Study Guide for Section IV

Question 1

What is emotion coaching?

Answer 1

A parenting style where parents teach their children to understand and regulate their emotions.

Question 2

What are primary emotions?

Answer 2

Emotions like joy, anger, sadness, and fear that appear early in life.

Question 3

What is a self-conscious emotion?

Answer 3

Emotions like guilt, shame, embarrassment, and pride that emerge after self-awareness develops.

Question 4

What is the socioemotional selectivity theory?

Answer 4

The theory that as people age, they prioritize emotionally meaningful goals and relationships.

Question 5

What are the three classifications of temperament by Chess and Thomas?

Answer 5

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

Question 6

What did Harlow’s monkey experiments show about attachment?

Answer 6

Comfort and security (contact comfort) are more important than food in forming attachment.

Question 7

What is a social smile, and when does it develop?

Answer 7

A smile in response to a human face; develops around 2-3 months of age.

Question 8

What are the types of infant cries?

Answer 8

Basic cry, anger cry, and pain cry.

Question 9

What does the term “emotional regulation” mean in early childhood?

Answer 9

The ability to manage and respond to emotional experiences in an appropriate way.

Question 10

What is the dose-response effect in relation to child trauma?

Answer 10

The intensity of a negative experience correlates with the severity of outcomes.

Question 11

How does adolescence affect emotional development?

Answer 11

Adolescents experience heightened emotions due to hormonal changes and peer influences.

Question 12

What is the importance of secure attachment in childhood?

Answer 12

It provides a foundation for healthy emotional and social development.

Question 13

What is the significance of the hormone oxytocin in attachment?

Answer 13

It is important for bonding between mother and infant.

Question 14

What is the internal working model in attachment theory?

Answer 14

A mental framework that influences future relationships based on early attachment experiences.

Question 15

What are high-quality childcare characteristics?

Answer 15

Low child-to-caregiver ratio, trained staff, and a safe, stimulating environment.

Question 16

What are Sternberg’s three components of love?

Answer 16

Passion, intimacy, and commitment.

Question 17

What is self-recognition, and when does it develop?

Answer 17

The ability to recognize oneself in a mirror; it develops around 18-24 months.

Question 18

How does self-esteem differ from self-concept?

Answer 18

Self-esteem is an overall evaluation of self-worth, while self-concept is the understanding of one’s own traits and abilities.

Question 19

What are Marcia’s four identity statuses?

Answer 19

Diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, and achievement.

Question 20

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Answer 20

Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Question 21

What does Erikson’s stage of identity vs. role confusion involve?

Answer 21

Adolescents explore different roles to develop a sense of self.

Question 22

What are the five key changes in self-understanding during adolescence?

Answer 22

Abstract thinking, differentiation, self-consciousness, contradictions within the self, and fluctuating self.

Question 23

What is the MAMA cycle in identity development?

Answer 23

The pattern of moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement in identity formation.

Question 24

What is life-review and reminiscence therapy?

Answer 24

A process where older adults reflect on past experiences to find meaning and resolution.

Question 25

How do males and females differ in self-esteem across the lifespan?

Answer 25

Females often report lower self-esteem during adolescence compared to males.

Question 26

What is selective optimization with compensation?

Answer 26

A strategy where older adults focus on important goals and compensate for losses in other areas.

Question 27

What are the key conflicts of Levinson’s adult development stages?

Answer 27

Conflicts of early adult transition, midlife crisis, and transitioning into later adulthood.

Question 28

What is Erikson’s view of generativity?

Answer 28

The desire to leave a legacy for future generations, typically seen in middle adulthood.

Question 29

What are examples of the Big Five traits changing over the lifespan?

Answer 29

Conscientiousness often increases with age, while neuroticism may decrease.

Question 30

What are examples of the Big Five traits changing over the lifespan?

Answer 30

Conscientiousness often increases with age, while neuroticism may decrease.

Question 31

What is trait-situation interaction?

Answer 31

The idea that traits influence behavior depending on the context or situation.

Question 32

How does bicultural identity influence a person’s self-concept?

Answer 32

It involves navigating two cultural identities, which can enhance adaptability but also cause internal conflict.

Question 33

What are estrogens and androgens?

Answer 33

Hormones that influence sexual development; estrogens are higher in females, and androgens are higher in males.

Question 34

What is gender schema theory?

Answer 34

The theory that children learn gender roles from their culture and create mental frameworks to understand gender.

Question 35

How do males and females differ in math and verbal skills?

Answer 35

Boys tend to score higher in math, while girls often excel in verbal abilities.

Question 36

What is gender intensification?

Answer 36

The increase in gender role differences during adolescence due to socialization.

Question 37

What is functional flexibility in gender role classification?

Answer 37

The ability to adapt and display traits from both genders depending on the situation.

Question 38

What are the key differences between male and female brains?

Answer 38

Differences in size and structure, such as a larger hypothalamus in males.

Question 39

How does gender schema theory influence gender development?

Answer 39

Children actively construct gender understanding through exposure to gendered norms.

Question 40

What does social role theory suggest about gender differences?

Answer 40

Differences arise from the contrasting roles society assigns to men and women.

Question 41

What are the effects of gender stereotyping on children?

Answer 41

It can limit children’s interests and career aspirations.

Question 42

What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s moral development?

Answer 42

Pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.

Question 43

What is Piaget’s concept of heteronomous morality?

Answer 43

The belief that rules are unchangeable and handed down by authority figures.

Question 44

How does Bandura’s social cognitive theory explain moral behavior?

Answer 44

Emphasizes the role of self-regulation and observation in moral development.

Question 45

What does Freud say is the basis of moral behavior?

Answer 45

The superego, which internalizes societal rules.

Question 46

How do collectivist cultures differ from individualist cultures in moral values?

Answer 46

Collectivist cultures emphasize group harmony, while individualist cultures value personal rights and independence.

Question 47

What is Kohlberg’s pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?

Answer 47

Morality based on consequences, like punishment and reward.

Question 48

What is Gilligan’s care perspective?

Answer 48

An approach that emphasizes the importance of relationships and caring in moral reasoning.

Question 49

How does Bandura’s social cognitive theory explain self-control?

Answer 49

Self-control is learned through observation and modeling, and it involves self-regulation.

Question 50

What are the two parts of Freud’s superego?

Answer 50

The conscience (internalized societal rules) and the ego ideal (striving for perfection).

Question 51

What are the strategies to reduce cheating in schools?

Answer 51

Emphasizing moral values, having a clear code of conduct, and promoting intrinsic motivation.