Study guide lecture exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Five layers of the epidermis
A
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
2
Q
Stratum corneum
A
-outermost layer of epidermis
-composed of 20 to 30 layers of dead, interlocking, anucleate, keratinized cells
-dry, thickened surface is protective against abrasion and infection
3
Q
stratum basale
A
-deepest layer of epidermis
- single layer of cuboidal to low columnar cells
4
Q
stratum spinosum
A
-spiny layer
-several layers of polygonal keratinocytes
new cells from basale pushed into this layer
-nondividing keratinocytes attached by desmosomes
5
Q
stratum granulosum
A
-granular layer
-3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes
6
Q
Stratum lucidum
A
-only in thick skin
-translucent layer, 2 to 3 cell layers thick
7
Q
Epidermal cells found in stratum lucidum
A
dead skin cells
8
Q
Epidermal cells found in stratum corneum
A
dead keratinocytes
9
Q
Epidermal cells found in stratum basale
A
merkel cells
10
Q
Epidermal cells found in stratum spinosum
A
dendritic (langerhans) cells
11
Q
Epidermal cells found in stratum granulosum
A
diamond shaped cells with keratohyalin granules and lamellar granules
12
Q
What is the difference between thin skin and thick skin?
A
- thin skin has thinner epidermis
- think skin has no stratum lucidum
- think skin CONTAINS HAIR FOLLICLES
13
Q
Describe thick skin
A
Thick skin is only found in areas where there is a lot of abrasion - fingertips, palms and the soles of your feet
- on palms of hands and soles of feet
- thick epidermis with a thick outer layer of keratin
- high dermal papillae enhance adhesion of dermis and epidermis
- ridges and grooves present - responsible for fingerprints
- numerous sweat glands
14
Q
Describe thin skin
A
-covers the remainder of the body
- thin epidermis and keratin layer
- contains hair follicles
- fewer sweat glands and no ridges and grooves
15
Q
Compare and contrast the papillary versus reticular dermis in terms of tissue type and structures
they contain (glands, muscle)
A
The dermis has two layers. The upper papillary layer has papillae extending upward into the epidermis and loose connective tissues. The lower reticular layer has denser connective tissues and structures, such as glands and hair follicles.
16
Q
What is indicated by the lines of cleavage in the skin, and why is this medically important?
A
Lines of cleavage indicate predominant orientation of collagen within the dense irregular tissue of the dermis. Surgical or accidental cuts that run perpendicular to the lines of cleavage take longer to heal.
17
Q
Functions of the integumentary system
A
body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli.
18
Q
integumentary system protects the body
A
protects the body from bacteria, infection, injury ad sunlight.
19
Q
integumentary system controls body temperature
A
Sweat glands in the skin allow the skin surface to cool when the body gets overheated. Thermoregulation is also accomplished by the dilation or constriction of heat-carrying blood vessels in the skin.
20
Q
Types of hair disorders
A
-male/female pattern baldness
-telogen effluvium
-Anagen Effluvium
-Alopecia areata
-Tinea Capitis
-Cicatricial alopecia
-Lichen Planopilaris
-Discoid Lupus Erthematosus
-folliculitis Decalvans
-Disssecting Cellulitis of the Scalp
-Frontal fibrosing alopecia
-Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia
-Hypotrichosis
21
Q
Androgenetic alopecia (male pattern baldness)
A
Hair is lost in a well-defined pattern, beginning above both temples.
22
Q
telogen effluvium
A
It is characterized by an abrupt onset of diffuse hair loss usually seen 2-3 months after a triggering event.
23
Q
Anagen Effluvium
A
-a form of nonscarring alopecia commonly associated with chemotherapy.
-In this disorder, affected anagen hairs suffer a toxic or inflammatory insult, resulting in fracture of the hair shaft.
24
Q
Alopecia areata
A
autoimmune disorder that causes your hair to come out, often in clumps the size and shape of a quarter.
25
Tinea Capitis
-scalp ringworm
- fungal infection of the scalp that’s a common cause of hair loss in children.
-This condition causes hair to fall out in patches, sometimes circular, leading to bald spots that may get bigger over time.
26
Cicatricial Alopecia
scarring alopecia, is a rare type of hair loss in which inflammation destroys hair follicles and causes scar tissue to form in their place. After scar tissue forms, hair doesn’t regrow.
27
Lichen Planopilaris
-may cause a dry, flaky rash to appear on the skin that causes hair on the scalp to fall out in clumps.
-The scalp may also become red, irritated, and covered in small white or red itchy, painful, or burning bumps.
28
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
type of cutaneous lupus, an autoimmune disease that affects the skin. It can lead to inflamed sores and scarring on the ears, face, and scalp. Hair loss is one symptom of the disease. When scar tissue forms on the scalp, hair can no longer grow in that area.
29
Folliculitis Decalvans
an inflammatory disorder that leads to the destruction of hair follicles, is often accompanied by redness, swelling, and lesions on the scalp that may be itchy or contain pus, known as pustules.
30
Dissecting Cellulitis of the Scalp
Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp, a rare condition, causes pustules or lumps to form on the scalp.
This condition may also cause scar tissue to develop, destroying hair follicles and causing hair loss. Medications may help control symptoms.
31
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia
occurs in a receding hairline pattern and may also result in hair loss in the eyebrows and underarms.
most commonly affects postmenopausal women
32
Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia
occur as a result of hair products or styling techniques that damage hair follicles.
The use of hair relaxers, blow dryers, curling irons, and hair extensions can cause central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia, as can the process of creating a permanent wave, or a “perm.”
33
Hypotrichosis
rare genetic condition in which very little hair grows on the scalp and body. Babies born with this condition may have typical hair growth at first; however, their hair falls out a few months later and is replaced with sparse hair.
34
distinguish the apocrine vs. merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands in terms of location,
secretions, and function
Apocrine sweat glands are found associated with hair follicles and only become active at puberty. Merocrine sweat glands are found throughout the skin and produce a watery sweat from birth.
35
regeneration vs. fibrosis
regeneration involves replacing injured cells with cells of the same type while fibrosis involves replacing parenchyma tissue with connective tissues, leading to the formation of permanent scar tissue.
36
process of a wound healing
Wound healing is classically divided into 4 stages: (A) hemostasis, (B) inflammation, (C) proliferation, and (D) remodeling.
37
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process of the wound being closed by clotting. Hemostasis starts when blood leaks out of the body. The first step of hemostasis is when blood vessels constrict to restrict the blood flow. Next, platelets stick together in order to seal the break in the wall of the blood vessel.
38
Inflammation
Inflammation, the next stage of wound healing occurs within the first 24 hours after injury and can last for up to 2 weeks in normal wounds and significantly longer in chronic non-healing wounds
39
proliferation
the provisional wound matrix formed during hemostasis is replaced by granulation tissue, consisting of a large amount of fibroblasts, granulocytes, macrophages, blood vessels, in complex with collagen bundles, which partially recovers the structure and function of the wounded skin
40
remodeling
begins two to three weeks after the onset of the lesion and can last for one year or more. The core aim of the remodeling stage is to achieve the maximum tensile strength through reorganization, degradation, and resynthesis of the extracellular matrix.
41
First degree burns
mild (like most sunburns). The top layer of skin (epidermis) turns red and is painful but doesn’t typically blister.
42
second degree burns
affect skin’s top and lower layers (dermis). You may experience pain, redness, swelling and blistering.
43
third degree burns
affect all three skin layers: epidermis, dermis and fat. The burn also destroys hair follicles and sweat glands. Because third-degree burns damage nerve endings, you probably won’t feel pain in the area of the burn itself, rather adjacent to it. Burned skin may be black, white or red with a leathery appearance.
44
first degree burn treatment
Run cool water over the burn. Don’t apply ice. For sunburns, apply aloe vera gel. For thermal burns, apply antibiotic cream and cover lightly with gauze. You can also take over-the-counter pain medication.
45
second degree burn treatment
Treatment for second- and first-degree burns is similar. Your healthcare provider may prescribe a stronger antibiotic cream that contains silver, such as silver sulfadiazine, to kill bacteria.
46
third degree burn treatment
Third-degree burns can be life-threatening and often require skin grafts. Skin grafts replace damaged tissue with healthy skin from another of the uninjured part of the person’s body.
The area where the skin graft is taken from generally heals on its own. If the person does not have enough skin available for a graft at the time of injury, a temporary source of graft can come from a deceased donor or a human-made (artificial) source but these will eventually need to be replace by the person’s own skin.
Treatment also includes extra fluids (usually given intravenously, with an IV) to keep blood pressure steady and prevent shock and dehydration.
47
Rule of nines
The front and back of the head and neck equal 9% of the body's surface area. The front and back of each arm and hand equal 9% of the body's surface area.
48
effect of UV radiation on skin aging, and skin cancer
Unprotected exposure to UVA and UVB damages the DNA in skin cells, producing genetic defects, or mutations, that can lead to skin cancer and premature aging. UV rays can also cause eye damage, including cataracts and eyelid cancers.
49
compact bone
dense bone in which the bony matrix is solidly filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts, leaving only tiny spaces (lacunae) that contain the osteocytes, or bone cells.
found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones
50
spongy bone
Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone.
Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow.
The canaliculi connect to the adjacent cavities, instead of a central haversian canal, to receive their blood supply.
-located at the core of vertebral bones in the spine and the ends of the long bones (such as the femur or thigh bone).
51
hyaline cartilage
a translucent bluish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton.
slippery and smooth which helps your bones move smoothly past each other in your joints. It's flexible but strong enough to help your joints hold their shape.
52
fibrocartilage
Fibrocartilage provides the tough material of the intervertebral discs; the intraarticular cartilages of the knee, wrist and temporo-mandibular joints;
the articular cartilage of the temporo-mandibular joint and of the joint between the clavicle and the sternum.
Fibrocartilage is a dense, whitish tissue with a distinct fibrous texture.
53
Function of bones
support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
54
Classifications of bones
long, short, flat, irregular
55
Long bone examples
femur, humerus
56
short bone example
wrist and ankle bones
57
flat bone example
skull, ribs, sternum
58
irregular bone example
vertebrae and hip bones
59
Gross anatomy of the long bone
A long bone has 2 parts, the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
60
Microscopic anatomy of the long bone
an osteon or Haversian system that contains lamellae of compact tissue surrounding a central canal.
61
functions of bone cells
to protect the internal organs, to create a rigid frame for muscular movement, and to store minerals such as calcium and phosphorous.
62
Bone Matrix components
Non-cellular (secreted by bone cells)
collagen fibers
calcium salts.
2 . cellular (bone cells)
matrix originally produced by osteoblasts,
matrix maintained by osteocytes (osteoblasts that continue to deposit bone matrix a lower levels),
matrix dissolved by osteoclasts
63
Major components of an osteon
The osteon consists of a central canal called the osteonic (haversian) canal, which is surrounded by concentric rings (lamellae) of matrix.
Between the rings of matrix, the bone cells (osteocytes) are located in spaces called lacunae.
64
Hyaline cartilage vs. bone
Cartilage is thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces.
Bone is highly vascularised, and its calcified matrix makes it very strong.
65
red vs yellow bone marrow
Red bone marrow is the bone marrow that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
the yellow bone marrow produces fat cells
Red bone marrow helps the body in its everyday functions
yellow bone marrow helps the body survive extreme cases of hunger and blood loss.
66
red marrow location
Spongy bone of skull, ribs, sternum, clavicles, vertebrae, hip bones in adults ... most bones in infant
functions in formation of red/white blood cells, blood platelets
67
Yellow marrow location
in the medullary cavity in the shaft of long bones and is often surrounded by a layer of red bone marrow.
produce cartilage, fat and bone.
68
Difference of two types of bone growth
Intramembranous ossification - bone is formed by direct replacement of mesenchyme.
Endochondral ossification - cartilage model serves as the precursor of bone.
69
intramembranous ossification
Bone develops from fibrous membrane
Bones called membrane bones
Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones
70
endochondral ossification
process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
forms all long bones of the axial skeleton (vertebrae and ribs) and the appendicular skeleton (limbs).
71
hormonal activities on bone tissue
Bone modeling and remodeling require osteoclasts to resorb unneeded, damaged, or old bone, and osteoblasts to lay down new bone.
Two hormones that affect the osteoclasts are parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin. PTH stimulates osteoclast proliferation and activity.
72
What hormones play a role in bone growth?
The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth in several ways.
It triggers chondrocyte proliferation in epiphyseal plates, resulting in the increasing length of long bones.
73
How does parathyroid hormone maintain calcium homeostasis?
The parathyroid glands' function is to maintain serum calcium homeostasis through synthesis and release of PTH.
At the bone, PTH inhibits osteoblast activity and stimulates osteoclast activity leading to bone breakdown and calcium release.
74
What is the process of calcium homeostasis?
Calcium homeostasis is controlled by bidirectional calcium fluxes, occurring at the levels of intestine, bone and kidney.
The latter organ plays a central role in regulating the extracellular calcium concentration.
75
What is osteoporosis and how is it treated?
Osteoporosis is a condition in which your bones break down faster than they rebuild.
Treatment usually includes a combination of medications and lifestyle changes.
The most aggressive way to prevent additional bone loss is to take prescription medications.
76
four steps of fracture repair
1) hematoma formation due to broken blood vessels that cause a blood clot
2) fibrocartilage callus forms
3) bony callus forms
4) bone remodeling in response to mechanical stress
77
describe the axial versus appendicular skeleton in terms of bone components
and their functions
Functionally, the axial skeleton supports the head and the bones of the upper limbs, and it protects vital organs in the chest, back, and head.
The appendicular skeleton includes three main parts: the pectoral girdle, the bones of the appendages, and the pelvic girdle.
78
axial skeleton function
protects brain, spinal cord, sense organs, and soft tissues of thoracic cavity; supports the body weight over lower limbs
79
appendicular skeleton function
provides internal support and positioning of the limbs; supports and moves axial skeleton
80
Gross anatomy of the skull
The human skull consists of 22 bones (or 29, including the inner ear bones and hyoid bone) which are mostly connected together by ossified joints, so called sutures.
The skull is divided into the braincase (neurocranium) and the facial skeleton (viscerocranium).
81
Cranial Bones
skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal
82
facial bones
bones of the face: lacrimal, mandibular, maxillary, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic
83
special features of the cranial bones
cranial bones are held together by unique joints called sutures, which are made of thick connective tissue.
They're irregularly shaped, allowing them to tightly join all the uniquely shaped cranial bones.
84
special features of the facial bones
they aid in breathing, eating, facial expressions, speech, and structure.
They are sometimes called the viscerocranium, as they are the bones that make up the face and extend across it.
85
What is the most common craniofacial anomaly?
Cleft lip and cleft palate are the most common congenital craniofacial anomalies seen at birth.
86
Three cranial fossae
anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa
87
What are the 3 cranial fossae and the bones that form the floor of each?
The bones of the anterior cranial fossa floor are the: frontal and ethmoid bones.
The bones of the middle cranial fossa floor are the: temporal and sphenoid bones.
The bones of the posterior cranial fossa floor is the: occipital bone.
88
which region of the brain is associated with anterior cranial fossa
frontal lobes
89
which region of the brain is associated with middle cranial fossae
temporal lobes
90
which region of the brain is associated with posterior cranial fossae
cerebellum
91
The three major sutures of the skull
Posterior aspect of skull: sagittal suture
Lateral aspect of skull: Squamous suture
Anterior aspect of skull: Frontonasal suture
92
which bones articulate at the sagittal suture
two parietal bones.
93
Which bones articulate at the squamous suture
parietal bone and the temporal bone
94
Which bones articulate at the frontonasal suture
frontal bone and nasal bones
95
Identify the four bones with paranasal sinus located
frontal (the lower forehead),
maxillary (cheekbones),
ethmoid (beside the upper nose),
sphenoid (behind the nose).
96
clinical importance of fetal skull fontanelles
needed for the infant's brain growth and development.
97
five regions of the column
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx
98
What vertebrae are associated with the cervical spine
C1-C7 vertebrae
99
What vertebrae are associated with the thoracic spine
T1 to T12
100
What vertebrae are associated with the lumbar spine
L1 to L5
101
What vertebrae are associated with the sacrum spine
S1-S5
102
What vertebrae are associated with the coccyx spine
3-5 fused vertebrae
103
characteristics of cervical vertebrae
small size, transverse foramina, saddle-shaped body, and bifid spinous process
104
characteristics of thoracic vertebrae
distinguished by their long, slender spines and by the presence of facets on the sides of the bodies articulating with the heads of the ribs and by facets on the transverse processes articulating with the tubercles of ribs.
105
characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
a thick and stout vertebral body, a blunt, quadrilateral spinous process for the attachment of strong lumbar muscles, and articular processes that are oriented differently than those found on the other vertebrae.
106
characteristics of sacrum vertebrae
an inverted triangular bone that is concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly.
107
characteristics of coccyx vertebrae
a concave-shaped curve and anteriorly angles into the pelvis.
108
There are four natural curves in the spinal column
The cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvature.
109
distinguish primary versus secondary curves
Primary curves are retained from the original fetal curvature,
secondary curvatures develop after birth.
110
distinguish atlas
(C1) and axis (C2)
atlas is the first cervical vertebra, which supports the skull
axis is the second cervical vertebra, which forms the pivot upon the atlas.
111
Clinical correlation of herniated discs
One form of correlation is that the patient’s complaints in the extremities, if present, should match the spinal level of the disc abnormality.
112
transverse foramina
Major feature of cervical vertebrae
113
intervertebral foramina
Above and below the pedicles of each vertebra a notch is carved out that allows for the passage of a spinal nerve.
114
vertebral foramen
canal through which spinal cord passes
115
components of the thoracic cage
thoracic vertebrae, ribs, sternum
116
thoracic vertebrae function
supports head/neck, upper limbs, chest, articulates with ribs allowing changes in volume of thoracic cage
117
rib function
site for muscle attachment, suspend the body, protects viscera, helps with breathing
118
sternum function
attachment for muscles and cartilages of the thorax
119
structure of the thoracic cage
a bony framework that is held together by twelve thoracic vertebrae posteriorly which give rise to ribs that encircle the lateral and anterior thoracic cavity.
120
Three parts of the sternum
1. manubrium
2. body
3. xiphoid process
121
classifications of ribs
true, false, and floating ribs.
122
True ribs (1-7)
first 7 pairs of ribs; attach directly to sternum
123
False ribs (8-12)
ribs that do not have a direct attachment to the sternum
124
Floating ribs (11-12)
The floating ribs are a type of false rib that does not
have an attachment to the sternum.
125
Difference Between Pectoral and Pelvic Girdle
The difference between pectoral and pelvic girdle is mainly due to the following factors like the type of bones contributing to the formation, association of bones and articulations.
Collar bone (clavicle) and the shoulder blade (scapula) are the two types of bones contributing to shoulder muscle or pectoral girdle formation.
Hip or coxal bones solely contribute to the structure of pelvic girdle.
126
Pectoral girdle function
connects the upper limbs to the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint
127
pectoral girdle structure
structurally weak joint (held together by ligaments and muscle) articulates with clavicle (structurally weak and easy to break collar bone)
128
Pelvic girdle function
supports weight of body, support and protection for intestines, attaches lower extremities to axial skeleton
129
pelvic girdle structure
Basin-shaped ring of bones
Connecting vertebral column & both femurs
Hip bones (left & right): fusion of 3 bones
-Ilium: ala
-Ischium: spine & tuberosity
-Pubis: pecten pubis (pectineal line)
Sacrum: fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae
Anteriorly: pubic symphysis
Posteriorly: sacroiliac joint
Also, lumbosacral and sacrococcygeal joints
130
Compare and contrast the bones of the upper versus lower limb
In the humans, the gross difference in the upper and lower limbs is that the flexor and extensor surfaces and their functional groups of muscles are in the opposite directions
131
structure of the upper limbs
These consist of the arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints; the forearm, which is between the elbow and wrist joints; and the hand, which is located distal to the wrist.
There are 30 bones in each upper limb
132
structure of the lower limbs
These are the thigh, located between the hip and knee joints; the leg, located between the knee and ankle joints; and distal to the ankle, the foot.
133
functions of the upper limbs
maintaining tone, providing stability and allowing precise fluid movement.
134
functions of the lower limbs
support the weight of the upper body, facilitate locomotion, and contain strong, stable joints.
135
Clinical correlation of surgical neck in humerus
setting both torsional and bending forces predispose to nonunion and malunion of surgical neck fractures of the humerus
136
Clinical correlation of scaphoid fracture of wrist
a reliable correlation exists with pain provoked by deep palpation at the volar tubercle of the scaphoid
137
human pelvis (4 bones)
the ilium, pubis and ischium.
138
pelvic girdle (os coxae)
ilium, ischium, pubis
139
Function of the pelvis
- Protects organs
- Transmits loads between trunk and lower extremity
- Provides site for muscle attachments
140
structure of pelvis
Region: Pelvic ring
where three bones come together in the hip socket
141
characteristics of male versus female pelvis
The adult male pelvis is narrower and less flared, exhibiting an oval or heart-shaped pelvic inlet, and the angle of the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees.
The adult female pelvis is usually broader and exhibits a round pelvic inlet, and the angle of the pubic arch is greater than 90 degrees.
142
classification of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, diarthroses
143
synovial joint
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions
144
diarthroses
Freely movable joints such as the knee joint, elbow, and shoulder. This type of joint is the most common type in the human body.
145
relationship
between mobility and stability of a joint
Simply speaking, mobility is the ability of a joint to move freely through its range of motion before being restricted by surrounding tissues.
Joint stability, however, is the ability to control that movement. So whenever your body feels unstable, your mobility won't be as great as it could be.
146
gomphosis joint
peg in socket; ex. tooth in socket; synarthrotic
147
suture joint
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
Location: between skull bones
148
symphyses joint
A symphysis (fibrocartilaginous joint) is a joint in which the body (physis) of one bone meets the body of another.
Location: All but two of the symphyses lie in the vertebral (spinal) column
149
synovial joint structure
joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity w/ synovial fluid. spongy bone at ends, articular cartilage on outside, and meniscus on outside of articular cartilage
150
synovial joint characteristics
articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels
151
synovial fluid function
lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption
152
synovial joint classifications
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
153
gliding
nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other
154
Angular
lean; sharp cornered; gaunt
155
rotational motion
motion of a body that spins about an axis
156
dorsiflexion
Backward flexion, as in bending backward either a hand or foot
157
plantar flexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
158
eversion
moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle
159
inversion
turning the foot so the sole is inward
160
Opposition
allows thumb to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand (opposable thumb)
161
Temporomandibular joint
connection on either side of the head between the temporal bone of the skull and mandibular bone of the jaw
162
bones involved in temporomandibular joint
the mandible and the temporal bone.
163
movements allowed in temporomandibular joint
translational movements (protrusion/retraction and lateral deviation) and rotational movements (elevation/depression).
164
Unique feature of the temporomandibular joint
the articular disc
165
glenohumeral joint
The synovial ball-and-socket joint of the shoulder
166
bones involved in glenohumeral joint
scapula and humerus
167
movements allowed glenohumeral joint
Abduction: upward lateral movement of humerus out to the side, away from the body, in the plane of the scapula.
Adduction: downward movement of humerus medially toward the body from abduction, in the plane of the scapula.
168
the rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
169
dislocation
displacement of a bone from its joint
170
elbow joint
hinge joint formed by humerus, ulna, and radius
171
movements allowed in the elbow joint
flexion and extension
172
Hip joint
The hip is a ball and socket joint
173
bones make-up the hip joint
the thigh bone (femur) meets the three bones that make up the pelvis: the ilium, the pubis (pubic bone) and the ischium.
174
movements allowed in the hip joint
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation and circumduction.
175
compare shoulder and hip joints
The hip and the shoulder are both ball and socket joints that have cartilage, ligaments, labrum, and a surrounding capsule.
There are some differences between these joints that influence the treatment for injuries and painful conditions.
The hip is much more constrained or inherently stable than the shoulder.
176
Hip fracture
Most common type of fracture; may cause shortening or external rotation of the leg (The leg appears to be shortened and is adducted and externally rotated.)
177
clinical correlation of hip fracture
The fracture types most highly correlated with hip fracture were pelvic/acetabular
178
knee joint
largest and most complex joint in the body; modified hinge joint
179
bones involved in the knee joint
femur – the upper leg bone, or thigh bone.
tibia – the bone at the front of the lower leg, or shin bone.
patella – the thick, triangular bone that sits over the other bones at the front of the knee, or kneecap.
180
movement allowed in the knee joint
flexion and extension of the knee in the sagittal plane
181
quadriceps femoris tendon
connects the quadriceps femoris muscle to the patella
182
patellar ligament
connects the tibial tuberosity to the quadriceps tendon
183
medial and lateral menisci
fibrocartilage pads, at femur-tibia articulations, cushion and stabilize joint, give lateral support
184
anterior cruciate ligament
A ligament in the knee that attaches to the anterior aspect of the tibial plateau.
restricting anterior movement of the tibia on the femur
185
posterior cruciate ligaments
prevents backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur
186
Meniscus Injuries
-most common injury in the knee
-tearing is most common
-medial side injured more often
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cruciate ligaments injuries
An anterior cruciate ligament injury is the over-stretching or tearing of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in the knee.
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What are the 8 types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Juvenile arthritis (JA)
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Gout.
Reactive arthritis.
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
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What are the 8 types of arthritis?
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Juvenile arthritis (JA)
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Gout.
Reactive arthritis.
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
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Osteoarthritis (OA)
progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or bone spurs) at articular surfaces
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
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Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body
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Juvenile arthritis (JA)
An autoimmune disease of connective tissue characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovia and possible joint destruction. Episodes recur with remissions and exacerbations.
Manifestations include inflammation around joints, stiffness, pain, and guarding at the affected joint.
Interventions include administering low dose corticosteroids or NSAIDS, performing ROM exercises, applying warm compresses or warm bath in the morning, applying splints, or surgery.
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Ankylosing spondylitis (AS)
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
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Gout.
hereditary metabolic disease that is a form of acute arthritis, characterized by excessive uric acid in the blood and around the joints
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Reactive arthritis.
is a spondyloarthropathy assoicated with HLA-B27 that can occur following infeciton with clamydia, campylobacter, salmonella, shigella, or Yersinia
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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA)
a syndrome of inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis, the skin condition characterized by a scaly, itchy rash
