study guide IT fco-u61 video 1- 4

Question 1

Front: What is the Input, Output, Processing, and Storage (I/O) Cycle?

Answer 1

Back: The I/O Cycle is a fundamental concept in computing that governs the core functions of a computer system. It encompasses the stages of input, processing, output, and storage.

Question 2

Front: What happens during the Input stage of the I/O Cycle?

Answer 2

Back: During the Input stage, data is entered into the computer system, providing the raw data that the computer will process.

Question 3

Front: What occurs in the Processing stage of the I/O Cycle?

Answer 3

Back: The CPU performs calculations, comparisons, and other operations to transform raw data into meaningful information.

Question 4

Front: What is the purpose of the Output stage in the I/O Cycle?

Answer 4

Back: The Output stage displays or transmits the results of processing to the user or another system, either visually (e.g., monitor, printer) or audibly (e.g., speakers).

Question 5

Front: What is the role of Storage in the I/O Cycle?

Answer 5

Back: Storage involves saving data to storage devices like a hard drive, SSD, or cloud storage for later use, allowing the results of processing to be retained and retrieved as needed.

Question 6

Front: What are the 3 primary notational systems?

Answer 6

Back: The 3 primary notational systems are:

Decimal Notation (base-10 system)
Binary Notation (base-2 system)
Hexadecimal Notation (base-16 system

Question 7

Front: What is Decimal Notation?

Answer 7

Back: Decimal Notation uses the base-10 system, which employs ten unique symbols (0-9) to represent values.

Question 8

Front: What is Binary Notation and how is it used in computing?

Answer 8

Back: Binary Notation is a system of numbers with only two values: 0 and 1. In computing, information is represented and stored as sequences of binary digits (1s and 0s), where each digit, or “bit,” represents a power of two.

Question 9

Front: What is Hexadecimal Notation?

Answer 9

Back: Hexadecimal Notation is a base-16 numerical system that uses 16 distinct symbols: 0–9 for the first ten values and A–F for the remaining six. It is commonly used in computer programming, memory addressing, and debugging.

Question 10

Why is it important to understand notational systems in computing?

Answer 10

Back: Understanding notational systems is important for:

Data Storage and Manipulation
Programming and Software Development
Interfacing with Humans

Question 11

Front: How does Binary Notation contribute to data storage and manipulation?

Answer 11

Back: Binary notation allows computers to represent and manipulate complex information, including numbers, characters, images, and videos, using sequences of 0s and 1s.

Question 12

Front: Why do programmers frequently encounter hexadecimal values?

Answer 12

Back: Programmers encounter hexadecimal values when working with memory addresses, color codes, and machine code instructions.

Question 13

Front: What is Decimal Notation (Base-10)?

Answer 13

Back: Decimal Notation is a base-10 numerical system that uses ten distinct symbols (0–9) to represent all possible numbers. It forms the foundation of everyday mathematical operations.

Question 14

Front: How do notational systems help in interfacing with humans?

Answer 14

Back: Notational systems like decimal notation allow us to input and interpret data using conventional numerical methods, making computers more accessible and user-friendly.

Question 15

Front: Why is Decimal Notation important in computing?

Answer 15

Back: Decimal notation is used in various programming languages and databases for storing and manipulating numerical data. It is the cornerstone of the numerical world due to its simplicity and intuitiveness.

Question 16

Front: What is Binary Notation (Base-2)?

Answer 16

Back: Binary Notation is a fundamental numerical system that underpins the digital world. It uses only two symbols, 0 and 1, to represent data.

Question 17

Front: What is the primary advantage of a binary system in digital computers?

Answer 17

Back: The primary advantage of a binary system is its immediate compatibility with digital electrical systems, where 1 represents the “on” state and 0 represents the “off” state of electronic switches.

Question 18

Front: Why do digital computers use binary notation at the hardware level?

Answer 18

Digital computers use binary notation at the hardware level because it directly corresponds to the on/off states of electronic switches, making it a natural fit for digital systems.

Question 19

Front: In what fields of computer science is binary notation used?

Answer 19

back: Binary notation is used in various fields, including the design and analysis of algorithms, data structures, and computer networks.

Question 20

Front: Why is understanding binary notation crucial in computing?

Answer 20

Back: Understanding binary notation is crucial for grasping more complex notational systems, such as hexadecimal (base-16), used in computing.

Question 21

Front: What is Hexadecimal Notation (Base-16)?

Answer 21

Back: Hexadecimal Notation uses sixteen distinct symbols (0–9 and A–F) to represent numbers, with each digit’s position representing a power of 16 (e.g., 16^0, 16^1).

Question 22

Front: How does the hexadecimal system compare to binary notation?

Answer 22

Back: The hexadecimal system is more compact and compatible with binary notation. For example, the binary number 1010 corresponds to 10 in decimal, which is the equivalent of the hexadecimal digit A.

Question 23

Front: In which areas of digital technology is hexadecimal notation crucial?

Answer 23

Back: Hexadecimal notation is crucial for working with:

Network Protocols
Encryption Algorithms
Unique Identifiers (MAC/UUID)

Question 24

Front: How are leading zeros treated in binary and hexadecimal notation?

Answer 24

Back: In binary and hexadecimal notation, leading zeros are treated as “filler.” Binary numbers are often written with 4 digits, using extra 0s on the left to “pad the number” to become 4 digits (e.g., 0 = 0000; 1 = 0001).

Question 25

Front: What is the relationship between HEX, DEC, and BIN for the first few digits?

Answer 25

Back: The relationship between HEX, DEC, and BIN is as follows:

HEX 0 = DEC 0 = BIN 0000
HEX 1 = DEC 1 = BIN 0001
HEX 2 = DEC 2 = BIN 0010
HEX 3 = DEC 3 = BIN 0011
HEX 4 = DEC 4 = BIN 0100
HEX 5 = DEC 5 = BIN 0101
HEX 6 = DEC 6 = BIN 0110
HEX 7 = DEC 7 = BIN 0111
HEX 8 = DEC 8 = BIN 1000

Question 26

Front: What is a bit (Binary Digit)?

Answer 26

Back: A bit is the smallest unit of data in computing, which can hold a value of 0 or 1.

Question 27

Front: What is a byte?

Answer 27

Back: A byte is equivalent to 8 bits and is another basic unit of data in computing.

Question 28

Front: What is a nibble in computing?

Answer 28

Back: A nibble is a term used to refer to a single hexadecimal character, which is equivalent to 4 bits.

Question 29

Front: What are the common units of data storage, from smallest to largest?

Answer 29

Back:

Kilobyte (KB)
Megabyte (MB)
Gigabyte (GB)
Terabyte (TB)
Petabyte (PB) Each unit is approximately 1,000 times larger than the previous one.

Question 30

Front: How do digital storage units differ from general units of measure?

Answer 30

Back: In digital storage, units represent powers of 2 rather than powers of 10, leading to units like kibibytes (KiB), mebibytes (MiB), and gibibytes (GiB). For example, 1 KiB = 1,024 bytes.