Study of Matter Flashcards
A homogeneous mixture: (2)
- Is uniform throughout i.e. the components cannot be distinguished.
- Is also called a solution.
A heterogeneous mixture:
• Does not have the same composition, properties and appearance throughout i.e. the components can be distinguished.
Solids can be separated from liquids by means of _____.
filtration
The solid is collected in filter paper, and the solution, called the filtrate, passes through the filter paper and is collected in a flask.
What is distillation?
Distillation is a method used for purifying a volatile liquid product.
- The crude liquid reaction product is heated to a boil, the vapours rise and are condensed into a receiver.
- Nonvolatile impurities remain in the still pot.
What is fractional distillation?
Homogeneous liquid mixtures can be separated by fractional distillation.
• Distillation requires the different liquids to have different boiling points.
• In essence, each component of the mixture is boiled and collected and the lowest boiling fraction is collected first.
What is chromatography?
Chromatography is a technique used to separate substances on the basis of different abilities to adsorb to a surface and different solubility’s in a solvent.
What is Gas-Liquid chromatography (GLC) ?
The greater the affinity the component has for the liquid layer (stationary phase) the slower it moves.
The greater affinity the component has for the gas (mobile phase) the faster it moves.
What are physical properties?
Physical properties can be measured without changing composition of a substance. Eg. colour density melting point hardness...
What are chemical properties? (2)
- Chemical properties describe how substances react or change to form different substances.
- Chemical properties also tell us about a substance’s composition.
– Water is 11% by mass H
– Sodium corrodes in air
– Potassium perchlorate explodes when shocked
– NH4NO3 decomposes when heated….
What are intensive properties?
• Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of substance present.
e.g.
temperature
melting point….
What are extensive properties?
• Extensive properties depend on the quantity of substance present.
e.g.
mass
volume….
What is an amorphous solid?
• An amorphous solid is a solid in which there is no long-range order of the positions of the atoms.
• Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are called _____.
crystalline
(i) Cations formed from a metal have the same name as the metal.
Eg.
Li+ = lithium ion K+ = potassium ion Mg2+ = magnesium ion Ca2+ = calcium ion
• These are monoatomic ions i.e. ions formed from a single atom.
(ii) If a metal can form cations of differing charges, the positive charge is given by a ____ numeral in parentheses following the name of the metal.
Eg.?
Examples:
Fe2+ = iron(II) ion Cu+ = copper(I) ion
Fe3+ = iron(III) ion Cu2+ = copper(II) ion.
• Most of the metals that have variable charges are transition metals.
An alternative nomenclature method uses the endings ___ and ___ to represent the lower and higher charged ions, respectively.
-ous
-ic
Examples:
Fe2+ = ferrous ion Cu+ = cuprous ion
Fe3+ = ferric ion Cu2+ = cupric ion
(iii) Cations formed from nonmetal atoms have names that end in ___.
Eg.?
-ium. Examples: NH4+ = ammonium ion H3O+ = hydronium ion • These are polyatomic ions i.e. ions formed from more than one type of atom atom.
(i) Monoatomic anions have names formed by dropping the ending of the name of the element and adding the ending ____.
Eg.?
-ide Examples: Monoatomic Polyatomic F- = fluoride ion OH- = hydroxide ion H- = hydride ion CN- = cyanide ion O2- = oxide ion O22- = peroxide ion N3- = nitride ion
(ii) Polyatomic anions containing oxygen have names that end in ___ or ___. The one with more oxygen is called ___.
Eg.?
-ate or -ite
-ate
Examples:
NO3- = nitrate ion SO42- = sulfate ion
NO2- = nitric ion SO32- = sulfite ion
• Polyatomic anions containing oxygen are called oxyanions.
(iii) Prefixes are used when the series of oxyanions of an element extends to four members, as with
the halogens.
___ indicates one more “O” atom than the oxyanion ending in ___.
____ indicates one less “O” atom than the oxyanion ending in ___.
Per-
-ate
Hypo-
-ite
Example:
ClO4- = perchlorate ion (one more than chlorate)
ClO3- = chlorate ion
ClO2- = chlorite ion (one less O than chlorate)
ClO - = hypochlorite (one less O than chlorite)
(iii) Anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding as a prefix the word _____ or ______, as appropriate.
Eg.?
hydrogen dihydrogen Examples: CO32- = carbonate ion HCO3- = hydrogen carbonate ion (bicarbonate ion)
SO42- = sulfate ion HSO4- = hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate ion)
• Names of ionic compounds are the ____ name followed by the anion name.
Eg.?
Examples:
BaBr2 Barium bromide
Al(NO3)3 Aluminium nitrate
Cu(ClO4)2 Copper(II) perchlorate Cupric perchlorate
What is an acid?
An acid is defined as a substance whose molecules yield hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.
i) Anions whose names end in -ide have an associated acid that have a ____ prefix and and ___ ending.
hydro-
-ic
