study material Flashcards
cells
the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created
cellular function
processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein synthesis, and movement
organelle
specialized part of a cell that has a specific function
organ
a self-contained part of a cell that performs a specific function
tissue
a group of cells with similar structure that functions together as a unit, but a lower level than organs
alveoli
tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs
asthma
a lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing
bronchi
the main passageways directly attached to the lungs
bronchioles
small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli
cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infection
perfusion
the passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue
pleura
a membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity
surfactant
a fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs
tidal volume
amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation
trachea
the windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs
ventilation
the movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation
arteries
blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body
capillary
small blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules
diastole
the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood
heart
muscle that pumps blood throughout the body
hemoglobin
the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
leukocyte
white blood cells - protect body against disease
lymph
clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight against disease
lymphocyte
a subtype of white blood cells found in lymph
plasma
the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body
systole
the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood
vein
blood vessels that carry blood to the heart
anus
opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled
bolus
a mass of food that had been chewed and swallowed
chyme
a semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine
enzymatic digestion
the breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption
gall bladder
organ that stores bile
large intestine
“colon” - where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination
liver
organ that produces bile, regulated glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions
mouth
oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal
pancreas
gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices
peristalsis
a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
rectum
last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus
saliva
clear liquid found in the mouth, “spit”
small intestine
part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs
stomach
organ between that esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs
parietal cells
cells that produce acid in the stomach
pyloric splinchter
valve through which chyme passes from stomach to duodenum
autonomic nervous system
part of the peripheral NS that regulated unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart beat
axon
a nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body
contraction
process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in a muscle
nerve
bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord
reflex
involuntary action to a stimulus
relaxation
release of tension in a muscle
synapse
structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands
voluntary
with intentional control
cervix
the passage that forms the lower part of the uterus
estrogen
female sex hormone
fallopian tubes
tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
ovary
organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction
penis
organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body
prostate
gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen that enhances motility and fertility of sperm
scrotum
pouch of skin that contains the testes
testes
organs that produce sperm
testosterone
hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics
urethra
tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body
vagina
tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix
vas deferens
duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra
constrict
to become narrower
dermis
middle layer of skin
dilate
to become wider
epidermis
out layer of skin
excretion
elimination of metabolic waste from the body
gland
organ that secretes a substance
integumentary system
organ system comprised of skin, hair, and nails (and some glands)
skin
thin layer of tissue that covers the body
subcutaneous
under the dermis
sweat
perspiration excreted from sweat glands through the skin
adrenal gland
gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions
hormone
chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulated specific processes in the body
parathyroid gland
an endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone
pineal gland
small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin
pituitary gland
endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development
thymus
lymphoid organ that produces T-cells
thyroid gland
gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate
kidneys
pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood
nephron
part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion
renal arteries
two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidney
renal cortex
outer layer of kidney
renal medulla
innermost part of the kidney
renal pelvis
center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter
renal vein
a vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava
renin
an enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries
urea
main nitrogenous part of urine
ureter
duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder
urinary bladder
structure that stores urine in the body until elimination
urine
liquid waste matter excreted by kidneys
antibody
blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen
antigens
substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them, to the body, as being native/foreign
antimicrobial
a substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro-organisms with minimal damage to the host
B-cell
lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens
barrier
a divider between parts of the body
complement
the group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens
dendritic cell
antigen-presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T-cells
immunoglobulin
antibody
innate immune system
a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens
macrophages
large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
memory cell
a lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction
phagocytosis
ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte
plasma cell
white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody
T-cell
white blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response
bone
hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton
brittle bone disease
a group of diseases that affects collagen and results in fragile bones
canaliculi
microscoping canals in ossified bone
cartilage
tough, elastic connective tissues found in parts of the body such as the ear
collagen
primary structural protein of connective tissue
haversian canal
channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves
lamellae
layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls
lining cells
flattened bone cells that come from osteoblasts
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease
osteoblasts
cells that make bone
osteoclasts
cells that remove bone
osteocytes
bone cells
osteons
cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone
osteoporosis
a disease that causes brittle, fragile bones
rheumatoid arthritis
progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain
volkmann canal
channels in bone that transmit blood vessels and communicate with haversian canals
