Study Guide question and Answer Flashcards
What are the four basic tissues of the human body?
epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
Osteoblast - form bone; Osteocyte - Maintain or nurture bone; Osteoclast - remodel bone
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chrondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
Collagen type 1
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium
What is Wolff’s Lay as it pertains to bone?
living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors
What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?
it has the ability of heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?
mesenchyme and/or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to third month in utero
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
the skull
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
What is the timing of the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the second to fifth month in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers of ossification appear before birth
secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on one density?
cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?
subchondral bone
What is name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
the periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?
the endosteum
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
sexual dimorphsm (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population- based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?
sexual dimorphism or gender variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation
geographic variation or population based variation
Differences in the number or morthology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?
idiosyncratic variation
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones.
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?
long bones, short bones and sesamoid bones
What is the characteristic feature of a long one?
it is longer than it is across ( length greater than breadth)
What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?
the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)
What is the primary characteristic of short bones?
they are essentially cuboidal
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
patella and pisiform
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?
flat bones, irregular bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones
What are flat bones?
a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and sternum
What is characteristic of irregular bone
numerous projections or irregular outlines
What are examples of irregular bone?
the vertebrae and innominate bone
What is characteristic of pneumatic bone
air spaces within the bone
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal
What bone contain paranasal sinuses?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal anatomy?
accessory and heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
What are examples of accessory bone?
para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
heterotopic bone
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways & facets
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and after puberty
What are the types of osseous elevations?
linear, rounded and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevations?
the line, ridge and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
the fovea and fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous
a round or oval opening on the surface of bone
what is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
meatus
What are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
What bones form the axial skeleton?
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
the cranium
what are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
the calvaria or calva
What is the neurocranium?
the bones that support or protect the brain
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
Waht bones for the neurocranium of the typical adult skull
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
What bones form the facial skeleton?
mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and Zygomatic
How many bones are present in the adult hyoid
1 bone
What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
What is the number number of bones forming the typical adults spine?
24 bones
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pair or 24 ribs
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adolescent?
33 segments
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?
26 segments
What constitutes the spine
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
the region of the neck
What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?
7 segments
What does the term “thoracic” refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
What does the term “lumbar” refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
What does the term “sacrum” refer to ?
the holy bone or holy region
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak
Which region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?
the cervical region
What is the length of the typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
What is the difference in length between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
about 3 inches
What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
What is the length of the male lumbar region ( both measurements)?
about 18 centimeters or 7 inches
What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the males spine (both measurements)?
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches
how does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?
the spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?
ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs
What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?
the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
Distinguish between motion and locomotion.
motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site or location.
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of human frame
Comparative anterior Vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?
the peripheral nerve communicates with the central nerve system via the intervertebral foramen
What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?
integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera
When does the embryonic disc form
second week in utero
When does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?
third week in utero
What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure
paraxial mesoderm
what does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?
somites
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
sclerotome, myotome and dermatome
what part of the somite will gibe rise to the vertebral column
sclerotome
list, in order, the names of the succcessive vertebral columns formed during development?
membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous.
Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what development feature
The perichordal blastema
