study guide terms Flashcards
kristallnacht
“Night of Broken Glass”- the night of November 9, 1938, on which Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues throughout Germany
lebensraum
“living space”- the additional territory that, according to Hitler, Germany needed because it was too overcrowded
pogroms
one of the organized campaigns of violence against Jewish communities in late 19th century Russia
great purge
a campaign of terror in the Soviet Union during the 1930s, in which Stalin sought to eliminate all Communist part members and other citizens who threatened his power
soviets
one of the local representative councils formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar Nicholas ll
collective farms
a large government-controlled farm formed by combining many small farms
Russo-Japanese war
a 1904-1905 conflict between Russian and Japan, sparked by the two countries- efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea
bolsheviks
a group of revolutionary Russian Marxists who took control of Russia’s government in November 1917
demagogue
a leader who gains popularity in a democracy by exploiting emotions, prejudice, and ignorance to arouse an audience
Munich conference
a 1938 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germany to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler’s pledge to respect their borders
non-aggression pact
an agreement in which nations promise not to attack one another
bloody sunday
in January 1905, the Tsar’s troops fire on peaceful protesters in St. Petersburg
April theses
states that communism is the future of Russia, and the soviets should be used by the Bolsheviks to overthrow the provisional government
white army
anti communist army in the Russian civil war
red army
communist army in the Russian civil war
Alexander lll
tsar from 1881-1894, launched pogroms to get rid of the non-Russians in the empire
Nuremberg laws
antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on September 15th, 1935
Nicholas ll
took personal control of the military in 1916, the last reigning emperor of Russia
new economic policy
allows for some private ownership of property, including small businesses or farms
mensheviks
members of the moderate non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party, opposed to the Bolsheviks
five year plan
aimed to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union, shifting its focus from agriculture to heavy industry, and collectivizing agriculture to achieve these goals
sudetenland
Hitler demanded for this area, the Munich agreement allowed him to acquire this territory
Vladimir lenin
a politician, he was the leader of the Bolsheviks and led the October Revolution
hirohito
emperor of Japan, oversaw Japan’s militaristic expansion and eventual surrender
anschluss
refers to the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938
Francisco franco
a Spanish dictator who led the Nationalist forces during the Spanish civil war and established a fascist regime
Joseph goebbels
the propaganda minister for the Nazis
Alexander Kerensky
a Russian army general who ordered the release of Bolshevik prisoners
Adolf hitler
the leader of the Nazis, rose to become the dictator of Germany and killed around 6.5 million people during his dictatorship
Leon Trotsky
a hero of the anti-Stalinist program, he worked for the Bolshevik cause in the Petrograd soviet
Benito Mussolini
an Italian dictator who founded Italian fascism and aligned Italy with Nazi Germany and Japan
Joseph Stalin
a Soviet politician who’s doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia, he was also a ruthless dictator who ruled after Lenin
