Study Questions For Unit 3 Flashcards
How does atherosclerosis cause hypertension??
Atherosclerosis decreases blood flow to the kidney causing release of renin and then renin converts into angiotensin (1, then 2)..angiotensin 2 causes the adrenals to secrete aldosterone which causes na+ retention water following na+ releasing k+ increasing blood pressured
What are the common causes of pyelonephritis??
Most serious tract infection.
Bacterial infection the spreads retrograde from the lower urinary tract-> E. Coli 75-95% of cases
Bacteria from one infection in body spreading through blood stream to urethra (acute)
(Chronic) intense inflammation causes abscesses to form in renal pelvis and interstitial tissue..fibrosis present
Describe the manifestations and treatments for pyelonephritis.
Manifestations: fever, flank pain, UA-leukocytosis, pyuria,
^ bacteria and wbc..dysuria, urinary urgency, and ^ frequency
Treatment: antibiotics, alleviation of reflux obstruction and other infection, renal dialysis if severe
What is the usual cause of glomerulonephritis?
-usual cause will be an immune mediated injury: group a streptococci-> strep throat and strep skin lesion
Describe the pathology of glomerulonephritis?
- it will initial strep infection
- immune complexes damage glomerular basement membrane and cause it to become more permeable
- acute inflammatory response: leak WBC, RBC and plasma proteins
Manifest: Urinary- hematuria, dark urine & oliguria, Edema- hypoproteinemia and NA+ and fluid retention, Hypertension
What may cause renal failure ??
- impaired blood flow to the kidneys: severe burns, blood or fluid loss, heart attack, sever dehydration, sever anaphylaxis
- damage to kidneys: emboli, glomerulonephritis, lupus, toxins
- Urine blockage in the kidneys: bladder, cervical,colon emboli in the urinary tract, kidney stones, BPH
Describe manifestations and treatment for renal failure??
- lab findings: ^ BUN, Uric acid, creatine, and ammonia
- decrease pH
- abnormal electrolyte levels
- chronic: anemia decrease erythropoietin
Treatment: hemodialysis (acute, chronic, and end-stage(transplant)
What are the differences between restrictive and obstructive lung disease?
- Restrictive: decrease volumes during PFT , Lesion: alveoli, internal chest wall, external chest wall, primarily occurs during inspiration (it’s difficult to fully fill lungs with air) ex:ARDS, Ptx, Scoliosis
- Obstructive: decrease flow rates during PFT, Lesion: usually in the airways, Primarily occurs during exhalation (it’s difficult to exhale all the air in the lungs) ex: COPD, emphysema, bronchitis, airway inflammation will cause obstruction
What may cause an asthma attack??
-allergens, infections, stress, emotion , noxious fumes, cold air physical exertion
Pathology: trigger agent causes: mast cells to degranulate and release histamine, IgE and antigen attach to cell, Direct stimulation of parasympathetic nerve fibers by irritant, histamine causes inflammatory reaction, construction of smooth muscle -> bronchospasm
Describe the 3 manifestations of airway inflammation??
- Mucosal adema
- Bronchospasm
- Production of thick mucus: encroach on the airway linen, harder for air to flow through airways ( harder to get O2 in and harder to get CO2 out
How is COPD treated??
-it can be various ways that can be treated if you are a smoker then smoking cessation is a must, bronchodilator may be used, steroids inhaled or oral, oxygen therapy and even surgery could occur.
Describe 3 ways that pulmonary adema can occur and tell how each is treated??
- Congestive heart failure due to poor pumping function (treated by using diuretics water pills along with other medications for heart failure)
- ARDS-alveoli become compromised as a result of underlying inflammatory response, and this leads to leaky alveoli that can fill up with fluid from the blood vessels. Treated by a mechanical breathing machine.
- pulmonary embolism-(blood clot which has traveled to the lungs), transfusion-related acute lung injury
What factors can cause a pulmonary embolism??
- deep veins of the legs (deep venous thrombosis)
- fatty tissue from the marrow of long bones (fracture occurs)
-heart failure, prolonged sitting, coagulation disorders, trauma,
Describe the pathology of emphysema??
-proteolytic enzymes activated in the lung(genetic deficiency of alpha 1 antitrypsin)
-proteolytic enzymes cause:
•Destruction of alveolar septa( adjacent alveoli fuse=big hyper-in later alveoli)
•Destruction of pulmonary capillary bed (obstruction of pulmonary artery, less surface area for gas exchange)
•destruction of elastic tissue in alveolar walls ( inflate easily, but don’t return to normal shape during exhalation) air cannot be adequately exhaled (air trapping) O2 decreased and CO2 increase filling up the lungs
Describe two common types of bronchogenic carcinoma??
-squamous cell carcinomas: tumors develop in the large central airways, most common form of lung cancer seen in smokers
Adenocarcinoma: tumors arise from grandular cells in the peripheral airways, invade in pleura, chest wall, and mediastinal structures
What signs do TB and lung cancer have in common??
continuous cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, fever, chest pain, dyspnea, and loss of appetite) and radiological images are similar
How is TB treated??
- prevents further transmission of TB
- four drugs should be used with treating TB : isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethbutol
Which gland is the master gland??
-the pituitary gland because its hormones control other parts of the endocrine system, namely the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes.
What is pneumoconiosis?
-environmentally induced interstitial lung disease resulting from inhaling particulate matter.
Etiology: occupational exposure, coals liner pneumoconiosis, silicosis, asbestos
Pathology: macrophages ability to scavenge particles is overwhelmed(load of dust is severe) causes chronic inflammatory process, results in fibrosis, scar tissue
What is the proper name for valley fever??
-San Joaquin valley fever also is known as coccidioidomycosis ( fungal disease caused by coccidioides immitis) spore is inhales when dust from soil is aerosolized
Define respiratory failure and state how it is treated??
- any disease process or injury that interferes with gas exchange oxygen levels decrease and CO2 levels increase
- mechanical ventilation is used to treat it
What usually causes 1 croup and 2 epiglottitis??
-
Name the hormones and their functions for each of the endocrine glands?? I’m
- thymus: This gland makes white blood cells called T-lymphocytes that fight infection and are crucial as a child’s immune system develops. The thymus starts to shrink after puberty.
- pituitary:(master gland) over sees other glands and maintain the levels for each one
- Adrenal: regulates sat water and blood pressure
- thyroid and parathyroid: tsh to regulate metabolism and maintain blood calcium levels(para)
- Ovary: secrete female hormones estrogen and progesterone
- Testis: sex hormones like testosterone.
What are the manifestations of hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism??
- hyper: gigantism excess growth hormone before puberty( excessive linear growth long bones, all growth parameters affected hand feet head, decreases mental and sexual development
- hypo: depends on which hormones are lost, extent of hormone deficiency, short stature and height , usually mentally sharp
