study guide for pathophysiology Flashcards
poisonous or toxic to cells?
cytotoxic
This is a substance poisonous to cells?
cytotoxin
a WBC produced protein which instructs neighboring cells?
cytokine
a WBC with nuclei which resembles granules?
granulocyte
a WBC with a single nucleus; largest normal cell?
monocyte
ingestion and digestion of foreign agents by phagocytes describes?
phagocytosis
a cell which has the ability to ingest other cells or bacteria is a?
Phagocyte
a type of leukocyte or WBC that attacks foreign invaders in the body is a?
lymphocyte
This is a cell involved in clotting? (also called a platelet)
Thrombocyte
a WBC is called a?
leukocyte
a RBC is called a?
erythrocyte
the cell internal structure composed of supporting protein filaments is called?
a cytoskeleton
the clear fluid portion of the cell cytoplasm is called?
cytosol
the thick fluid that fills a cell is called?
cytoplasm
the energy currency of the cells is called? this is made in the mitochondria.
ATP or adenosine triphosphate
this plays a roll is cell division?
centrioles. They form a spindle shaped structure needed for DNA movement. Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, RBC’s and typical neurons have no centrioles and are therefore unable to divide
these are similar to lysozomes, they absorb and neutralize toxins?
peroxisomes
this contains digestive enzymes used in digestion within the cell?
lysosomes
this is the energy factory of the cell?
mitochondria
this is involved in the synthesis and packaging of mucous and enzymes?
golgi apparatus and are involved in the following 3 process:
- modify and package secretions such as hormones and enzymes
- package enzymes inside vesicles for use in cytosol
- renew the cell membrane
this may be rough (protein synthesis) or smooth (lipid synthesis)?
endoplasmic reticulum
this contains the DNA, in prokaryotes it is not encased in the membrane?
nucleus
structures that perform specific functions within the cell are called?
organelles
which of the following are true about connective tissue?
a. it is the most abundant tissue in the body
b. it provides support, connection and insulation
c. blood, bones, cartilage, and fat are examples of connective tissue.
d. all of the above
D. all of the above. connective tissue is the most abundant tissue in the body, it provides support connection and insulation and examples are blood bones cartilage and fat.
define homeostasis?
the balance of all body systems of the body. Pg 541
catabolism is the term used to define breaking down while anabolism is the term used to refer to building up. True or false?
true.
The following are true about endocrine glands.
a. they are ductless
b. may include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, and pancreas islets.
c. they secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system.
d. all of the above
D. all of the above. endocrine glads are ductless, may include the pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and pancreas islets and they secrete hormones directly into the circulatory system.
the following are true about exocrine glands.
a. secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces.
b. products secreted may be sweat saliva mucus and digestive enzymes.
c. use ducts to secrete substances
d. all of the above
D. all of the above. exocrine glads secrete substances onto epithelial surfaces, products secreted may be sweat saliva mucus and digestive enzymes and they use ducts to secrete substances.
water accounts on average for what percentage of total body weight?
60-80%
what percent of all body water is found within the intracellular compartment?
75%
extracellular compartment contains what percent of all body water?
25%
the extracellular compartment contains the intravascular as well as the interstitial fluid. true or false?
true
an infants TBW is about what percentage of its body weight?
75-80%
an adults TBW is about what percentage of its body weight?
65%
name 7 causes of dehydration.
diarrhea, vomiting, gastric drainage, infections, metabolic disorders like DKA, hemorrhage, environmental emergencies, high caffeine intake and insufficient fluid intake.
co2
carbon dioxide
h2o
water
H2CO3
carbonic acid
H+
hydrogen
HC03-
bicarbonate
what type of signalling do cells secrete neurotransmitters such as dopamine?
synaptic signalling
what type of signalling do cells secrete substances that act upon themselves?
autocrine signalling
what type of signalling do cells secrete substances that act on nearby cells?
paracrine signalling
what type of signalling is considered “signalling by hormones”?
endocrine signalling
name the most prevalent cation(+) in the extracellular fluid?
sodium
name the most prevalent cation in the intracellular fluid?
potassium
name the cation which plays the most important roll in contraction of muscles?
calcium
name the most important buffer system of the body?
circulating bicarbonate buffer system or “blood buffer”
what happens when a person becomes acidotic?
acidosis occurs when the blood ph falls below 7.35. during resp acidosis co2 cannot be released from the body and mixes with h2o creating in increase in carbonic acid creating an acidotic environment. this process can effect the body within minutes. during metabolic acidosis the kidneys regulate the HC03- or bicarbonate which is a base and is used to neutralize the acids base combination. the kidneys also excrete acid through urination. Metabolic acid-base disorders may be due to kidney disease, electrolyte disturbances, severe vomiting or diarrhea, ingestion of certain drugs and toxins, and diseases that affect normal metabolism (e.g., diabetes).
this process takes hours to days. http://labtestsonline.org/understanding/conditions/acidosis/
describe what happens when one gives sodium bicarbonate to a patient who is acidotic?
sodium bicarbonate dissociates to provide sodium (Na+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) anions. Bicarbonate anions can consume hydrogen ions (H+) and thereby be converted to carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can subsequently be converted to water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) which can be excreted by the lungs. this is to be used during metabolic acidosis.
what describes the movement of h2o by hydrostatic pressure across the capillary wall?
filtration
Blood pressure within the capillaries describes?
hydrostatic pressure
blood plasma force is called?
osmotic force
the pressure exerted by solutes on 1 side of a semipermeable membrane describes?
osmotic pressure
the concentration of solute per liter of water is called?
osmolarity
when a helper protein binds to a molecule and assists in transport, it is called?
facilitated diffusion
movement of a substance across the cell membrane against the osmostic gradient, opposite the normal direction of diffusion describes?
active transport
diffusion of any solvent through a membrane, opposite the direction of solute movement is called?
osmosis
Ex. H2O follows Na+. A solvent travels from low solute concentration to high solute concentration to attempt to achieve a balance.
the tendency of solutes to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration to produce an even distribution of particles is called?
diffusion
the difference in concentration of a solute on different sides of a membrane creating a gradient is called?
the osmotic gradient
when the concentration of a solute is less than normal its called?
hypotonic
when the concentration of a solute is more than normal its called?
hypertonic
which of the following can result in edema?
a. decrease in plasma oncotic pressure? (also called colloidal osmotic pressure)
b. increase in hydrostatic pressure
c. increased capillary permeability
d. lymphatic channel obstructions.
e. all of the above.
e. all of the above.
the following are true about starlings hypothesis.
a. describes the forces involved in net filtration of fluid from the capillary wall.
b. is determined by the balance between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure.
c. all of the above
c. all of the above.
