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Physical Anthropology: Exam 1 > Study Guide: Terms and Concepts > Flashcards

Study Guide: Terms and Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

Study of humankind, viewed from perspectives of all people and times.

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2
Q

Archaeology

A

Study of historic or pre-historic human populations through the analysis of material items.

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3
Q

Artifacts

A

Material objects from past cultures.

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4
Q

Holistic

A

Relating to or concerned w/ complete systems rather than w/ individual parts.
Ex: Engaging and developing the whole person

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5
Q

Linguistics

A

Study of language and its structure, including study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.

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6
Q

Physical/Biological Anthropology

A

Physical: Science of human zoology, evolution, and ecology.
Biological: Comparing societies and cultures, looking at change over time, exploring human diversity.

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7
Q

Bio-cultural approach/Bio-cultural evolution

A

Approach: Interrelationship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture.
Evolution: Mutual, interactive evolution of human biology and culture; the concept that biology makes culture possible and that developing culture further influences the direction of biological evolution

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8
Q

Evolution

A

Process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of earth.

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9
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

Concerned w/ fossil hominids

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10
Q

Osteology

A

Structure and function of skeleton and bony structures

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11
Q

Primate

A

Chief bishop or archibishop of a province

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12
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

Examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to determine the identity of unidentified bones.

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13
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Inability to digest lactose–a sugar derived from milk, and dairy products.

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14
Q

Great chain of being = Great scale of being

A

Strict, religious hierarchical structure of all matter and life, believed to have been decreed by God.

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15
Q

Immutability of species

A

The idea that each individual specie on the planet was specially created by God and could never fundamentally change.

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16
Q

Fixity of species

A

All species remained unchanged throughout the history of earth.

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17
Q

Natural selection

A

The process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

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18
Q

Catastrophism

A

Theory that changes in the earth’s crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.

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19
Q

Lamarckism

A

The idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that it has required during its lifetime to its offspring.

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20
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

Was an assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe.

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21
Q

Differential Fertility

A

Variation in fertility of different groups or classes in the population.

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22
Q

Differential Mortality

A

All deaths reported in a given population

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23
Q

Fitness

A

Ability to survive to reproductive age, fine a mate, and produce offspring.

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24
Q

Fitness relative to environment

A

Organisms that produce more surviving offspring are more fit.

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25
Q

Binomial Nomenclature

A

Formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts.

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26
Q

Industrial Melanism

A

Prevalence of dark-colored varieties of animals in industrial areas where they are better camouflaged.
Ex: Moths

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27
Q

Microevolution

A

Evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms.

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28
Q

Dominant

A

Powerful, or influential

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29
Q

Recessive

A

Relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited by both parents.

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30
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic constitution of an individual organism

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31
Q

Phenotype

A

Set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype w/ the environment.

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32
Q

Punnet Square

A

Diagram used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.

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33
Q

Heterozygous/heterozygote

A

Zygous: Pair of genes where one is recessive, and one is dominant.
Zygote: An individual having two different alleles of a particular gene or genes.

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34
Q

Homozygous/homozygote

A

Zygous: Pair of matching alleles
Zygote: An individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes.

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35
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each w/ half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

36
Q

Mitosis

A

Type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus.

37
Q

Haploid

A

Deriving from cell or nucleus–having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

38
Q

Diploid

A

Deriving from cell or nucleus–containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

39
Q

Blending theory

A

The discredited theory that inheritance of traits from two parents produces offspring w/ characteristics that are intermediate between those of the parents.

40
Q

Independent assortment

A

Formation of random combinations of chromosomes in meiosis and of genes on different pairs of homologous chromosomes by the passage.

41
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

(Pattern of Inheritance) Showing that phenotypic traits can be passed from generation from generation though ‘discrete particles’ known as genes.

42
Q

Law of segregation

A

During the production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent.

43
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A

Inherited disorder that destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord

44
Q

Chromosome

A

Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells.

45
Q

Gene

A

Unit of hereditary that is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

46
Q

Allele

A

One of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

47
Q

Hemizygous

A

Having or characterized by one or more genes that have no allelic counterparts.

48
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

Severe hereditary form of anemia in which a mutated form of hemoglobin distorts the red blood cells into a crescent shape at low oxygen levels.

49
Q

Sickle cell allele

A

When a person has an abnormal allele of the hemoglobin beta gene (is heterozygous), but does not display the severe symptoms of sickle cell disease.

50
Q

Blood types in ABO blood system

A

Type A
Type B
Type O
Type AB

51
Q

Universal donor

A

Individual who inherits blood type O, who can donate blood to any recipient of blood type ABO

52
Q

Universal recipient

A

Individual who inherits blood type AB, who can in theory receive donated blood from blood groups ABO.

53
Q

Agglutination

A

When a blood type is given to an unmatched individual of a blood group.
Ex: Blood type B is transfused w/ blood type A.

54
Q

Gamete (sex cell)

A

Mature haploid male of female germ cell that is able to unite w/ another of the opposite sex

55
Q

Zygote

A

Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes.

56
Q

Somatic cell

A

Any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.

57
Q

Human genome project

A

International scientific research project w/ the goal of determining the sequence chemical base pairs which make up human DNA.

58
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

Situation in which two different versions of a gene are maintained in a population of organisms because individuals carrying both versions are better able to survive than those who have two copies of either version alone.

59
Q

Sex-link trait

A

A trait associated w/ a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent.

60
Q

X-linked trait

A

Controlled by a gene or genes on the X chromosome.

61
Q

Centromere

A

The point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division.

62
Q

Chromatid

A

Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division.`

63
Q

Homologous

A

Having the same relation, relative posistion, or structure, in particular.

64
Q

Crossing over (recombination)

A

Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring.

65
Q

Locus/loci

A

Position, point, or place.

66
Q

DNA

A

Self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes.

67
Q

Double helix

A

Pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, specially in the structure of a DNA strand.

68
Q

RNA

A

Nucleic acid present in all living cells. Act as a messenger carrying instructions for DNA for controlling the synthesis of protein.

69
Q

mRNA

A

Carries a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for processing.

70
Q

tRNA

A

Helps decode the messenger RNA sequence into a protein.

71
Q

Codon (triplet)

A

Sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

72
Q

Amino Acid

A

Simple organic compound containing both, carboxyl, and an amino group.

73
Q

Hemophilia

A

When the blood to clot is severely reduced, causing the individual to bleed severely.

74
Q

Mutation

A

Changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant, form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations.

75
Q

Point mutation

A

Mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in gene sequence.

76
Q

Chromosomial mutation

A

Any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration is the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism.

77
Q

Down syndrome

A

Tri-somy 21; disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays

78
Q

Trisomy

A

Extra copy of a chromosome found in the nuclei of a cell; which causes developmental abnormalities.

79
Q

Monosomy

A

Having a diploid chromosome complement in which one chromosome lacks its homologous partner.

80
Q

Polypeptide chain

A

Chain of amino acids joined together through peptide bonds.

81
Q

Nucleotide

A

Compound consisting of nucleoside linked to a phosphate group.

82
Q

Non-disjunction

A

Failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division.

83
Q

Gene flow (migration)

A

Movement of individuals, and/or the genetic material they carry, from one population to another.

84
Q

Random Genetic Drift

A

Change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling of organisms.

85
Q

Founder Effect

A

Reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of colonizing ancestors.

Physical Anthropology: Exam 1 (1 decks)

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