Study Guide Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the characteristics that make crises unique in our time (compared to ages past)

A

Information:

  • Immediate, graphic, and detailed new about tragedies.
  • Access to material that motivates and even instructs violence.

Technology:
-Leading to extreme, rapid, cruel, and mass violence

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2
Q

Describe why we must be ready to minister to those in crisis.

A
  • We reflect God’s character
  • We imitate Jesus ministry
  • We carry out Biblical instruction
  • We find opportunities to reach nonbelievers
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3
Q

Identify and describe the “trilogy definition” of crisis.

A

“A life event that an individual perceives stressful to the extent that normal coping mechanisms are insufficient.” 1) Precipitating event 2) The perception of that event that causes subjective distress 3) Lowered Functioning

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4
Q

Describe Kanel’s formula for increasing functioning in a crisis.

A

1) Change perception
2) Decrease Subjective Distress
3) Increase functioning

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5
Q

Identify the basic meaning of the Chinese and Greek words for crisis.

A

Chinese: Danger & Opportunity
Greek: To judge or decide

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6
Q

List and describe the various material, personal, and social resources that are helpful to cope with in a crisis.

A

Material: Money
Personal: Ego strength, Certain personality strengths, physical well-being, level of intelligence and education
Social:

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7
Q

Describe and distinguish between the different types of crises (developmental, traumatic, etc)

A

Developmental: Usually natural/expected. May not be easily recognizable.
Situational: Usually more sudden/unexpected, less control. Natural disaster vs. man made.
Existential and Spiritual: Sometimes in the wake of other crises.
Interpersonal Crises:
Psychiatric Crises: Can either trigger or follow other crises.

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8
Q

Summarize in your own words several of the important elements in a Christian perspective of crisis.

A

Being a Christian does not exempt us from crisis, in fact some seem necessary. A crisis isn’t a crisis to God. He doesn’t panic. He is always in control. God comforts and promises to be present. A crisis will not last forever. Hope is resident in crisis.

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9
Q

List the unique resources Christians have in dealing with crisis.

A
The Character of God
The direction of the Bible
The power of Prayer
The comfort of the Holy Spirit
The support of the Church
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10
Q

Describe some of the emotions felt during a crisis.

A

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11
Q

Describe the milestones in the history of crisis intervention.

A

Coconut Grove Fire of 1942: Almost 500 people died. Dr Eric Lindemann treated many survivors who lost loved ones. Documented common reactions/responses/needs. Developed idea of “normal” grief reaction. Promoted idea of volunteer/community caretakers

Wellesley Project: Lindermann & Gerald Caplan. Communitywide services to women suffering from complications or losses in childbirth. Baby Boom, thalidomide, etc.

Community Health Center Act: Many large state hospitals shut down

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12
Q

Match the major theoretical modalities with their contributions with their contributions to crisis intervention.

A

Psycoanalytic Theory: psychic energy is finite, only a limited amount exists for each person. Helps explain disequillibrium people feel when psychological energy is depleted. Helps explain why people with personality disorders, neurosis, and psychosis react poorly in a crisis.

Existential: Anxiety as normal/essential. Finding meaning and purpose in suffering.

Humanistic: Optimism and hope for growth. Emphasis of the Big Three. Contribution of reflective and empathetic techniques.

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories: Focus on perceptions, thoughts, beliefs about the event.

Family Systems Theory: Roles, rules, communication patterns, etc. Family Structure (adaptability and cohesion)

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13
Q

Describe the basic elements involved in trauma.

A
  • Results from a specific event or set of events.
  • Not a part of general or normal human functioning
  • Overwhelms normal coping mechanisms
  • Tends to produce a set of symptoms.
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14
Q

Distinguish between type I and type II traumas.

A

Type I is a single event trauma.

Type II is a multiple event trauma.

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15
Q

Identify the various symptoms of trauma.

A

Cognitive: Difficulty concentrating/easily distracted, flashbacks (vivid movies or snapshots, almost always unwanted or intrusive), reacting to similar circumstances, guilt, futurelessness, altered world view

Emotional: Numbness, Anger, Sadness, Depression, Hypervigilence.

Behavioral: Sleeping and Eating disturbances, trouble with routine tasks, trouble managing risks.

Spiritual: Questioning God’s existence, Questioning God’s character, Anger at God, Difficulty with Religious Activities.

Relational: Withdrawal, difficulty being alone, relationship strain.

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16
Q

Identify the percentage of Americans that will experience trauma.

A

50%, 30% of vietnam veterans, 40% of those experiencing non-sexual assault, 65% of battered women in shelters, 75% of those raped

17
Q

List and describe each of the criteria for a PTSD diagnosis.

A

Traumatic Event: including both actual or threatened death or injury to self or others and the response to that event being usually one of intense fear, helplessness, panic, and horror.

Re-experiencing the trauma in at least one of these ways: recurrent/intrusive distressing memories, images, or thoughts of the event. Recurrent nightmares of the event. Flashback episodes, acting/feeling as if the event was happening again. Intense psycological of physiological distress on exposure to cues or events that symbolize or resemble some aspect of the trauma.

Avoidence behavior and numbing: Presently avoids stimuli associated with the trauma in at least three ways. avoids thoughts/discussions/feelings associated with trauma. Avoids activities/people/situations that arouse memories of trauma. unable to recall important aspects of trauma. diminished interest in significant activities. Feels detached and removed from others. Experiences emotional numbing. Has a sense of shortened future.

Increased Nervous System Arousal: At least two of the following. Difficulty falling or staying asleep. Irrituability or outbursts of anger. Difficulty concentrating. Hypervigilance. Exaggerated startle response.

18
Q

Describe some exceptions in the PTSD diagnosis when considering children.

A

Children do not usually feel like they are reliving a past event, but relive the trauma through repetitive play. Nightmares are not always of the vent, but may be of monsters or of attempts to rescue others. Sense of shortened future usually involves a belief they will not reach adulthood. Physical symptoms may appear that were not present before the trauma (headaches and stomachaches)

19
Q

Identify the characteristics of effective crisis counselors.

A

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20
Q

Describe the various elements of loss and identify the kinds of losses that seem to be particularly difficult to endure.

A

Focus: A person (death, moving away, leaving for college, dementia) An object (home, car, pet) Freedom, plans, hope.

Value:more we value something the greater the impact of the loss. Mitigated a little if we choose to give it up and we get something in return.

Means: Involuntary losses have greater impact. Voluntary losses can still be very painful.

Permanence: Permanent losses can be very difficult to cope with. Spend energy trying to recover or restore, adjusting to new situations/roles.

Losses that are high value, involuntary, and permanent are often the most difficult to endure.

21
Q

Put into your own words a Biblical understanding of loss (highlighting the material from Floyd)

A

Some losses are necessary, even desirable. “Whoever finds his life will lose it and whoever loses his life for my sake will find it.”

Christ understands and empathizes with our losses. Christ pursues us in our lostness. Don’t lose heart or faith. Our faith offers a different frame of reference for loss.

22
Q

Distinguish between the different types of losses.

A
Real Losses (objective) Person/thing
Abstract Losses (subjective) Hopes/Dreams/etc
Imagined Losses (untrue threatened losses)
Threatened Losses (potential loss of job)
Ambiquous Losses (a person is physically absent but emotionally present or vice versa)
23
Q

Put into your own words a biblical understanding of grief (highlighting material from Floyd)

A

Grief is a normal part of life, not to be ignored. God knows what it’s like to grieve. Believers understand and experience grief different than the rest of the world. Promised comfort and blessing. Know it’s temporary. Find hope in the big picture.

24
Q

Describe the various reactions that can occur in each area of functioning (affective, cognitive, and behavioral/somatic)

A

Affective: Sadness, despair, helplessness, hopelessness, guilt, anxiety, anger, disinterest, apathy, numbness, relief

Cognitive: Shock, disbelief, confusion, preoccupation, self-deprecation, self-reproach

Behavioral/Somatic: sleep/appetite disturbances, crying/sighing, fatigue, muscle weakness, panic attacks, aching or hollowness in stomach, headaches, tightness in chest, absent-minded behaviours, change in sexual desire or drive, dreams of deceased, treasuring objects

25
Q

Describe how each of the “determinants” can affect grief

A

Meaning of the relationship to the individual
Roles of the deceased and griever (companion, lover, provider, leader, manager, etc).
Coping skills, level of maturity, intelligence (the mourner will grieve in much the same manner in which they lived their life)
Past experience with death and loss. (did they cope well previously)
Cultural/religious background.
Age of the deceased and griever
Perception of deceased’s fulfillment in life.
Mode of death (natural causes vs. others)
Characteristics of deceased.
Concurrent Stress
Suddenness/Expectedness of death (anticipatory grief)

26
Q

List the 5 stages of Kubler-Ross

A

Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

27
Q

Describe each of the 4 phases of mourning

A

Numbing
Yearning and Searching
Disorganization and despair
Reorganization

28
Q

List and describe the 4 major tasks of mourning

A

Accepting reality of the loss, overcoming denial
Experiencing the pain of the grief, identify and express emotions
Adjusting to life without the deceased, learning new skills and routines
Withdrawing emotional investment to reinvest in others

29
Q

Describe the various factors that determine the impact of a crisis.

A

Rate of Onset
Severity
Duration
Losses Produced