Study Guide For Ch 14-16

Question 0

Allopatric speciation

Answer 0

Happens when species arise as a result of geographic isolation

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

The process of becoming adapted to an environment; an anatomical, physiological, or behavioral

Question 2

Analogous structure

Answer 2

Have closely related functions but do not derive from the same ancestral structure (birds and bats)

Question 3

Coevolution

Answer 3

The evolution of two or more species that is due to mutual influence

Question 4

Descent with modification

Answer 4

The passing on of traits from parent to offspring

Question 5

Directional selection

Answer 5

A type of natural selection in which the most extreme trait is the most common (insects with camouflage)

Question 6

Disruptive selection

Answer 6

The two extremes are most common (mice on an island)

Question 7

Divergent evolution

Answer 7

The process by which two or more related but reproductively isolated populations aren’t alike

Question 8

Gene flow

Answer 8

The movement of genes into or out of a population due to interbreeding

Question 9

Genetic drift

Answer 9

The random change in allele frequency I’m a population

Question 10

Geographic isolation

Answer 10

The physical separation of populations due to geographic barriers, so no interbreeding

Question 11

Half- life

Answer 11

The time required for half of a sample of a radioactive isotope to break down to a daughter

Question 12

Homologous structure

Answer 12

Anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity from a structure in the most recent common ancestor of the species

Question 13

Inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 13

A hypothesis that physiological changes are acquired in life

Question 14

Mutation

Answer 14

A change in the nucleotide base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule

Question 15

Natural selection

Answer 15

The process by which individuals that are better adapted to the environment

Question 16

Nonrandom mating

Answer 16

Mating that has not occurred by chance sometimes with human interference

Question 17

Pre zygotic isolation

Answer 17

Occurs before fertilization (dog and cat can’t make offspring together)

Question 18

Post zygotic isolation

Answer 18

Occurs after fertilization (mules can be made, but don’t reproduce)

Question 19

Sexual selection

Answer 19

A variation of natural selection (male baboons have red striped noses)

Question 20

Spontaneous generation

Answer 20

An early and now disproved theory that living things can come from no living things

Question 21

Stabilizing selection

Answer 21

A type of natural selection in which the average is favored

Question 22

Sympatric speciation

Answer 22

Occurs when 2 sub populations become reproductively isolated

Question 23

Uniformitarianism

Answer 23

The thought that geologic processes change the earth

Question 24

Vestigial structure

Answer 24

Doesn’t serve a purpose but resembles functional structures in other organisms (human tailbone)

Question 25

Redi

Answer 25

Maggots were found only in the control jars because that was the only place where adult flies could reach the meat to lay eggs

Question 26

Pasteur

Answer 26

A flask with a curved but open neck prevented microorganisms from entering. Broth boiled in the flasks became contaminated by microorganisms only when the curves necks were removed

Question 27

Spallanzani

Answer 27

He boiled meat broth in open flasks. Then he sealed the flasks off the experimental group by melting the glass necks of the flasks closed. The broth inside remained uncontaminated

Question 28

Darwin

Answer 28

Provided the idea of evolution

Question 29

Lamarck

Answer 29

Supported the idea that populations of organisms change over time

Question 30

Oparin

Answer 30

Discovered that at high temperatures, gases may form simple organic compounds, such as amino acids

Question 31

Miller and Urey

Answer 31

Tested oparins hypothesis

Question 32

Lyell

Answer 32

Provided the idea of Uniformitarianism

Question 33

How old is earth

Answer 33

Over 4 billion years

Question 34

How do DNA and RNA evolve?

Answer 34

In all species, DNA and RNA are the molecular basis for inheritance of traits

Question 35

What were the first cells?

Answer 35

They might have developed in an environment filled with organic molecules for food and were probably anaerobic, heterotrophic prokaryotes

Question 36

What kinds of fossils are there?

Answer 36

Bones, plants, sediments, and saps

Question 37

According to Darwin, how does evolution occur?

Answer 37

Characteristics within a population from one generation to the next

Question 38

What are the requirements for natural selection to occur?

Answer 38

Overproduction, genetic variation, struggle to survive, and differential reproduction

Question 39

List the types of evidence we have for evolution

Answer 39

Fossils, biogeography, anatomy/embryology, biological molecules, and developing theory

Question 40

On what does natural selection act on?

Answer 40

Phenotypes