Study Guide for Section IV Flashcards
What is emotion coaching?
A parenting style where parents teach their children to understand and regulate their emotions.
What are primary emotions?
Emotions like joy, anger, sadness, and fear that appear early in life.
What is a self-conscious emotion?
Emotions like guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that emerge after self-awareness develops.
What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?
The theory that as people age, they prioritize emotionally meaningful goals and relationships.
What are the three classifications of temperament by Chess and Thomas?
Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
What did Harlow’s monkey experiments show about attachment?
Comfort and security (contact comfort) are more important than food in forming attachment.
What is a social smile, and when does it develop?
A smile in response to a human face; develops around 2-3 months of age.
What are the types of infant cries?
Basic cry, anger cry, and pain cry.
What does the term “emotional regulation” mean in early childhood?
The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences in an appropriate way.
What is the dose-response effect in relation to child trauma?
The intensity of a negative experience correlates with the severity of outcomes.
How does adolescence affect emotional development?
Adolescents experience heightened emotions due to hormonal changes and peer influences.
What is the importance of secure attachment in childhood?
It provides a foundation for healthy emotional and social development.
What is the significance of the hormone oxytocin in attachment?
It is important for bonding between mother and infant.
What is the internal working model in attachment theory?
A mental framework that influences future relationships based on early attachment experiences.
What are high-quality childcare characteristics?
Low child-to-caregiver ratio, trained staff, and a safe, stimulating environment.
What are Sternberg’s three components of love?
Passion, intimacy, and commitment.
What is self-recognition, and when does it develop?
The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror; it develops around 18-24 months.
How does self-esteem differ from self-concept?
Self-esteem is an overall evaluation of self-worth, while self-concept is the understanding of one’s own traits and abilities.
What are Marcia’s four identity statuses?
Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.
What are the Big Five personality traits?
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
What does Erikson’s stage of identity vs. role confusion involve?
Adolescents explore different roles to develop a sense of self.
What are the five key changes in self-understanding during adolescence?
Abstract thinking, differentiation, self-consciousness, contradictions within the self, and fluctuating self.
What is the MAMA cycle in identity development?
The pattern of moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement in identity formation.
What is life-review and reminiscence therapy?
A process where older adults reflect on past experiences to find meaning and resolution.
How do males and females differ in self-esteem across the lifespan?
Females often report lower self-esteem during adolescence compared to males.
What is selective optimization with compensation?
A strategy where older adults focus on important goals and compensate for losses in other areas.
What are the key conflicts of Levinson’s adult development stages?
Conflicts of early adult transition, midlife crisis, and transitioning into later adulthood.
What is Erikson’s view of generativity?
The desire to leave a legacy for future generations, typically seen in middle adulthood.
What are examples of the Big Five traits changing over the lifespan?
Conscientiousness often increases with age, while neuroticism may decrease.
What are examples of the Big Five traits changing over the lifespan?
Conscientiousness often increases with age, while neuroticism may decrease.
What is trait-situation interaction?
The idea that traits influence behavior depending on the context or situation.
How does bicultural identity influence a person’s self-concept?
It involves navigating two cultural identities, which can enhance adaptability but also cause internal conflict.
What are estrogens and androgens?
Hormones that influence sexual development; estrogens are higher in females, and androgens are higher in males.
What is gender schema theory?
The theory that children learn gender roles from their culture and create mental frameworks to understand gender.
How do males and females differ in math and verbal skills?
Boys tend to score higher in math, while girls often excel in verbal abilities.
What is gender intensification?
The increase in gender role differences during adolescence due to socialization.
What is functional flexibility in gender role classification?
The ability to adapt and display traits from both genders depending on the situation.
What are the key differences between male and female brains?
Differences in size and structure, such as a larger hypothalamus in males.
How does gender schema theory influence gender development?
Children actively construct gender understanding through exposure to gendered norms.
What does social role theory suggest about gender differences?
Differences arise from the contrasting roles society assigns to men and women.
What are the effects of gender stereotyping on children?
It can limit children’s interests and career aspirations.
What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s moral development?
Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
What is Piaget’s concept of heteronomous morality?
The belief that rules are unchangeable and handed down by authority figures.
How does Bandura’s social cognitive theory explain moral behavior?
Emphasizes the role of self-regulation and observation in moral development.
What does Freud say is the basis of moral behavior?
The superego, which internalizes societal rules.
How do collectivist cultures differ from individualist cultures in moral values?
Collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony, while individualist cultures value personal rights and independence.
What is Kohlberg’s pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?
Morality based on consequences, like punishment and reward.
What is Gilligan’s care perspective?
An approach that emphasizes the importance of relationships and caring in moral reasoning.
How does Bandura’s social cognitive theory explain self-control?
Self-control is learned through observation and modeling, and it involves self-regulation.
What are the two parts of Freud’s superego?
The conscience (internalized societal rules) and the ego ideal (striving for perfection).
What are the strategies to reduce cheating in schools?
Emphasizing moral values, having a clear code of conduct, and promoting intrinsic motivation.
