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CAMBP Apprentice Level Exam 2020 > Study Guide Questions > Flashcards

Study Guide Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the scientific name for the European honey bee?

A

Apis mellifera

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2
Q

What are the subspecies of apis mellifera?

A 
Italian (A. m. linguistica)
Caucasian (A. m. caucasica)
Carniolan (A. m. cornica)
German (A. m. mellifera)
African (A. m. scutellate)
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3
Q

What are the races of Apis mellifera?

A

Cordovan
Russian
Buckfast

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4
Q

What is the scientific name of the Asian honey bee?

A

Apis cerana
Subspecies
-A. c. nuluensis

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5
Q

What is the scientific name of the Giant honey bee?

A

Apis dorsata
Subspecies
-A.d. binghami
-A.d. laboriosa

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6
Q

What does eusocial mean?

A
  • cooperative care of young
  • reproductive division of labor
  • overlapping generations sharing the
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7
Q

What is haplodiploidy

A

A sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

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8
Q

What are some characteristics of the queen?

A
  • larger than workers
  • sole reproductive female
  • lays 1,000-1500 eggs each day
  • Lifespan: 1-5 years
  • non-barbed stinger
  • ovarioles (~150 each ovary)
  • produce pheromones
  • spermatheca
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9
Q

What are some characteristics of a worker?

A
  • facultatively sterile
  • hive upkeep and foraging
  • 20,000-45,000 and up to 60,000 in the hive
  • barbed stinger, dies when stings
  • lifespan: ~4-6 weeks in summer, up to several months in winter
  • ovarioles (~2-5 each ovary)
  • produce pheromones
  • pollen baskets, corbicular hairs
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10
Q

What are some characteristics of drones?

A
  • sexual maturity at ~two weeks
  • sole function is mating
  • dies after mating, or forced out of colony
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11
Q

What is holometabolous?

A

Complete metamorphasis.
Among honey bees:
egg, larva, pupa, adult

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12
Q

How many days does it take for an egg to develop to adult emergence?

  • queen
  • workers
  • drones?
A
  • queen: 16 days
  • workers: 21 days
  • drones: 24 days
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13
Q

How many drones does a queen typically mate with?

A

12-14

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14
Q

What is the timeline for a queen to be mated?

A
  • a single virgin queen will survive and will mate within a week
  • queens mate with multiple drones (12-14) , mated sign
  • should start egg-laying within a week of being mated
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15
Q

All female larva are fed the same diet for _____ days.

A

Three days

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16
Q

What distinguishes queen development from worker development?

A
  • Queens are continually fed royal jelly
  • special protein (royalactin)
  • certain plant compounds are absent
  • Workers are fed brood food
  • a mix of glandular secretions, pollen and honey
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17
Q

By the _____ instar, there are significant differences in the developing ovaries between the castes.

A

Fifth

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18
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

The death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.. There is widespread apoptosis of worker’s ovaries.

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19
Q

What is the age range of house bees?

A

~1-20 days old

20
Q

What are the tasks of house bees?

A
  • comb building
  • hive cleaning
  • undertakers
  • brood, queen and drone care
  • hive guarding
  • climate control
  • storing/use of nectar, pollen and propolis
21
Q

How old are forager bees?

A

~20 days old until death, which is highly variable

22
Q

What are tasks of forager bees?

A
  • nectar (wax production, honey production)
  • pollen (proteins for food)
  • water (hydration, climate control)
  • plant resins (propolis = sealant = antimicrobial)
23
Q

What are the three conditions under which queens are created?

A
  • swarming (natural process of colony production)
  • supersedure (current queen is replaced due to injury, laying fewer eggs, more drones)
  • emergency (queen dies or we squash her)
24
Q

What are the differences between a virgin and mated queen?

A

Virgin

  • moves erratically
  • slender
  • no retinue
  • flies readily

Mated

  • moves slowly and predictably
  • large abdomen
  • will only fly if swarming
  • retinue present
25
Q

What is a “mating sign”?

A

Mating occurs on the wing, and drones leave a mating sign — remnants of the reproductive tract of the last one to two drones she mated with

26
Q

Each drones produce _____ of semen, and there is _____ per each microliter.

A

Each drone produces ~0.5 -3 microliters of semen, and there’s ~5 million sperm per one microliter.

27
Q

Queens receive between _____ million sperm during mating and store between _____ million.

A

Queens receive between 87-200 million sperm and store 4-8 million.

28
Q

What are the changes in a queen post mating?

A
  • queen activates her ovaries and initiates egg laying (~1,500 eggs per day)
  • queen is no longer phototactic, won’t fly unless the colony swarms
  • she has changes in her pheromone profiles
  • there’s a large change in her gene expression
29
Q

What are the causes of suboptimal mating?

A
  • poor quality of queens or drones
  • poor rearing conditions and/or nutrition, environmental toxins, parasites, disease
  • poor mating conditions, bad weather
  • lack of healthy drones
30
Q

What are the consequences of suboptimal mating?

A
  • reduced stored amounts of sperm (queen runs out of sperm faster, resulting in supersedure or drone layer
  • reduced genetic diversity in the colony (genetic diversity is critical for disease resistance and productivity
  • suboptimal pheromone production (queen produced a less attractive pheromone blend and are more likely to be superseded)
31
Q

The characteristics of a queenless colony are:

A
  • queen pheromone is absent
  • worker ovaries can be become activated and they begin to lay only males/drones
  • hopelessly queenless colony rarely accepts new queen
32
Q

Who produces pheromones?

A
  • queens: composition depends on age, mating status, and qualities; regulates social organization of the colony and has many effects of workers
  • brood: communicates if larva are hungry, ready to be capped
  • worker: alarm pheromone
33
Q

Communicate can be chemical and physical (dance).

A
  • chemical
  • identification of colony members
  • each colony has its own smell
  • workers use it to identify intruding bees
  • dance
  • Carl von Frisch - Austrian zoologist crakced the dance code (foraging) of honey bees
  • round up (up to about 50-100 yards) versus waggle dance (direction, distance greater than 500 to 100 yards, quality)
  • scouts communicate information about potential new nests during swarming
34
Q

The morphological role of the honey bee head:

A
  • information processing
  • food and pheromone production
  • feeding
35
Q

The morphological role of the honey bee thorax:

A
  • locomotion (legs and wings)

- pollen collection

36
Q

The morphological role of the honey bee abdomen:

A
  • digestion

- reproduction

37
Q

External structures of the honey bee include:

A
  • antennae
  • mandibles
  • compound eyes and ocelli
  • hamulii (wing hooks)
  • corbicula (for pollen collection
38
Q

Internal structures of the honey bee include:

A
  • mushroom body (info processing)
  • glands (mandibular, hypopharengeal, wax)
  • crop (nectar foraging)
  • spermatheca (queen sperm storage)
  • ovarioles (queens and workers)
  • venom sac (queen and workers)
39
Q

Vertical transmission of pathogens means:

A

-transmitted from mother to offspring

40
Q

Horizontal transmission of pathogens means:

A
  • transmission among individuals
  • trophallaxis
  • food
  • fecal route
  • STDs
  • via parasites (varroa mites)
41
Q

What are fomites?

A

Objects that carry pathogens, beekeeping equipment, hive tools, protective equipment

42
Q

What is individual immunity?

A
  • Innate: Immediate, general defense against pathogens, intrinsic ability of the organism to defend itself agains non-self (present without previous exposure to a pathogen)
  • Adaptive: Specialized response, once exposed to a specific pathogen individual retains ability to respond to this challenge (it can create a “memory” of a pathogen so subsequent exposure causes faster response
43
Q

What is social immunity?

A
  • collective defenses against pathogens and parasites
  • hygienic behavior: workers detect and remove parasitized or infected immatures
  • social fever: workers increase temperature
  • self-medicating: propolis
  • self-removal: undertaking
44
Q

What modulates immune responses?

A
  1. Developmental stage and caste
  2. Parasite infection
  3. Nutrition
45
Q

Essential components of the Langstroth hive:

A
  1. Bottom board: Screened, solid
  2. Frames: Foundationless, plastic, wood w/ plastic
  3. Covers: migratory, telescoping
  4. Brood boxes: Deep, medium, shallow
46
Q

Ways to obtain honey bees:

A

Packages

  • 3lbs of bees
  • mated queen can be included
  • shake bees on to your equipment

Nucs

  • 3 to 5 frames of bees
  • mated, laying queen included
  • usually build up faster than packages

Splits

  • split a strong colony into multiple
  • can naturally requeen, add queen cells, introduce a queen

Swarms
-make sure to buy a queen!

CAMBP Apprentice Level Exam 2020 (1 decks)

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