Study Guide Test 1 Flashcards
Fluency
smooth forward flow of communication
Pragmatics
the purpose of our utterances; primarily determines form and content
Phonology
the rules specifying how sounds are arranged in words
Dynamic
things change over time
Grammar
rules of language
Language
socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rules-governed combinations of those symbols
primary vehicle of communication
Morphology
structure of words
Speech
acoustic representation of language
primary means of language expression for most humans
Etiology
The cause or origin of a problem; also the study of cause
Congenital disorder vs acquired disorder
a congenital disorder is present at birth
an acquired disorder is the result of illness, accident, and/or environmental circumstances
Currently, approximately what percentage of the US population has some type of communication disorder?
17%
List the 3 functions of literature and media in society
To provide info
To educate
To entertain
What percentage of American adults stutter
1%
What is the ratio of males to females who are identified as persons who stutter?
3-4 males: 1 female
When do most individuals begin stuttering?
In childhood between ages 2-5
Are most SLPs comfortable working with individuals who stutter?
No
Does genetics play a role in etiology of stuttering?
She said no but I swear it’s yes
How long has stuttering been around?
Since the beginning of recorded history
List and provide a written example (using any word) of 3 types of stuttering behavior.
Repetitions:
repetition of word or part of word
can be at the sound, syllable, or word level
“The-the-the; b-b-b-ball”
Prolongations:
process of holding a phoneme longer than typical
Continuation of a sound
“Ssssssure; rrrrright”
Blocks: Hesitations within or between words May appear to happen on lips Likely blockage in larynx or back of mouth Audible or silent “I want………….. to”
List and briefly define the 3 major etiological theories of stuttering.
Psychological: Are there crossed wires?
Believed that stuttering is neurogenic symptom rooted in unconscious needs and internal conflicts
Needs to be treated with intensive psychotherapy
No clear evidence, but has been popular since the 1940s-now
Behavioral: Is it learned?
Stuttering is a learned response to conditions external to the individual (environment)
IF it is learned, it is believed that it can be stopped (drills, rewards, punishments, desensitization, willpower)
The idea was really popular in the 1960s-70s
Organic: Is it inherited or caused?
Impairment due to muscle weakness, biochemical irregularity, illness/disease, injury, issues/deviations with physical structure, or genetics
Prevails as a theory!
It is believed that the brain, nervous system, or muscles are different or damaged
Provide 3 secondary (or accessory) behaviors an individual who stutters might demonstrate when speaking.
Blinking, nodding, avoidance (think ahead to avoid/replace word)
List two voice disorders that are associated with vocal misuse or abuse? In addition, name one behavior a person might engage in to cause these particular voice disorders (use a different behavior for each disorder).
Vocal Polyps:
develop when blood vessels in the vocal folds rupture and swell, developing fluid-filled lesions; larger than nodules and prone to hemorrhage
unilateral
Can be caused by a traumatic event like yelling at a sporting event
Laryngitis - acute, chronic
Inflammation of vocal folds that can result from exposure to noxious agents, allergies, or vocal abuse
Can be caused by alcohol, smoking tobacco, etc.
Vocal nodules:
Localized growth on vocal cords caused by repeated, forceful use
Bilateral, and start off soft/pliable, but become hard and fibrous affecting vocal vibration
Repetitive yelling
Can Medical and physical conditions also cause voice disorders?
Yes
These conditions are typically grouped into two categories. List and briefly define the two categories.
Hyperadduction:
excessive movement towards the midline, often resulting in a tense voice quality
spasmodic dysphonia; psychogenic voice disturbances
Hypoadduction:
vocal cord paralysis or paresis
Aphonia or dysphonia, parkinsons
List 4 major goals of voice therapy
Regain full vocal function
Restore vocal fold tissue
Eliminate abusive behaviors to the voice
Establish good vocal hygiene and habits
When an individual has been referred to you for a voice evaluation it is essential that you first….
Refer them to a doctor
