STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS (3/3) Flashcards
Describe the inflammatory response.
A nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection by causing infected areas to become red, painful, or inflamed. Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris when bacteria enter the wound.
Define passive immunity and active immunity.
PI: Antibodies produced by another organism injected into the bloodstream (ex: mother’s milk)
AI: The body produces antibodies to an antigen (ex: vaccination)
What happens when a person receives a vaccine?
The person’s body is prompted to produce immunity (antibody production) to that specific disease
Describe Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity, also identify the type of lymphocyte that each uses.
HI: Antigens bind to antibodies, activated B cells grow and divide rapidly, B cells produce plasma and memory B cells, and plasma cells release antibodies that capture antigens and mark them for destruction. (B cells)
CMI: Macrophage consumes the virus and displays antigen on its surface, helper T cells bind to macrophages and are activated, activated helper T cells divide, helper T cells activate B cells that activate cytotoxic T cells that produce memory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells bind to infected body cells and destroy them. (T cells)
What type of lymphocyte helps us to prevent developing a disease the 2nd time we’re exposed?
Memory T cells
What triggers an immune response?
Antigens
What happens when a person who’s allergic to ragweed encounters ragweed?
coughing, sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, and itchy throat
Define asthma.
Chronic disease where there is the narrowing of the air passages by the spasm contractions of the smooth muscle.
Define Autoimmune disease.
When the body attacks itself and has lost the ability to recognize its cells.
How does HIV weaken the immune system? Which specific lymphocyte does it affect?
By attacking key cells and leaving the body with inadequate protection against pathogens. It affects the helper T cell.
Why was Hutton and Lyell’s work important to Darwin’s understanding of evolution?
Because it helped transform their observations into scientific insights, which led to him thinking that life could also change over time.
What conclusions did Darwin reach from his observations of the adaptation in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos?
He concluded that differences in adaptations affect an individual’s fitness.
Describe the theory of evolution that Lamarck described.
Individual organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies and individuals could pass these acquired traits on to their offspring.
What did Darwin realize about the economist Malthus’s theory of population control?
He realized that if Malthus’s reasoning applied to people, then it applies to other organisms even more.
What was the name of the book that Darwin published to explain the individuals within a population that survives to reproductive age?
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
What is meant by the term “survival of the fittest?”
The consequences of the overproduction of
offspring is a struggle for survival; competition for habitats, mates, and resources
Describe vestigial structures and give an example.
Structure that’s inherited from ancestors but which has lost much or all of its original function (ex: hipbones of dolphins and whales, tailbones and ear muscles of humans, etc)
Compare and contrast homologous and analogous structures.
Analogous structures are similar because of similar environmental demands but don’t have a recently shared common ancestor, and homologous structures are similar because of a recent common ancestor but have adapted to different environments.
Darwin viewed the fossil record as what?
Evidence that Earth was very old and certain organisms had common ancestors.
Define directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection. Determine which one is which (REFER TO SELECTION GRAPHS PICTURE).
Dir: Pushes towards one end, removes upper or lower variations
Sta: Pushes both ends in (extremes),
removes upper and lower variation in
species
Dis: Removes middle (median) variation,
pushes towards both end
Define genetic drift. What type of population does it typically occur in?
Total of all the different forms of genetic info carried by a specific species, or by all organisms on Earth. It typically occurs in smaller populations
Define temporal, geographic, and behavioral isolating mechanisms.
G: Separation by geographic barriers
B: development of differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors
T: Reproduce at different times
Describe coevolution and give an example.
The process by which 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time (ex: flowers and pollinators, plants and herbivorous insects, predators and prey)
