STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS (3/3)

Question 1

Describe the inflammatory response.

Answer 1

A nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection by causing infected areas to become red, painful, or inflamed. Phagocytes move into the area and engulf the bacteria and cell debris when bacteria enter the wound.

Question 2

Define passive immunity and active immunity.

Answer 2

PI: Antibodies produced by another organism injected into the bloodstream (ex: mother’s milk)
AI: The body produces antibodies to an antigen (ex: vaccination)

Question 3

What happens when a person receives a vaccine?

Answer 3

The person’s body is prompted to produce immunity (antibody production) to that specific disease

Question 4

Describe Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity, also identify the type of lymphocyte that each uses.

Answer 4

HI: Antigens bind to antibodies, activated B cells grow and divide rapidly, B cells produce plasma and memory B cells, and plasma cells release antibodies that capture antigens and mark them for destruction. (B cells)
CMI: Macrophage consumes the virus and displays antigen on its surface, helper T cells bind to macrophages and are activated, activated helper T cells divide, helper T cells activate B cells that activate cytotoxic T cells that produce memory T cells, and cytotoxic T cells bind to infected body cells and destroy them. (T cells)

Question 6

What type of lymphocyte helps us to prevent developing a disease the 2nd time we’re exposed?

Answer 6

Memory T cells

Question 7

What triggers an immune response?

Answer 7

Antigens

Question 8

What happens when a person who’s allergic to ragweed encounters ragweed?

Answer 8

coughing, sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, and itchy throat

Question 9

Define asthma.

Answer 9

Chronic disease where there is the narrowing of the air passages by the spasm contractions of the smooth muscle.

Question 10

Define Autoimmune disease.

Answer 10

When the body attacks itself and has lost the ability to recognize its cells.

Question 11

How does HIV weaken the immune system? Which specific lymphocyte does it affect?

Answer 11

By attacking key cells and leaving the body with inadequate protection against pathogens. It affects the helper T cell.

Question 12

Why was Hutton and Lyell’s work important to Darwin’s understanding of evolution?

Answer 12

Because it helped transform their observations into scientific insights, which led to him thinking that life could also change over time.

Question 12

What conclusions did Darwin reach from his observations of the adaptation in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos?

Answer 12

He concluded that differences in adaptations affect an individual’s fitness.

Question 13

Describe the theory of evolution that Lamarck described.

Answer 13

Individual organisms could change during their lifetimes by selectively using or not using various parts of their bodies and individuals could pass these acquired traits on to their offspring.

Question 13

What did Darwin realize about the economist Malthus’s theory of population control?

Answer 13

He realized that if Malthus’s reasoning applied to people, then it applies to other organisms even more.

Question 14

What was the name of the book that Darwin published to explain the individuals within a population that survives to reproductive age?

Answer 14

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Question 15

What is meant by the term “survival of the fittest?”

Answer 15

The consequences of the overproduction of
offspring is a struggle for survival; competition for habitats, mates, and resources

Question 16

Describe vestigial structures and give an example.

Answer 16

Structure that’s inherited from ancestors but which has lost much or all of its original function (ex: hipbones of dolphins and whales, tailbones and ear muscles of humans, etc)

Question 16

Compare and contrast homologous and analogous structures.

Answer 16

Analogous structures are similar because of similar environmental demands but don’t have a recently shared common ancestor, and homologous structures are similar because of a recent common ancestor but have adapted to different environments.

Question 16

Darwin viewed the fossil record as what?

Answer 16

Evidence that Earth was very old and certain organisms had common ancestors.

Question 17

Define directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection. Determine which one is which (REFER TO SELECTION GRAPHS PICTURE).

Answer 17

Dir: Pushes towards one end, removes upper or lower variations
Sta: Pushes both ends in (extremes),
removes upper and lower variation in
species
Dis: Removes middle (median) variation,
pushes towards both end

Question 18

Define genetic drift. What type of population does it typically occur in?

Answer 18

Total of all the different forms of genetic info carried by a specific species, or by all organisms on Earth. It typically occurs in smaller populations

Question 19

Define temporal, geographic, and behavioral isolating mechanisms.

Answer 19

G: Separation by geographic barriers
B: development of differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors
T: Reproduce at different times

Question 20

Describe coevolution and give an example.

Answer 20

The process by which 2 species evolve in response to changes in each other over time (ex: flowers and pollinators, plants and herbivorous insects, predators and prey)

Question 21

Define evolution by natural selection.

Answer 21

Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.

Question 22

Natural selection acts directly on what?

Answer 22

Heritable traits

Question 23

Define speciation.

Answer 23

Formation of a new species

Question 24

Describe the functions of the HOX genes.

Answer 24

Determines which parts of an embryo develop into which (arms, legs, wings, etc), helping shape the bodies of organisms

Question 25

Define a radioactive atom’s half-life.

Answer 25

The amount of time it takes for a radioactive atom to decay

Question 26

The age of Earth is estimated to be about what?

Answer 26

4-5 billion years old

Question 27

Describe how mass extinctions led to rapid evolutionary change.

Answer 27

Entire ecosystems vanish, food webs collapse, species become extinct, etc just from mass extinctions. This leads to survivors having to adapt and face a changed world, there’s less competition, climates may have changed, etc.

Question 28

What are the conditions thought to exist on Early Earth?

Answer 28

The early atmosphere contained little to no oxygen; mainly composed of gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, water vapor, etc.

Question 29

What functions did RNA have on the early Earth?

Answer 29

RNA stored both genetic information and catalyzed the chemical reactions in primitive cells.

Question 30

Compare and contrast punctuated and gradual evolution. Determine which one is which (REFER TO EVOLUTION RATE GRAPHS PICTURE).

Answer 30

Gradualism is an idea where evolution proceeds slowly and steadily. Punctuated equilibrium is where stable periods of evolution are interrupted by rapid change. Both are patterns for the rate of evolution.