Study Guide #I

Question 1

Systematic approach for ____________ & _____________ knowledge about the natural world

Answer 1

Seeking , Organizing

Question 2

Three different types of investigations provide different levels of understanding:

Answer 2

Description
Prediction
Control

Question 3

Purpose
* To achieve a thorough understanding of the phenomena under study
o ABA – __________ important behaviors
* Seeks to discover the _________ truth

Answer 3

Socially, natures

Question 4

Description
* Collection of facts about _____________ events that can be ________________, classified, & examined for possible relations with other known facts
* Often suggests ______________ or questions for additional research

Answer 4

Observable, quantified
Hypothesis

Question 5

Prediction
* Relative _______________ that when one event occurs, another event will or will not occur
* Based on repeated observation revealing _______________ between various events
* Demonstrates ______________ between events
* No causal relationships can be interpreted
* Enables _________________ I

Answer 5

Probability
Correlation
Coventation
Preparation

Question 6

• Highest level of scientific understanding
• _________________ relations can be derived
  o Specific change in one event (________________ variable)…
  o Can reliably be produced by specific manipulations of another event (____________________ variable)…
  o And the change in the dependent variable was unlikely to be the result of other extraneous factors (_________________ variables)
• Events can only really be “___-_____________”

Answer 6

Functional
Dependent
Independent
Confounding
Well-controlled

Question 7

• Science as a _____ of attitudes (Skinner, 1953)
• Definition of science lies within the ______________ of scientists, not the _________________ or materials they use
• Only known as science due to an overriding idea of “scientific method”
• Fundamental assumptions about the nature of events

Answer 7

Set
Behavior
Instruments

Question 8

• Scientific attitudes that guide the work of all scientists include:

Answer 8

Determinism
Empiricism
Experimental
Parsimony
Philosophical Doubt

Question 9

• Assumption upon which science is ___________________
• Presumption that the universe is a ___________ and ___________ place in which all phenomena occur as the result of other events
• Events do not just occur at will
• Events are related in ________________ ways

Answer 9

Predicated
Lawful, orderly
Systematic

DETERMANISM

Question 10

• Practice of ______________ _______________ of phenomena of interest
• What all scientific knowledge is built upon
• “Objective” is the key to gaining a better understanding of what is being studied

Answer 10

Objective observation

EMPIRICISM

Question 11

• Basic ____________ in most sciences
• Experiment:
• __________________ comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (________________ variable) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (___________________ variable) differs from one condition to another

Answer 11

Strategy
Controlled
Dependent
Independent

EXPERIMENTATION

Question 12

• The idea that __________________, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more _______________ or abstract explanations are considered
• Helps scientists fit findings within the field’s existing knowledge base

Answer 12

Simple
Complex

PARSIMONY

Question 13

• The ______________________ questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge
• Involves the use of scientific evidence before implementing a new practice, then constantly ___________________ the effectiveness of the practice after its implementation

Answer 13

Continuous
Evaluates

PHILOSOPHICAL DOUBT