study sciences Flashcards
what is a case study?
an article that describes and interprets an individual case often written in the form of a detailed story
what is the hierarchy of studies from least important to most important?
case report case control study cohort study randomized control trial practice guidelines systematic review meta-analysis
what is a case control study?
compares pts w/ diseases w/ pts who don’t have them and looks back RETROSPECTIVELY to determine risk factors
what is a cohort study?
one or more samples are followed PROSPECTIVELY and evaluations about disease are conducted to determine risk factors
what is a randomized controlled trial?
randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or control group w/ the only difference the outcome variable
what are practice guidelines?
statement that outlines current best practice to inform health care professionals and patients in making clinical decisions
what is a systematic review?
comprehensive review of all relevant studies on a particular clinical or health-related topic/question
what is a meta-analysis?
systematically combining pertinent qualitative and quantitative study data from several selected studies to develop a single conclusion that has greater statistical power
what is a Type 1 (alpha) error?
null hypothesis true in reality
research the alternative hypothesis is true
what is a type 2 (beta) error?
alternative hypothesis is true in reality
the null hypothesis is true in research
what is a P-value and what value is statistically significant?
states how unlikely it is that the result occurred simply by chance if the null hypothesis is true
<0.05
what is the formula for RR (relative risk)?
(risk of treatment group)/ (risk of non-treatment group)= RR
what is the formula for ARR (absolute risk reduction)?
(risk of non-treatment group)- (risk of treatment group)= ARR
what is the formula for RRR (relative risk reduction)?
ARR/ (risk of non-treatment group)= RRR
what is the formula for NNT (number needed to treat)?
100/ARR= NNT
What is the formula for Odds Ratio?
(procedure 1 outcome 1/ procedure 1 outcome 2) (procedure 2 outcome 1/ procedure 2 outcome 2)
*1= no statistical difference b/w groups
Correlation does NOT EQUAL __________
Causation
What is correlation?
the magnitude of the relationship b/w different variables
what is regression?
makes a prediction or causal inference
