglycemia
- hyperlipidemia
- hypotonic hyponatremia: adrenal insufficiency and SIADH
*hyponatremia: low sodium levels
A cross- sectional study is …
a snap shot in time by conducting a survey
PQQ truths:
- sources are parsley, kiwi, papaya
- suports mitochondrial function
- reduces CRP
Which B vitamin increase B12 requirementas?
Folate
Brush border enzyme that breaks down protein?
Carboxypeptidase
Brudock is used for
coughing and asthma
Which mineral could your client be deficient in if they present with restless leg syndrome>?
Iron
Female athlete triad:
- amenorrhea
- disordered eating
- oesteoporsis
Impaired liver function, jaundice, gallstones, and impaired renal function are most closely associated with what anemia?
Sickle Cell anemia
A whole fresh turkey is good for …
1-2 days
Ca supplement for elderly with hypochlorhydria?
Ca CItrate
Supplement with statin-like lowering properties?
red yeast rice
What drug class is most likely to inhibit endogenous CoQ10?
anthrqacyclines
Mineral most benefifical for treating sickle cell anemia?
Zinc
Obesity is a risk factor for all of the following cancers except:
- colon
- lung
- pancreatic
- breast
lung
intestinal gases do not include:
- SO2
- H2
- N2
- CH4
SO2
Chymotrypsin is a digestive enzyme secreted from pancreatic acinar cells into the duodenum. It is the active form for:
chymptripsynogen
Which vitamin deficiency is rare in develoiped countries unless theres a fat malabsorption>?
Vit E
Galric, eggs, and fish are prone to:
cause gas
Von Willebrand disease is what
a disease involved in blood clotting. Avoid: gingko, vit E, and fish oil bc they could impact blood thinning
Cloves are used for:
tootheache and muscle cramps
Inadequate mixing of chyme and or sufficient contact of chyme with the intestinal epithelium is most likely to occur in what disease state:
Crohn’s
A client who lacks dopamine may benefit from:
tyrosine
Immunosuppressive drug therapy is associated with what condition?
hyperkalemia
Which mineral would be decreased if silicon was increased in high amts?
molybdemun
What diet is recommended for dumping syndrome?
a low starch diet
The site release of GABA is:
CNS
The primary action of acetylcholine is to:
increase motility, relax sphincters, and stimulate secretions
Which nutrients are needed to convert niacin from tryptophan?
B2, B6 and iron
The most important nutrient to assess in renal function impairment?
potassium
Easy bruising is likely an indicator of what nurtient deficiencies?
Vit K, Vit C
Chronic oily skin may be a clinical sign of what deficiency?
Omega-3 fatty acids
4-hydroxyisoleucine is a phytonutrient that may assist in blood sugar regulation - where can this be found?
fenugreek seeds
Which is an organic acid that binds calcium?
oxalate
*Food sources: spinach, rhubarb, almonds, cashews, and miso
Bacon can be stored in the freezer for 2 months
High AGE:
dried figs
what vitamin in excess is toxic?
vitamin A
What mineral toxicity causes gout
molybdenum
Ataxia with loss of ankle knee relax may suggest what nutrient deficiencies?
Vit E, Vit B12, Vit B1
Which of the following is not true regarding acute hypophosphatemia?
- it is a rare condition
- develops overtime
- may be assocaited with a Vit D deficiency
- may be caused by reduced secretion of parathyroid hormone
***May be caused by an EXCESS of the parathyroid hormone
Percentiles for childs and weight …
< 5% - underweight
85-95% - overweight
>95% - obese
Best source of iron in the following:
- pork
- clams
- octopus
- turkey
octopus
uremia may be a sign of :
endstage renal disease
___ has more pesticides by weight than any other crop …
potatoes
All of the following botanicals may be used to relieves nausea except:
- nutmeg
- peppermint
- cloves
- goldensseal
goldenseal
Nutritional interventions for ALS don’t include:
- intervene to prevent malnutrition
- recommend and elimination diet
- montor dysphagia
- recommend the keto diet
recommend an elimination diet (too resrictive)
acebutolol, alprenolol, atenolol, esmolol …. are part of whwat drug class:
- beta blockers
- ACE inhibitors
- Antacids
- PPIs
beta blockers
*Used for anti-hypertensive
Which is not a good source of iodine?
- cod
- processed food
- bread
- nori
Processed food
Symptoms of protein deficiency:
edema, alopecia, and low serum albumin levels (<3.5)
IV forms of this nutrient may be effective for cardiac arrhythmia and asthma ….
magnesium
In CKD, serum albumin is primarily a marker of:
inflammation
Foods to avoid on a low oxalate diet except:
- eggs
- strawberries
- chocolate
- turmeric
Eggs
Which mineral added to some antacid drugs may affect nutrient absorption?
Mg
*Increases intestinal pH and decreases folate and B2 absorption
Biochemical changes associated with anorexia include:
decreased WBC
decreased glucose
increased cholesterol
Factors that may hekp activate BDNF (brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor) production except:
- exercise
- meditation
- increase caloric intake
- curcumin supplements
- increase caloric intake
Your client is exeperiencing lethargy, apathy, irritability, changes in skin, hair pigmentation, edema, and low serum albumin. These symptoms are associated with:
Kwashiorkor
more than 90% of poeple with autoimmune thyroid disease have a genetic defect affecting theri metabolism of:
Vit D
Of the following, this nutrient is lost in the great quantities through sweat:
- Mg
- Fe
- Zc
- Ca
Ca
* Sodium and chloride are lost in the largest quantities, Ca is lost is a lesser amt through sweat
Mg toxicity is rae but may occur in what population?
Kidney failure
What two cannabinoids are approved for use in those experiencing chemo-related nausea and vomiting?
marinol and cesamet
Zantac contains nutritionally significant amts of:
sodium
What is the lipid classification for safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, sesame, hemp, and pumpkin oils?
linoleic acid
Fish to avoid to reduce risk of mercury toxicity?
tilefish
What mineral is of concern in refeeding syndrome?
hypophosphatemia
FUT2 increased need for ____
B12
* coorelated with increased risk of H pylori and dysbiosis
Nutrients needed to support those with SOD2 SNP?
- Mn
- Glutathione
- antioxidants
*This SNP impacts the bodies ability to produce antioxidants
LCT
codes for lactase (which breaks down lactose)
MCM6
upstream of LCT, at increase risk of breaking down milk sugars
BHMT
Increased need for choline, betaine
*COnverts homocysteine to methionine and needs helps with those nutrients
CBS
Increased need for B6, methionine rich foods (nuts, beef, lamb, cheese, turkey, pork, fish, shellfish, soy, eggs, dairy, and beans)
COMT
Increased need for B6, Mg
GAD1
Mg, B6, hops, passion flowers
*Doesn’t convert to GABA approprioately and calming foods/herbs needed
MAOA
B2 needed
*
PEMT
Choline, SAM-E, green tea
SOD3
B12, probiotics
*this enzyme is attahced to the H pylori in the gastric mucosa and effects B12 absorption
Which of the following nutrients do ACE inhibitors deplete?
- Se
- Mg
- Cu
- Zc
Zinc
The anemia of chronic renal disease is caused by the kidney’s inability to produce:
- calcitriol
- erythropoietin
- renin
- ferrin
EPO
*Is a hormone produce primarily by the kidneys - it plays a role in the production of RBCs
All of the following should be avoided after the passing of a kidney stone except:
- organ meats
- fruit juice
- sardines
- eggs
eggs - especially high in purine
Angiogenesis inhibitors are used as cancer biotherapy drugs. Common symptoms caused by these drugs include all of the following except:
- GI perforation
- hypothyroidism
- hypertension
- edema
edema
Supplementation of whoicich nutrient may be effective for treating familial hypophospatemia, hypoparathyroidism, and psoriasis?
- Zc
- Se
- Vit D
- CA
Vit D
Measurement used to determine T2DM and heart disease?
waist-to-hip ratio
All of the following should be avoided to prevent or improve reflux except:
- large meals
- alcohol
- dietary fat
- dietary protein
protein
Food Sensitivity:
Result of an imbalance in GI system that affects the immune system.
Food Intolerance:
a result of reactions to certain chemicals in food (ex: MSG, histamine) IgE
How are most amino acids and ions absorbed:
active transport
Premature graying could be a clinical indicator of:
- EFAs deficiency
- Protein or zinc deficiency
- Vit C deficiency
- Cu or B12 deficiency
- Cu or B12 deficiency
Prolamin is what
gluten
Which of the following nutrients is respoinsible for the remethylation of tetrahydrofolate after conversion of methyltetrahydrofolate + homocysteine to tetrahydrofolate + methionine?
- folate
- B5
- B12
- B6
B6
Recommended iron intake for a young girls who started her period?
15 mg
Which of the following would not be an explanation of why your client would be deficient in Cu?
- high doses of Zc supplementation
- HIgh consumption of shellfish, organ meats, and chocolate
- malabsorption
- B12 deficiency
- HIgh consumption of shellfish, organ meats, and chocolate
*Those are foods high in Cu - also over 50 g of zinc supplementation could lead to Cu deficiency
Dietary intake can influence the acidity or alkalinity of urine. Which of the following is least likely to be a source of dietary acid load?
- oats, macaroni, rye
- soybeans
-meat fish, eggs
- walnuts, and pumpkin seeds
- soybeans
Which of the following is not true about acute hypophosphatemia?
- develops over time
- is a rare condition
- may be associated with a vit D deficiency
- may be caused by reduced secretion of the PTH
- may be caused by reduced secretion of the PTH
*opposite is true, may be caused by excess PTH
All of the following should be avoided for a client with Von Willebrand disease except:
- gingko
- Vit D
- fish oil
- Vit E
- may be caused by reduced secretion of the PTH
*Von Willebrand involves clotting issues and the other may thin the blood
Supplementation with what may be effective for dyspepsia and hyperkalemia?
- Zc
- Sodium
- Ca
- Mg
Calcium
Which B vitamin increases B12 requirements?
B6
Which of the following proteins main functions is to act as a catalyst and accelerate chemical reactions?
enzyme
Primary oragn affected by CCK?
pancreas
**CCK stuimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes, cases contraction of the gallbladder, sdlows gastric emptying, and increases moltity of teh colon.
Use of this calcium-binding protein demonstrates memory improvements in adults who report mild memory problems
Apoaequorin
*In pravagen
The Nissen fundoplication is a treatment for life-threatening cases of:
- SIBO
- IBS
- GERD
- NAFLD
GERD
*This is a surgical procedure where the top portion of the stomach is wrapped around the esophagus to limit reflux
An individual with a ragweed allergy may not be able to tolerate:
- lavender
- gingko bilboa
- chamomile
- saw palmetto
- chamomile
*In addition to milk thistle, wormwood, goldenseal, and echinacea
Hypermpigmentation may be a clinical sign of which of the followingf deficiencies?
- pyridoxine, EFAs
- niacin, folate, vit B12
- vit K, Vit D
- Vit A, vit C, zinc
- niacin, folate, vit B12
An omega-3 fat with 18 carbons and 3 double bonds (18:3) is considered:
ALA
An omega-3 fat with 20 carbons and 5 double bonds (20:5) is considered:
EPA
An omega-3 fat with 22 carbons and 6 double bonds (22:6) is considered:
DHA
Bacterial overgrowth of the ileum is more liekl;y to occur with which type of diarrhea?
- osmotic
- limited mucosal contact
- exudative
- secretory
limited mucosal contact diarrhea
*Just like with Crohn’s
Which is not a high potassium food?
- applesauce
- dried fruit
- avocado
- beet greens
applesauce
Which of the following is most likely to inhibit endogenous CoQ10?
- anthracyclines
- antacids
- ace inhibitors
- anticoagulants
- anthracyclines
*used for chemotherapy
Which type of anemia is characterized by a transient problem of blood volume and solution?
- sports
- hemolytic
- pernicious
- sickle cell
sports
WHich of the following minerals could your client be deficient in if they present with restless leg syndrome?
- Mg
- Cu
- Fe
- Zc
Fe
ApoE4 carriers who are overweight may need higher amts of dietary:
- methionine
- tryptophan
- DHA
- curcumin
DHA
Which of the following herbs may reduce milk flow?
- hibiscus
- raspberry
- lemongrass
- jasmine flower
jasmine flower
WHich of the following minerals would uou find in seafood, cereal, spinach, apples, and grape fruit?
- Se
- Zc
- Nickel
- Arsenic
arsenic
A digestive enzyme secreted from the brush border of microvilli to aid in digestion is:
- protease
- lactase
- amylase
- HDL
lactase
*other brush border enzymes are: sucrase-isomaltase, lactase, maltase-glucoamylase, and trehalase
All of the following are inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease except:
- S-adenosylmethionine
- INK-1
- INK-6
- serum amyloid A
- S-adenosylmethionine
Which hormone released after stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is associated with accelerating the formation of plague?
- epinephrine
- cortisol
- norepinephrine
- angiotensin II
angiotensin II
Supplementation of which nutrient may be effective for acetaminphen toxicity?
- arginine
- NAC
- melatonin
- CoQ10
NAC
*And carbon monoxide poisoning
Which of the following functions is not associated with silicon?
- formation of bones
- cross linking action with elastin
- stimulation of osteoblast activity
- formation of cartilage
stimulation of osteoblast activity
When using alogioc model to shoe how a public health progam aligns with the missions and goals of an organiztion, there will typically be a flow chart with at least which three categories?
- mission, vision, goals
- inputs outputs, outcomes
- objectives, inputs, outputs
inputs, outputs, outcomes
Free radicals take electrons from all of the following except:
- calcitriol
- DNA
- protein
- PUFAs
calcitriol
which antioxidant is most effective in rapidly eliminating hydroxyl radicals prior to initiation of oxidative damage?
Vit C
What mineral is the most abundant cation in the human body?
Ca
What substance can improve Ca absorption?
lactose
___ is secreted in response to low plasma Ca concentratiuons and acts on teh kidneys to increase synthesis of ____, which promotes renal reabsorption of Ca.
PTH, calcitriol
The binding protein that regulates many of the calcium dependent enzymes is:
= calcitonin
- calmodulin
- albumin
- globulin
calmodulin
Which mineral, when combined with unabsorbed dietary fat, forms soaps that cannot be absorbed and are excreted in the feces?
- Ca
- sulphur
- potassium
- chloride
Ca
What mineral regulates body fluid pH by reacting with secreted hydrogen ions, releasing sodium ions in the process?
phosphorus
Which two minerals are the major part of the crystal, hydroxyapatiie, formed in ossification of bone?
Ca and phosphorus
Which mineral participate sin all aspects of energy metabolism including glycolysis, beta-oxidation, and teh TCA cycyle?
- Ca
- fe
- Mg
- sulphur
Mg
Which statement is false?
- about half of Mg in the body is associated with bones
- intracellular and serum Mg levels are rigidly maintained
- Mg in cells is associated with phospholipids and proteins
- Mg metabolism is regulated by several hormones
D
In muscle contraction the roles of Ca and Mg are antagonistsic, with ___ promoting the process and ____ bing the inhibitor
Ca, Mg
Water accounts for what % of body weight in a normal adult?
60%
What percentage of blood volume is circulated through the kidneys?
25%
Dietary intake of which mineral correlates positively with BP?
- Mg
- Ca
- potassium
- Sodium
Sodium
A clinically useful parameter in establishing metabolic disorders that can alter electrolyte balance is:
- blood urea nitrogen
- creatuinine
- homeostatic ion regulation
- anion gap
anion gap
Which mineral serves as th major intracellular fluid cation?
-= Ca
- Chloride
- Na
- potassium
potassium
Which is the chieef cation of intraccellular fluid for which maintenance of normal levels is essential to life of the cells?
- Ca
- Na
- potassium
- bicoarbonate
potassium
Which mineral is teh most abundatn anion found in extracellular fluid?
- Sodium
- chloride
- phosphorus
- Mg
chloride
what is the major function of chloride?
- protein synthesis in cells
- the principal intracellular electrolyte
- maintenance of gastric acidity
maintenance of gastric acidity
A client uses diuretics is at risk for:
metabolic alkalosis
*Diuretics increase urinary acid excretion which may result in metabolic alkalosis if overused
Mg requires the environment of other nutrients - especiallly ___ and ___
Ca and Zinc
*Mg is the key partner as a counterpart of calcium: Mg being the “relaxing” parasympathetic partner with the “contracting” and sympathetic promotion of Ca.
Supplementation of which nutrient may help alleviate [post-exercise delayed onset muscle soreness?
- CoQ10
- arginine
- omega-3 fatty acids
- carnitine
omega-3 fatty acids
*may also help in concussion injuries by reducing inflammation
Hepcidin synthesis in increased by:
- iron loading
- anemia
- erythropoeisis
- hypoxia
iron loading
(hepcidin synthesis increases in response to iron and inflammation and decreases un response to erythopoiesis
ng reabsorption What does aldosterone do?
- increase reabsorption of Na in the kidneys
- increase reabsorption of potassium in the kidneys
- increases secretion of water from kidneys
- stimulates the production of ADH
- increase reabsorption of Na in the kidneys
*Aldosterone keeps Na and K in your blood balanced by increasing reabsorption of Na in the kidneys, which helps control your BP and balance of flkuids in your body.
WHich nutrient do ACE inhibitors deplete?
Zinc
Which B vitamins have a TUL?
Folate - 1,000 ug
B6 - 100 mg
Sacchrin is ….
sweet n low
what nutrient is responsible for the color of BAT (brown adipose tissue)?
iron
WHich of the following hormones respond to reduced blood pressure?
- ADH and GH
- ADH and aldosterone
- Calcitonin and OPTH
- TSH and PTH
- ADH and aldosterone
All of the following should be avoided after passing a kidney stone except:
- fruit juice
- organ meats
- eggs
- sardines
Eggs
*the others are high purine foods
Primary action of GABA is to:
relax the lower esophageal sphincter
Odynophagia
painful swallowing
Vegetarian and low fat diets are most liekly to increase the formation of:
- HDL
- Small VLDL
- large VLDL
- IDL
large VLDL
*The large bouyant VLDL particle is believed to be NON-atherogenic
The bioavailability of phosphorus may be most reduced by:
- dietary fats
- the concurrent ingestion of Vit D
- teh concuirrent ingestion of Calcium
- dietary fiber
The concurrent ingestion of Ca
*The bioavailability of phosphorus is enhance by the concurrent ingestion of Vit D
The nutrient deficiency most common in individuals with heart failure?
Mg
Your diabetic client is experiencing nerve pain. Which supplement would you recommend?
- ALA
- 5HTP
- actyl-l-carninine
- nattokinaser
ALA is an antioxidant that may help nerve related pain in a diabeteic
The product of enterokinase reactions is:
tryspin
Dietary fats and oils primarily are composed of:
triglycerides
The plasmalemma does not incorporate:
a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin E.
c. cholesterol.
d. phospholipids.
a. vitamin A.
The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called:
a. neoplasia.
b. aplasia.
c. hyperplasia.
d. atrophy.
b. aplasia.
The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is:
a. hyperostosis.
b. osteoporosis.
c. rickets.
d. secondary hyperparathyroidism.
d. secondary hyperparathyroidism.
Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:
a. lipoproteins.
b. phospholipids.
c. fecal fat.
d. bile acids.
d. bile acids.
Vitamin B 12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid:
a. alanine.
b. valine.
c. methionine.
d. tyrosine.
b. valine.
Copper is a component of:
a. alkaline phosphatase.
b. glycosyl transferase.
c. ceruloplasmin.
d. glucose tolerance factor.
c. ceruloplasmin.
The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:
a. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B 12 .
b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B 12 .
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
d. biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B 12
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
B1, B2, B3, & B5
Meta-analysis is a quantitative approach for systematically combining the results of previous, non-definitive research in order to:
a. improve the quality of the research data.
b. allow a conclusion to be drawn.
c. identify studies with positive results.
d. improve the power of the research.
b. allow a conclusion to be drawn.
The dietary fatty acid considered to be essential is:
Linoleic acid: safflower, sunflower, corn, soybean, sesame, hemp and pumpkin oils
Chromium influences plasma glucose concentrations by stimulating:
myocyte sodium-glucose transport
Most of the activated folic acid in the human body is in the form of:
a. folate.
b. folacin.
c. S-adenosylmethionine.
d. methyltetrahydrofolic acid.
d. methyltetrahydrofolic acid.
25-OHD 3 is converted to 1,25-(OH) 2 D 3 by:
a. neurons.
b. sunlight.
c. hepatocytes.
d. renal cells.
d. renal cells.
Selenium is a required cofactor for:
a. NADP reductase.
b. glutathione reductase.
c. glutathione transferase.
d. glutathione peroxidase.
d. glutathione peroxidase.
The protein intake standard the USRDA uses to reflect protein quality is the:
a. biological value.
b. net protein utilization.
c. protein efficiency ratio.
d. chemical score.
c. protein efficiency ratio.
Intake of chromium below 30 μg/day has been associated with decreased:
a. skeletal mass.
b. glucose tolerance.
c. lean tissue mass.
d. muscle glycogen content.
a. skeletal mass.
During gestation, dietary requirements are increased for:
a. vitamin A.
b. pyridoxine and pantothenic acid.
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.
d. vitamin D.
c. thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.
*B1, B2, & B3
Some nutrient requirements are greater during lactation than during pregnancy; however, the requirements are the same for:
a. B-vitamins.
b. calcium and iron.
c. fluoride and zinc.
d. vitamins A and C.
b. calcium and iron.
The caloric equivalent of one gram of lean tissue is approximately:
a. 1 Kcal.
b. 2 Kcal.
c. 4 Kcal.
d. 9 Kcal.
a. 1 Kcal.
Among the members of the following ethnic group, hypertensive individuals usually are salt-sensitive:
a. elderly African-Americans.
b. elderly Caucasian-Americans.
c. young African-Americans.
d. young Caucasian-Americans.
a. elderly African-Americans.
Diet assessment of a population can be used to:
a. identify common dietary problems.
b. solve common dietary problems.
c. implement guidelines for individuals.
d. determine general characteristics
d. determine general characteristics
To minimize the risk of foodborne illness, the maximum number of days for which poultry should be refrigerated is:
a. two (2).
b. three (3).
c. four (4).
d. five (5).
3
Use of a thiazide diuretic drug may produce a low plasma concentration of:
a. calcium.
b. potassium.
c. uric acid.
d. phosphorus.
b. potassium.
Altered metabolism of pyridoxine in chronic alcoholism results from:
a. increased aldehyde oxidase activity.
b. decreased aldehyde oxidase activity.
c. unchanged aldehyde oxidase activity.
d. decreased excretion of pyridoxine
a. increased aldehyde oxidase activity.
In individuals with amyloidosis, there is abnormal deposition within various organs and tissues of:
a. carbohydrate.
b. fat.
c. protein.
d. minerals.
c. protein.
Epidemiologic data suggest that decreased mortality from heart disease accompanies increased consumption of the antioxidant:
a. selenium.
b. vitamin E.
c. ȕ-carotene.
d. vitamin C.
b. vitamin E.
In individuals with chronic alcoholism, protection may be afforded against the fatty infiltration of the liver caused by alcoholism by maintaining adequate dietary intake of:
a. vitamin A.
b. thiamin.
c. choline.
d. para-ami no-benzoic acid.
c. choline.
Dumping syndrome is accompanied by symptoms of:
a. faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration.
b. acute gastritis.
c. peptic ulcer disease.
d. intestinal malabsorption
a. faintness, weakness, and profuse perspiration.
Nutrition support via enteral intubation may be contraindicated in the presence of any of the following conditions, except:
a. congestive heart failure.
b. bilateral pedal decubitus ulceration.
c. instability of sternal wound.
d. pneumonia.
b. bilateral pedal decubitus ulceration.
The nutritional history of a child over 3 years may be reflected in the child’s:
a. head circumference.
b. weight.
c. height.
d. waist circumference.
c. height.
Muscle protein content can be estimated from measurements of:
a. serum albumin concentration.
b. mi d-chest circumference.
c. urinary creatinine excretion.
d. serum transferrin concentration.
c. urinary creatinine excretion.
The breath hydrogen test is a useful diagnostic tool in the identification of individuals suffering from:
a. gluten enteropathy.
b. pancreatitis.
c. lactose intolerance.
d. cystic fibrosis.
c. lactose intolerance.
The growth-limiting amino acid in soy protein is:
a. methionine.
b. phenylalanine.
c. cystine.
d. alanine.
a. methionine.
Assessing overall dietary status by hair analysis is:
a. untrustworthy for most nutrients.
b. accurate for most nutrients.
c. independent of hair color.
d. independent of hair length.
a. untrustworthy for most nutrients.
An increase in the serum concentration of unconjugated bilirubin may be caused by metabolic dysfunction in the:
a. liver.
b. gallbladder.
c. pancreas.
d. Kidney
a. liver.
