Study Guide Test 1

Question 1

Fluency

Answer 1

smooth forward flow of communication

Question 2

Pragmatics

Answer 2

the purpose of our utterances; primarily determines form and content

Question 3

Phonology

Answer 3

the rules specifying how sounds are arranged in words

Question 4

Dynamic

Answer 4

things change over time

Question 5

Grammar

Answer 5

rules of language

Question 6

Language

Answer 6

socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rules-governed combinations of those symbols
primary vehicle of communication

Question 7

Morphology

Answer 7

structure of words

Question 8

Speech

Answer 8

acoustic representation of language

primary means of language expression for most humans

Question 9

Etiology

Answer 9

The cause or origin of a problem; also the study of cause

Question 10

Congenital disorder vs acquired disorder

Answer 10

a congenital disorder is present at birth

an acquired disorder is the result of illness, accident, and/or environmental circumstances

Question 11

Currently, approximately what percentage of the US population has some type of communication disorder?

Answer 11

17%

Question 12

List the 3 functions of literature and media in society

Answer 12

To provide info
To educate
To entertain

Question 13

What percentage of American adults stutter

Answer 13

1%

Question 14

What is the ratio of males to females who are identified as persons who stutter?

Answer 14

3-4 males: 1 female

Question 15

When do most individuals begin stuttering?

Answer 15

In childhood between ages 2-5

Question 16

Are most SLPs comfortable working with individuals who stutter?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

Does genetics play a role in etiology of stuttering?

Answer 17

She said no but I swear it’s yes

Question 18

How long has stuttering been around?

Answer 18

Since the beginning of recorded history

Question 19

List and provide a written example (using any word) of 3 types of stuttering behavior.

Answer 19

Repetitions:
repetition of word or part of word
can be at the sound, syllable, or word level
“The-the-the; b-b-b-ball”

Prolongations:
process of holding a phoneme longer than typical
Continuation of a sound
“Ssssssure; rrrrright”

Blocks: 
Hesitations within or between words
May appear to happen on lips
Likely blockage in larynx or back of mouth
Audible or silent
“I want………….. to”

Question 20

List and briefly define the 3 major etiological theories of stuttering.

Answer 20

Psychological: Are there crossed wires?
Believed that stuttering is neurogenic symptom rooted in unconscious needs and internal conflicts
Needs to be treated with intensive psychotherapy
No clear evidence, but has been popular since the 1940s-now

Behavioral: Is it learned?
Stuttering is a learned response to conditions external to the individual (environment)
IF it is learned, it is believed that it can be stopped (drills, rewards, punishments, desensitization, willpower)
The idea was really popular in the 1960s-70s

Organic: Is it inherited or caused?
Impairment due to muscle weakness, biochemical irregularity, illness/disease, injury, issues/deviations with physical structure, or genetics
Prevails as a theory!
It is believed that the brain, nervous system, or muscles are different or damaged

Question 21

Provide 3 secondary (or accessory) behaviors an individual who stutters might demonstrate when speaking.

Answer 21

Blinking, nodding, avoidance (think ahead to avoid/replace word)

Question 22

List two voice disorders that are associated with vocal misuse or abuse? In addition, name one behavior a person might engage in to cause these particular voice disorders (use a different behavior for each disorder).

Answer 22

Vocal Polyps:
develop when blood vessels in the vocal folds rupture and swell, developing fluid-filled lesions; larger than nodules and prone to hemorrhage
unilateral
Can be caused by a traumatic event like yelling at a sporting event

Laryngitis - acute, chronic
Inflammation of vocal folds that can result from exposure to noxious agents, allergies, or vocal abuse
Can be caused by alcohol, smoking tobacco, etc.

Vocal nodules:
Localized growth on vocal cords caused by repeated, forceful use
Bilateral, and start off soft/pliable, but become hard and fibrous affecting vocal vibration
Repetitive yelling

Question 23

Can Medical and physical conditions also cause voice disorders?

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

These conditions are typically grouped into two categories. List and briefly define the two categories.

Answer 24

Hyperadduction:
excessive movement towards the midline, often resulting in a tense voice quality
spasmodic dysphonia; psychogenic voice disturbances

Hypoadduction:
vocal cord paralysis or paresis
Aphonia or dysphonia, parkinsons

Question 25

List 4 major goals of voice therapy

Answer 25

Regain full vocal function
Restore vocal fold tissue
Eliminate abusive behaviors to the voice
Establish good vocal hygiene and habits

Question 26

When an individual has been referred to you for a voice evaluation it is essential that you first….

Answer 26

Refer them to a doctor