Study Questions

Question 1

The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client’s emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as:

Paradoxical Intention
Reconfiguration
Confrontation
Systematic Desensitization

Answer 1

Paradoxical Intention

Question 2

Counselors know that groups are formed for different purposes. For example, in some groups the primary goal is to yield some specified outcome, or “product,” while in others the primary goal is to focus on the “process” of interaction within the group. Which of the following types of groups is more product than process oriented?

Behavioral
Client Centered
Adlerian
Transactional-analysis

Answer 2

Behavioral

Question 3

In attempting to understand the life perspectives and characteristics of their clients, some counselors use Kohlberg’s theory of moral development as a theoretical framework. These counselors know that Kohlberg’s theory includes three progressive levels culminating in:

• principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior
• personhood, wherein the individual is free from moral dilemmas
• self-actualization, wherein the individual is fully humanistic
• androgyny, wherein the individual exhibits both male and female stereotypic behaviors

Answer 3

principled thought, wherein the individual adopts a self-accepted set of standards of behavior

Question 4

A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?

Variable Interval
Fixed Interval
Fixed Ratio
Variable Ratio

Answer 4

Variable Ratio

Question 5

Research on the development of a person in a so-called “humanistic life outlook” has shown that it is facilitated by:

formal educational experiences
observational learning experiences
diverse interpersonal interactions
All of the Above

Answer 5

All of the Above

Question 6

When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in “assertiveness training,” initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as:

dissociation
acculturation
cognitive dissonance
individuation

Answer 6

cognitive dissonance

Question 7

“Men (used here to mean all people) are disturbed not by things, but by the view which they take of them.” This quote, attributable to Epictetus, most closely describes the counseling theory developed by:

Carkhuff
Freud
Rogers
Ellis

Answer 7

Ellis

Question 8

The counseling technique in which the counselor intensifies the client’s emotional state in order to help the client understand the irrationality of the emotional reaction is known as:

Paradoxical Intention
Reconfiguration
Confrontation
Systematic Desensitization

Answer 8

Paradoxical Intention

Question 9

In the context of group counseling, members that are high in conformity also tend to be high in:

Superiority
Independence
Authoritarianism
Intelligence

Answer 9

Authoritarianism

Question 10

A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a “fields and levels” approach to careers is following the theory of:

Tiedeman
Holland
Super
Roe

Answer 10

Roe

Question 11

The concept of “career maturity” has been described and researched most extensively by:

Ginzberg
Hoyt
Tiedeman
Crites

Answer 11

Crites

Question 12

Person A and Person B both took the same test. Person A got a score of 100 while Person B got a score of 75. In order for a counselor to determine whether the difference between their scores was because of “chance,” the counselor would need to know which of the following characteristics of the test:

Standard Error of Measurement
Standard Error of the Mean
Mean
Standard Deviation

Answer 12

Standard Error of Measurement

Question 13

A person got a score of 85 on a norm-referenced test. This means that the person:

• insufficient information
• mastered 85% of the material covered in the test
• achieved a score of better than 83% of those taking the test
• answered 83 questions correctly

Answer 13

insufficient information

Question 14

A counselor conducted a study intended to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing group career counseling on the vocational maturity of high school sophomores. The study was begun in September and continued until June. This study is particularly susceptible to which of the following threats to the validity of an experiment?

Reactive effects of experimentation
Multiple treatment interference
Regression
Maturation

Answer 14

Maturation

Question 15

A counselor designs a study where two experimental groups and one control group complete pre- and post-experiment measures of self-concept. The subjects were not randomly assigned to the groups because of scheduling problems. Which of the following techniques is MOST appropriate for analyzing the resultant data?

Correlated t-tests
Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test
Analysis of covariance
Analysis of variance

Answer 15

Analysis of covariance

Question 16

You have been providing career counseling to a client who is seeking employment. Concurrent with the counseling, and with your knowledge, the client has made application for employment with several employers. A potential employer calls you and asks for your opinion as to your client’s suitability for the employer’s job opening. Under which of the following conditions are you free; i.e., not in violation of professional ethics, to provide the information requested?

• When you are certain that the information you would provide would assure that the client would get the job
• When it is clear that the client will not get the job unless the information is given
• None of the Above
• When in your best judgment you believe the information would enhance the client’s chances for getting the job

Answer 16

None of the Above

Question 17

As applied to professional licensure of counselors, the term “reciprocity” means that:

• a licensed counselor may legally perform the functions of a licensed psychologist
• one licensing agency agrees to accept the licensing standards of another as sufficient for its own
• certification is synonymous with licensure
• graduation from a fully accredited counselor education program automatically constitutes eligibility for licensure

Answer 17

one licensing agency agrees to accept the licensing standards of another as sufficient for its own