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Spinal anatomy Palmer P > Study Guide question and Answer > Flashcards

Study Guide question and Answer Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

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2
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

Osteoblast - form bone; Osteocyte - Maintain or nurture bone; Osteoclast - remodel bone

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3
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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4
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chrondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid

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5
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen type 1

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6
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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7
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

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8
Q

What is Wolff’s Lay as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors

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9
Q

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

it has the ability of heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age

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10
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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11
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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12
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

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13
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the skull

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14
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

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15
Q

What is the timing of the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

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16
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

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17
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

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18
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

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19
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on one density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

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20
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

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21
Q

What is name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

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22
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

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23
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

sexual dimorphsm (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population- based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

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24
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

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25
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation

A

geographic variation or population based variation

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26
Q

Differences in the number or morthology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

idiosyncratic variation

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27
Q

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones.

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28
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?

A

long bones, short bones and sesamoid bones

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29
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a long one?

A

it is longer than it is across ( length greater than breadth)

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30
Q

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

A

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

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31
Q

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

they are essentially cuboidal

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32
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

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33
Q

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

A

the bone develops within a tendon

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34
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

patella and pisiform

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35
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?

A

flat bones, irregular bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones

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36
Q

What are flat bones?

A

a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

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37
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

the parietal bone and sternum

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38
Q

What is characteristic of irregular bone

A

numerous projections or irregular outlines

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39
Q

What are examples of irregular bone?

A

the vertebrae and innominate bone

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40
Q

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone

A

air spaces within the bone

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41
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal

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42
Q

What bone contain paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid

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43
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal anatomy?

A

accessory and heterotopic bone

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44
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

accessory bone

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45
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

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46
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

heterotopic bone

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47
Q

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

A

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

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48
Q

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

A

elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways & facets

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49
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

during and after puberty

50
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A

linear, rounded and sharp

51
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevations?

A

the line, ridge and crest

52
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus

53
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

spine and process

54
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

linear and rounded depressions

55
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

56
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

the fovea and fossa

57
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

ostium or orifice and hiatus

58
Q

What is the definition of an osseous

A

a round or oval opening on the surface of bone

59
Q

what is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

60
Q

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

foramen or canal

61
Q

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

A

meatus

62
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

flat facets and rounded facets

63
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

articular heads and articular condyles

64
Q

How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

65
Q

How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?

A

80 bones

66
Q

What bones form the axial skeleton?

A

the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs

67
Q

What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?

A

28 bones

68
Q

What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?

A

the cranium

69
Q

what are the names given to the top of the adult skull?

A

the calvaria or calva

70
Q

What is the neurocranium?

A

the bones that support or protect the brain

71
Q

How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?

A

8 bones

72
Q

Waht bones for the neurocranium of the typical adult skull

A

the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid

73
Q

How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?

A

14 bones

74
Q

What bones form the facial skeleton?

A

mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and Zygomatic

75
Q

How many bones are present in the adult hyoid

A

1 bone

76
Q

What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?

A

7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae, 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx

77
Q

What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?

A

the spine

78
Q

What is the number number of bones forming the typical adults spine?

A

24 bones

79
Q

How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?

A

1 bone

80
Q

How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?

A

12 pair or 24 ribs

81
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adolescent?

A

33 segments

82
Q

What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?

A

26 segments

83
Q

What constitutes the spine

A

the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

84
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?

A

5 segments

85
Q

How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?

A

4 segments

86
Q

What does the term “cervical” refer to?

A

the region of the neck

87
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?

A

7 segments

88
Q

What does the term “thoracic” refer to?

A

breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso

89
Q

what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?

A

the dorsal segments; the dorsals

90
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?

A

12 segments

91
Q

What does the term “lumbar” refer to?

A

the loin; the region between the rib and the hip

92
Q

What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?

A

5 segments

93
Q

What does the term “sacrum” refer to ?

A

the holy bone or holy region

94
Q

What does the term “coccyx” refer to?

A

a cuckoo birds’ bill or cuckoo birds’ beak

95
Q

Which region of the spine is more stable in terms of the number of segments/vertebrae?

A

the cervical region

96
Q

What is the length of the typical male spinal column?

A

about 70 centimeters or 28 inches

97
Q

What is the length of a typical female spinal column?

A

about 60 centimeters or 25 inches

98
Q

What is the difference in length between a typical male and typical female spinal column?

A

about 3 inches

99
Q

What is the length of the male cervical region (both measurements)?

A

about 12 centimeters or 5 inches

100
Q

What is the length of the male thoracic region (both measurements)?

A

about 28 centimeters or 11 inches

101
Q

What is the length of the male lumbar region ( both measurements)?

A

about 18 centimeters or 7 inches

102
Q

What is the length of the male sacrum (both measurements)

A

about 12 centimeters or 5 inches

103
Q

based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the males spine (both measurements)?

A

about 58 centimeters or 23 inches

104
Q

how does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?

A

the spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments

105
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?

A

ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs

106
Q

What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?

A

the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis

107
Q

How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?

A

ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template

108
Q

What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?

A

S1-S3 at the auricular surface

109
Q

Distinguish between motion and locomotion.

A

motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site or location.

110
Q

What is specifically responsible for shape and position of human frame

A

Comparative anterior Vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc

111
Q

How does the vertebral column accommodate transmission?

A

the peripheral nerve communicates with the central nerve system via the intervertebral foramen

112
Q

What organs are specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull

A

the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

113
Q

How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?

A

integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera

114
Q

When does the embryonic disc form

A

second week in utero

115
Q

When does gastrulation occur or a 3-layered embryo form?

A

third week in utero

116
Q

What are the 3 layers of the embryo called?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

117
Q

invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure

A

paraxial mesoderm

118
Q

what does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?

A

somites

119
Q

Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite

A

sclerotome, myotome and dermatome

120
Q

what part of the somite will gibe rise to the vertebral column

A

sclerotome

121
Q

list, in order, the names of the succcessive vertebral columns formed during development?

A

membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous.

122
Q

Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what development feature

A

The perichordal blastema

Spinal anatomy Palmer P (7 decks)

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