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Kinesiology > Study Guide Kinese Exam 2 > Flashcards

Study Guide Kinese Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Divides front and back planes

A

Coronal

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2
Q

Divides left and right planes

A

Sagittal

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3
Q

Divides planes up and down

A

Transverse

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4
Q

Cortex found in frontal lobe (planning and movement)

A

Primary motor cortex

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5
Q

Responsible for somatosensory processing (parietal lobe)

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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6
Q

Located in the temporal lobe, responsible for audition and language

A

Primary auditory cortex

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7
Q

Used for vision (cortex contained in occipital)

A

Primary visual cortex

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8
Q

In the mid sagittal plane, fissure that separates right and left brain

A

Longitudinal fissure

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9
Q

Connects the two hemispheres with white matter connections

A

Corpus callosum

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10
Q

Separates frontal and parietal lobes

A

Central sulcus

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11
Q

Separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes

A

(Sylvian) Lateral fissure

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12
Q

Parts of the brain stem

A

1) midbrain
2) pons
3) medulla
4) spinal cord

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13
Q

Nerves responsible for eye movement

A

1) oculomotor
2) trochlear
3) abducens nerves

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14
Q

Nerve responsible for hearing and balance

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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15
Q

Arteries contained in circle of Willis

A

1) anterior and posterior communicating arteries
2) anterior, posterior, and middle cerebral arteries
3) internal carotid artery
4) basilar artery

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16
Q

Outer layer (composed of periosteal and meningeal layer)

A

Dura mater

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17
Q

Middle layer

A

Arachnoid layer

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18
Q

Innermost layer before cerebral cortex

A

Pia mater

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19
Q

In the meninges and produces cerebral spinal fluid

A

Choroid plexus

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20
Q

Maintains the chemical environment

A

Astrocytes

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21
Q

Form myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

Forms microphages

A

Microglia

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23
Q

Form myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

A current that produces the movement of an ion

A

Electrical signal

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25
Q

Excitatory action potential for synapse

A

Glutamate

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26
Q

Inhibitory potential in synapse

A

GABA

27
Q

Just before peak action potential: Na+ channels are shut down but K+ channels are still open

A

Refractory period

28
Q

Functions to regulate depression and sleep

A

Serotonin

29
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter in SPINAL CORD

A

Glycine

30
Q

Supplies the primary sensory and motor cortices in the posterior frontal and anterior parietal lobes

A

Anterior communicating artery

31
Q

A continuation of the internal carotid artery- supplies the primary sensory and primary motor motor cortices

A

Middle cerebral artery

32
Q

A “blockage” of a blood vessel most common type of stroke (85%)

A

Ischemic

33
Q

“Brain bleed” cause by the rupture of a blood vessel

A

Hemorrhage

34
Q

-bilateral coordination
-motor sequencing
- motor ideation (imagining)

A

Supplementary Motor area (SMA)

35
Q

-areas of specific body segment motions
-learning through observation of movements

A

Premotor areas

36
Q

Quickest and simplest reflex in the body, monosynaptic (no inter neurons)

A

Stretch reflex

37
Q

Complex circuits that involve many different inter neurons and crossing many different spinal levels, includes flexor withdrawal reflex

A

Complex reflexes

38
Q

-CNS (spinal cord) codes for ongoing rhythmic activities such as locomotion (walking)
- does NOT require sensory input
-does NOT require descending commands from cortex
-does not require input from peripheral sensors

A

Central pattern generators

39
Q

Commands voluntary coordination

A

Descending cortical and brainstem

40
Q

Movement controlled by cortices (primary motor cortex, SMA, premotor) are executed by what

A

Spinal cord

41
Q

Collection of nuclei at the base of the hemispheres- filters out unwanted movements and facilitates desired movements

A

Basal ganglia

42
Q

1)Parkinson’s disease- too little movement
2) Huntington’s chorea- too MUCH unwanted movement

A

Associated disorders to basal ganglia

43
Q

Three networks that regulate motor planning, balance and limb coordination

A

Cerebellum

44
Q

1) ataxia
2) tremor, dyscoordination
3) balance problems

A

Associated disorders of cerebellum

45
Q

Command from cortex occurs BEFORE movement occurs

A

Open loop control

46
Q

Cannot occur until AFTER movement occurs

A

Closed loop control

47
Q

Created theory that distance and direction are planned PRIOR to movement in series during reaction
1) distance is planned first
2) direction is planned second

A

Henning et Al

48
Q

Theory of anticipatory postural adjustments
Ex. Anticipating bicep activation when pulling a lever actually activated prior to bicep activation that pulls the lever

A

Hiram and Nashner

49
Q

Development of control direction first year of life

A

Proximal to distal

50
Q

Development occurs in 1st year of life from what to what?

A

Cephalo to caudal

51
Q

Stage when prone all weight of the child is on the head

A

Neonate stage

52
Q

Stage when child is able to support itself, weight moves down to abdomen, more weight on forearms, neck extends, hands can be brought down to midline

A

3 months old mark

53
Q

Age when child is able to have a lot of weight on the hands. Weight moves lower to the pelvis and thighs. Shoulders flex forward. Can shift weight between sides to raise arm up

A

5 months

54
Q

Child can kneel to play, can extend limbs for balance and protection

A

7-10 months

55
Q

Checkpoint where the child can now stand, equilibrium and righting actions well integrated. Most babies can walk at this point. Equilibrium response developing through trunk muscles

A

12 months

56
Q

What reflex is critical to maintain muscle tone

A

Stretch reflex

57
Q

Spasistity: hyperactive stretch reflexes, results in high muscle tone

A

HYPERtonicity

58
Q

Flaccidity: reduced or absent stretch reflexes, results in low muscle tone

A

HYPOtonicity

59
Q

What two disorders affect muscle tone

A

1) cerebral palsy
2) Down’s syndrome

60
Q

What are the varieties of cerebral palsy

A

1) spastic (most common)
2) athetosis
3) ataxia (very rare)

61
Q

What type of muscle tone is associated with low (hypotonus) muscle tone

A

Down’s syndrome

62
Q

Goal: to reduce pain and improve/ restore mobility- occurs in a variety of settings, need a doctorate

A

PT- Physical therapy

63
Q

Goal: helps people to things they want/ need to do (activities of daily living) - promotes health and prevent/live better with injury or disability

A

Occupational therapy

64
Q

Degrees needed for Neurology

A

MD or DO

Kinesiology (1 decks)

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