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A&P Ch 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex > Study notes > Flashcards

Study notes Flashcards

1
Q

The peripheral nervous system gathers input from?

A

sensory receptors

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2
Q

The PNS sends motor output where?

A

to effectors

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3
Q

Provide links from and to the world outside our bodies

A

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

What does the PNS include?

A

All neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What are the neural structures outside the brain and spinal cord the PNS include?

A

sensory receptors, peripheral nerves and associated ganglia, efferent motor endings

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6
Q

How are sensory receptors activated?

A

by changes in the internal and external environment

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7
Q

What are environmental changes called?

A

stimuli

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8
Q

Awareness of stimulus

A

Sensations

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9
Q

Interpretation of the meaning of the stimulus

A

Perception

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10
Q

Where does sensation and perception occur?

A

In the brain

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11
Q

What are 3 ways to classify sensory receptors?

A

type of stimulus they detect, by their body location, and by their structural complexity

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12
Q

How are stimulus type classified?

A

named according to the activating stimulus

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13
Q

Respond to mechanical force such as touch, pressure (bp), vibration, and stretch

A

Mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

Respond to temperature changes

A

Thermoreceptors

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15
Q

Of the retina of the eye, respond to light

A

Photoreceptorsthose

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16
Q

Respond to chemicals in solution (molecules smelled or tasted, or changes in blood or interstitial fluid chemistry)

A

Chemoreceptors

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17
Q

respond to potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain

A

Nociceptors

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18
Q

Receptors can be grouped into three receptor classes according to what?

A

location and location of activating stimulation

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19
Q

What are the 3 receptor classes according to location?

A

Exteroceptors, interoceptors, and proprioceptors

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20
Q

Exteroceptors

A

sensitive to stimuli arising outside of the body such as touch, pressure, pain, and temperature in the skin and most receptors of special senses (vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, and taste)

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21
Q

Interoceptors

A

visceroceptors; respond to stimuli w/i the body such as internal visceral and blood vessels

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22
Q

What stimuli do interoceptors monitor?

A

chemical changes, tissue stretch, temperature

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23
Q

Interoceptors activity causes us to feel what?

A

pain, discomfort, hunger, thirst

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24
Q

Proprioceptors

A

respond to internal stimuli

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25
Q

T or F. Proprioceptors have a more restricted location

A

True

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26
Q

Where do proprioceptors occur?

A

skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, connective tissue coverings of bones and muscles

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27
Q

What do proprioceptors advise our brain about?

A

body movements by monitoring how much the organs are stretched

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28
Q

The majority of sensory receptors belong to what?

A

general senses

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29
Q

What is considered our special senses?

A

vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste

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30
Q

Where are receptors for the special senses housed?

A

complex sense organs

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31
Q

How are receptors classified structurally?

A

simple and complex receptors

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32
Q

General sensory receptors are involved in ?

A

tactile sensation, temperature monitoring, pain, muscle sense provided by proprioceptors

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33
Q

What are general sensory receptors anatomically?

A

nerve endings that are nonencapsulated (free) or encapsulated nerve endings

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34
Q

What type of nerve endings are present nearly everywhere in the body?

A

Nonencapsulated (free or naked) nerve endings

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35
Q

Nonencapsulated (free or naked) nerve endings are particularly abundant where?

A

epithelial and connective tissue

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36
Q

Nonencapsulated (free or naked) nerve endings respond chiefly to what?

A

temperature and painful stimuli; some respond to tissue movements caused by pressure

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37
Q

What are 2 examples of nonencapsulated nerve endings?

A

Tactile (Merkel) discs and hair follicle receptors

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38
Q

What are Tactile (Merkel) discs function?

A

function as light touch

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39
Q

What are Tactile (Merkel) discs?

A

Enlarged, disc-shaped epidermal cells

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40
Q

Free nerve endings that wrap basket-like around hair follicles

A

Hair follicle receptors

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41
Q

What do hair follicles detect?

A

bending of hairs (light touch receptors)

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42
Q

What do encapsulated nerve endings consist of?

A

One or more fiber terminals of sensory neurons enclosed in a connective tissue capsule

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43
Q

What is another name for Tactile corpuscles?

A

Meissner’s carpuscles

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44
Q

Where are tactile corpuscles found?

A

beneath epidermis in dermal papillae

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45
Q

Where are tactile corpuscles numerous?

A

sensitive and hairless skin areas such as nipples, fingertips, soles of feet

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46
Q

Tactile corpuscles are receptors for what?

A

discriminative touch

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47
Q

What is another name for lamellar corpuscles?

A

Pascinian corpuscles

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48
Q

Where are lammelar (Pascinian) corpuscles found?

A

scattered deep in dermis and in subcutaneous tissue underlying the skin

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49
Q

What are lammelar (Pascinian) corpuscles stimulated by?

A

deep pressure

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50
Q

When does lammelar (Pascinian) corpuscles respond?

A

only when the pressure is first applied

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51
Q

What do lammelar (Pascinian) corpuscles monitor?

A

Vibration

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52
Q

What are the largest corpuscular receptors?

A

lammelar (Pascinian) corpuscles

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53
Q

Bulbous corpuscles are also known as?

A

Ruffini endings

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54
Q

Where do bulbous corpuscles/rufinni endings lie?

A

in the dermis, subcutaneous tissue, and joint capsules

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55
Q

What do bulbous corpuscles/rufinni endings respond to?

A

deep and continuous pressure

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56
Q

What do bulbous corpuscles/rufinni endings detect?

A

when a muscle is stretched and initiate a reflex that resists the stretch

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57
Q

Proprioceptors located in tendons, close to skeletal muscle insertion

A

(Golgi) tendon organs

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58
Q

What stimulate (Golgi) tendon organs?

A

associated muscle contract and stretches the tendon

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59
Q

What happens when the (Golgi) tendon organs are activated?

A

contracting muscle is inhibited, causing it to relax

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60
Q

Proprioceptors monitoring stretch in the articular capsules that enclose synovial joints are?

A

joint kinesthetic receptors

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61
Q

What are the 4 joint kinesthetic receptor types?

A

bulbous corpuscles/rufinni, lammelar (Pascinian) corpuscles, free nerve endings, receptors resembling (Golgi) tendon organs

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62
Q

Joint kinesthetic receptor types provide information on what?

A

joint position and motion

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63
Q

Cordlike organ that is a part of the PNS

A

nerve

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64
Q

Each nerve axon is surrounded by?

A

endoneurium

65
Q

An axon is also referred to as?

A

axon

66
Q

Delicate layer of loose connective tissue that also encloses the fiber’s associated Schwann cells, myelin sheath, neurilemma

A

endoneurium

67
Q

Coarser connective tissue wrapping that binds fascicles

A

perineurium

68
Q

Groups of axons (fibers) into bundles

A

fascicles

69
Q

Tough fibrous sheath that encloses all the fascicles to form the nerve

A

epineurium

70
Q

The PNS is divided into what divisions?

A

sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)

71
Q

Nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers and transmitting impulses both to and from the CNS are

A

Mixed nerves

72
Q

Nerves carrying impulses only toward the CNS

A

sensory (afferent) nerves

73
Q

Nerves carrying impulses away from the CNS

A

motor (efferent) nerves

74
Q

How are nerve fibers classified?

A

according to the region they innervate (somatic afferent, somatic efferent, visceral afferent, and visceral efferent)

75
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

76
Q

Nerves of smell

A

Olfactory nerve

77
Q

Nerve of vision; outgrowth of the brain

A

optic nerve

78
Q

Mean eye mover; supplies 4 of 6 extrinsic muscles that move the eyebal in orbit

A

Oculomotor nerve

79
Q

Innervates an extrinsic eye muscles that loops through pulley shaped ligament in the orbit

A

Trochlear nerve

80
Q

Three branches, largest of the cranial nerves; sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles

A

Trigeminal nerve

81
Q

Controls the extrinsic eye muscles that abducts the eyeball (turns it laterally)

A

Abducens nerve

82
Q

Innervates muscles of facial expressions

A

Facial nerve

83
Q

Sensory nerve for hearing and balance, formerly auditory nerve

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

84
Q

Means tongue and pharynx and helps innervate these structures

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

85
Q

Only cranial nerve to extend to the abdomen

A

Vagus nerve

86
Q

Accessory part of the vagus nerve; formerly called the spinal accessory nerve

A

Accessory nerve

87
Q

Runs inferior to the tongue and innervates some tongue moving muscles

A

Hypoglossal nerve

88
Q

What is the acronym to remember the order of cranial nerves?

A

On occasion, out trusty truck acts funny-very good vehicle any how

89
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

90
Q

Spinal nerves supply all parts of the body except what?

A

head and some areas of the neck

91
Q

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves are there?

A

8 pair (C1-C8)

92
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves?

A

12 (T1-T12)

93
Q

How many pairs of lumber nerves?

A

5 (L1-L5)

94
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves?

A

5 (S1-S5)

95
Q

How many pair of coccygeal nerves?

A

1 (C0)

96
Q

Each spinal nerve connects to the spinal cord by?

A

dorsal root and a ventral root

97
Q

Contains motor (efferent) fibers that extend to and innervate the skeletal muscles

A

Ventral roots

98
Q

Contains sensory (afferent) fibers

A

Dorsal roots

99
Q

Conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

100
Q

____ and ____ fibers mingle together in a spinal nerve, containing both ____ and ____ fibers

A

Motor, sensory

efferent, afferent

101
Q

The most important nerve from the cervical plexus

A

phrenic nerve

102
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves receive fibers from?

A

C3, C4, C5

103
Q

Supplies motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

104
Q

Chief muscle causing breathing movements

A

diaphragm

105
Q

Gives rise to virtually all the nerves that innervate the upper limbs

A

brachial plexus

106
Q

From medial to lateral, what are the four major groups of branches in the brachial plexus?

A 
ventral rami
trunks
divisions
cords
Really tired? Drink coffee acronym
107
Q

Five ____ (ventral ram C5-T1) unite to form ___, ___, and ____ trunks, each dividing almost immediately into and ____ and _____.

A

roots
upper, middle, and lower
anterior and posterior

108
Q

What happens all along the brachial plexus?

A

small nerves branch off

109
Q

The small nerves that branch off supply what part of the brachial plexus?

A

muscles and skin of the shoulder and superior thorax

110
Q

The brachial plexus ends where and gives rise to what?

A

axilla, main nerves of the upper limb

111
Q

What are the important branches of the brachial plexus

A

axillary, musculocutaneous, median, ulnar, radial nerves

112
Q

What area does the lumbosacral plexus serve?

A

mainly lower limb but sends some branches to the abdomen, pelvis, and buttock

113
Q

Lumbar plexus spinal nerves L1-L4 innervates parts of the what?

A

abdominal wall musles and the psoas muscle

114
Q

The sacral plexus arises from?

A

spinal nerves L4-S4

115
Q

The branches of the sacral plexus serves what area?

A

half serve the buttock and lower limb; the other innervate pelvic structures and the perineum

116
Q

What is the largest branch of the sacral plexus?

A

sciatic nerve

117
Q

The thickest and longest nerve in the body

A

sciatic nerve

118
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

entire lower limb except the anteromedial thigh

119
Q

Enables rapid and predictable responses

A

reflex arc

120
Q

Rapid, predictable motor response to a stimulus

A

inborn (intrinsic) reflex

121
Q

It’s unlearned, unpremeditated, involuntary, and built into our neural anatomy

A

inborn (intrinsic) reflex

122
Q

T or F We are aware of the final response of a basic reflex activity

A

T

123
Q

T or F Reflex activities go on without any awarenes on our part

A

T

124
Q

What kind of reflex results from practice or repetition?

A

learned (acquired) reflex

125
Q

What are the five essential components of the reflex arc?

A

receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, and effector

126
Q

What is the receptor of the reflex arc?

A

site of stimulus action

127
Q

Transmits afferent impulses to the CNS in the reflex arc

A

sensory center

128
Q

May be a single synapse between sensory neurons and a motor neuron or more complex reflex arcs involving multiple synapses with chains of interneurons; always within the CNS

A

Integration center

129
Q

May be a single synapse between sensory neurons and a motor neuron

A

monosynaptic reflex

130
Q

more complex reflex arcs involving multiple synapses with chains of interneurons

A

polysynaptic reflex

131
Q

Conducts efferent impulses from the integration center to an effector organ

A

motor neuron

132
Q

Muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to the efferent impulses (by contracting or secreting)

A

effector

133
Q

Reflexes classified functionally and activate skeletal muscle

A

somatic reflexes

134
Q

Reflexes that activate visceral effectors (smooth or cardiac muscle or glands)

A

autonomic (visceral) reflexes

135
Q

Somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord

A

Spinal reflexes

136
Q

T or F. Spinal reflexes occur without the involvement of higher brain centers

A

T

137
Q

Why is testing somatic reflexes important clinically?

A

to assess the conduction of the nervous system

138
Q

What do exaggerated, distorted, or absent reflexes indicates what?

A

degeneration or pathology of specific nervous system regions

139
Q

What two ways are muscle spindles stretched (and excited)?

A

By either applying an external force that lengthens the entire muscle
By activating the gamma motor neurons that stimulate the distal ends of the intrafusal fibers to contract. stretching the middle of the spindle (internal stretch)

140
Q

What does the stretch stimulus cause the antagonists to do?

A

Relax so they can’t resist the shortening of the stretched muscle

141
Q

Where is the stretch reflex most important?

A

large extensor muscles that sustain upright posture and in postural muscles of the trunk

142
Q

Stretch reflex is essential for what?

A

Normal muscles tone and activity

143
Q

How is the patellar or knee jerk reflex elicited?

A

striking the patellar tendon

144
Q

What happens when the patellar tendon is striked?

A

tendon stretches quadriceps
stimulate muscle spindle
quadriceps contract
inhibits antagonist, the hamstrings

145
Q

Stretch reflexes can be elicited in any skeletal muscle by doing what?

A

suddenly striking its tendon or muscle itself

146
Q

All stretch reflexes are?

A

monosynaptic and ipsilateral

147
Q

Is the golgi tendon reflex polysynaptic?

A

Yes

148
Q

What happens to the muscle in a golgi tendon reflex?

A

the muscle relaxes and lengthens in response to contraction

149
Q

Motor neurons in the spinal cord circuits supplying the contracting muscle are inhibited and antagonist muscles are activated

A

Reciprocal activation

150
Q

In the golgi tendon reflex, the contracting muscle ____ as the antagonist is ______

A

relaxes, activated

151
Q

Protect muscles and tendons subjected to possibly damaging stretching force from tearing and help ensure smooth onset and termination of muscle contraction

A

Golgi tendon reflex

152
Q

Initiated by painful stimulus and causes automatic withdrawal of the threatened body part from the stimulus

A

flexor reflex or withdrawal reflex

153
Q

Important to our survival, override the spinal pathways and prevent any other reflexes from using them at the same time

A

protective reflexes

154
Q

Complex spinal reflex consisting of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflex and a contralateral extensor reflex

A

crossed extensor reflex

155
Q

What is an example of a crossed extensor reflex?

A

stepping barefoot on broken glass

156
Q

What is important in maintaining balance?

A

crossed extensor reflex

157
Q

Elicited by gentle cutaneous stimulation, produced by stroking the skin with a tongue depressor

A

superficial reflexes

158
Q

What are two examples of superficial reflexes

A

plantar, abdominal reflexes

A&P Ch 13 The Peripheral Nervous System and Reflex (1 decks)

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