Study Guide Exam 1 PSY 410 docx Flashcards
What is ABAB Design?
A research design used in behavioral psychology to assess the effects of an intervention
It involves alternating between a baseline phase and an intervention phase.
Define Abnormal Psychology.
The study of psychological disorders and abnormal behavior.
What does ‘Acute’ refer to in psychological terms?
A condition with a sudden onset and short duration.
What are Analogue Studies?
Research that simulates a real-world situation to study behavior.
What is Bias in research?
Systematic error that affects the validity of study results.
Define Case Study.
An in-depth examination of an individual or group.
What is meant by Chronic?
A condition that persists over a long period.
What is Comorbidity?
The presence of two or more disorders in the same individual.
What is the purpose of a Comparison or Control-Group?
To provide a baseline to compare against the experimental group.
What does Correlation indicate?
A relationship between two variables.
Define Correlational Research.
A method that examines the relationship between variables without manipulating them.
What is a Correlation Coefficient?
A numerical index that reflects the degree of relationship between two variables.
What is a Criterion Group?
A group used as a standard of comparison in research.
What is a Dependent Variable?
The variable that is measured in an experiment.
Define Direct Observation.
The process of watching and recording behavior as it occurs.
What is the Direction of Effect-Problem?
Issues arising from not knowing which variable influences the other.
True or False: A Double-Blind Study ensures neither the participants nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment.
True.
What is Effect Size?
A quantitative measure of the magnitude of a phenomenon.
Define Epidemiology.
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states.
What does Etiology mean?
The study of the causes of diseases or disorders.
What is Experimental Research?
Research that manipulates one variable to determine its effect on another.
What is External Validity?
The extent to which research findings can be generalized to other settings.
Define Family Aggregation.
The tendency for certain disorders to occur more frequently within families.
What does Generalizability refer to?
The applicability of research findings to broader populations.
What is a Hypothesis?
A testable prediction about the relationship between variables.
What is Incidence?
The number of new cases of a disorder in a specific time period.
Define Independent Variable.
The variable that is manipulated in an experiment.
What is Internal Validity?
The degree to which an experiment accurately establishes a causal relationship.
What does Labeling refer to in psychology?
The process of classifying individuals based on their behavior or diagnosis.
What is Lifetime Prevalence?
The proportion of individuals who have ever experienced a disorder at any point in their lives.
Define Longitudinal Design.
A research design that follows the same subjects over a period of time.
What is Meta-Analysis?
A statistical technique that combines results from multiple studies.
What does Negative Correlation indicate?
An inverse relationship between two variables.
Define Nomenclature.
A system of naming in a particular field of study.
What is 1-year prevalence?
The proportion of individuals diagnosed with a disorder within one year.
What is Placebo treatment?
An inactive treatment used as a control in experiments.
Define Point Prevalence.
The proportion of a population that has a disorder at a specific point in time.
What does Positive Correlation indicate?
A direct relationship between two variables.
What is Prevalence?
The total number of cases of a disorder in a population at a given time.
Define Prospective Research.
Research that follows subjects forward in time to observe outcomes.
What is Random Assignment?
The process of assigning participants to groups by chance.
What is Retrospective Research?
Research that looks back at past events to analyze outcomes.
What does Sampling refer to?
The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population.
What is Self-Report Data?
Information provided by participants about themselves.
Define Single-Case Research-Design.
A research method focused on a single individual or group.
What is Statistical Significance?
The likelihood that a result is not due to chance.
What does Stereotyping mean?
Oversimplified and fixed ideas about a group of people.
Define Stigma.
A mark of disgrace associated with a particular circumstance or quality.
What is the Third variable problem?
An issue in correlational studies where a third variable influences both variables being studied.
What are Asylums?
Institutions for the care of mentally ill individuals.
What is the Behavioral-Perspective?
An approach that focuses on observable behaviors and their interactions with the environment.
Define Behaviorism.
A psychological approach that emphasizes the study of observable behavior.
What is Catharsis?
The process of releasing and thereby providing relief from strong or repressed emotions.
What is Classical-Conditioning?
A learning process that creates associations between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
Define Deinstitutionalization.
The process of reducing the population of mental health institutions.
What is Dream Analysis?
A therapeutic technique used to interpret the content of dreams.
What are Exorcisms?
Rituals performed to expel evil spirits from individuals.
What does Free Association mean?
A psychoanalytic technique where patients speak freely to reveal unconscious thoughts.
Define Insanity.
A legal term indicating a person cannot be held responsible for their actions due to mental illness.
What is Lycanthropy?
A psychological condition in which an individual believes they can transform into a wolf.
What is Mass Madness?
A phenomenon where a group of people exhibit similar hysterical symptoms.
What is the Mental Hygiene Movement?
A campaign promoting mental health awareness and the treatment of mental illness.
What is Mesmerism?
An early form of hypnosis used for therapeutic purposes.
Define Moral Management.
An approach to mental health care emphasizing moral and spiritual development.
What is the Nancy School?
A group of physicians who promoted the use of hypnosis for treatment.
What is Operant Conditioning?
A learning principle where behavior is influenced by its consequences.
Define Psychoanalysis.
A therapeutic approach focusing on unconscious processes and childhood experiences.
What is the Psychoanalytic Perspective?
An approach emphasizing the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.
What is Saint Vitus’s Dance?
Historical term for a condition now known as chorea, characterized by involuntary movements.
What is Tarantism?
A historical phenomenon where individuals believed they were possessed by a tarantula’s bite.
Define Unconscious.
The part of the mind that contains thoughts and feelings not accessible to conscious awareness.
What is the Adoption Method?
A research design that studies children who have been adopted to understand genetic and environmental influences.
What are Association Studies?
Research examining the relationship between genetic variants and traits or disorders.
What is Attachment Theory?
A psychological model describing the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships.
Define Attribution.
The process of explaining the causes of behavior.
What is Behavior Genetics?
The study of the relationship between genetics and behavior.
What is the Biopsychosocial Viewpoint?
An approach that considers biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding health.
What are Chromosomes?
Structures within cells that contain genetic information.
What is Classical Conditioning?
A learning process that creates associations between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus.
What does the Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective focus on?
The interplay between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
What is Concordance Rate?
The probability that both twins will have a particular trait if one twin has it.
What is Cortisol?
A hormone released in response to stress.
Define Developmental Psychopathology.
The study of the development of psychological disorders.
What is the Developmental Systems Approach?
A perspective that emphasizes the interaction of biological and environmental factors in development.
What are Diathesis-Stress Models?
Theories that explain how predispositions and stress interact to produce disorders.
What does Discrimination refer to in psychology?
The ability to distinguish between different stimuli.
What are Ego-Defense Mechanisms?
Psychological strategies used to protect oneself from anxiety.
What is Etiology?
The study of the causes of diseases or disorders.
What is Extinction in behavioral terms?
The process by which a conditioned response is eliminated.
Define Generalization.
The transfer of a learned response to similar stimuli.
What are Genes?
Units of heredity that influence traits and behaviors.
What is Genotype-environment Correlation?
The interaction between an individual’s genetic makeup and their environment.
What is Genotype-Environment Interaction?
The differential response of individuals with different genotypes to the same environment.
What is Hikikomori?
A social withdrawal phenomenon primarily observed in Japan.
What are Hormones?
Chemical messengers in the body that regulate various functions.
What is Operant (instrumental) Conditioning?
A learning process where behavior is modified by its consequences.
What are Intrapsychic Conflicts?
Conflicts within an individual’s mind, often between desires and societal expectations.
Define Learning.
A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
What is Linkage Analysis?
A technique used to identify the location of genes associated with traits or disorders.
What are Neurotransmitters?
Chemical messengers that transmit signals across synapses in the brain.
What is Object-Relations Theory?
A psychoanalytic theory focusing on relationships with others.
What is Observational Learning?
Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.
What is Phenotype?
The observable characteristics of an individual.
What is the Pituitary Gland?
The master gland that regulates other endocrine glands.
What does Polygenic mean?
Referring to traits influenced by multiple genes.
What are Protective Factors?
Conditions that shield individuals from potential negative outcomes.
What is Reinforcement?
A consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior being repeated.
Define Resilience.
The ability to recover from adversity.
What is Schema?
A cognitive framework that helps organize and interpret information.
What is Spontaneous Recovery?
The reappearance of a conditioned response after a period of extinction.
What is Stress in psychological terms?
The body’s response to perceived threats or challenges.
What is a Synapse?
The junction between two neurons where communication occurs.
What is Temperament?
An individual’s innate traits that influence their behavior.
What is the Twin Method?
A research design comparing the similarities between identical and fraternal twins.
What is Zar?
A cultural belief in certain African and Middle Eastern societies involving spirit possession.
What are Actuarial Procedures?
Statistical methods used to assess risk and predict outcomes.
What is Aphasia?
A language disorder affecting communication abilities.
What is the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)?
A scale used to assess psychiatric symptoms.
Define Clinical Diagnosis.
The identification of a disorder based on symptoms and clinical evaluation.
What is Comorbidity in clinical assessment?
The occurrence of multiple disorders in the same individual.
What is a CAT Scan?
A medical imaging technique used to visualize internal structures.
What does Cultural Competence mean?
The ability to understand and respect cultural differences in healthcare.
What is Dysrhythmia?
An abnormality in the rhythm of the heart or brain activity.
What does EEG stand for?
Electroencephalogram, a test that measures electrical activity in the brain.
What is Forensic psychology?
The intersection of psychology and the legal system.
What does fMRI stand for?
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique for measuring brain activity.
What is MRI?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, a technique for producing detailed images of the body.
What is an Intelligence Test?
An assessment designed to measure intellectual capabilities.
What does MMPI stand for?
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, a psychological assessment tool.
What is a Neuropsychological Assessment?
An evaluation of cognitive function using standardized tests.
What are Objective Personality Tests?
Standardized assessments that measure personality characteristics.
What are Personality Tests?
Assessments designed to evaluate individual personality traits.
What is a PET Scan?
Positron Emission Tomography, a medical imaging technique that shows metabolic activity.
What is a Presenting Problem?
The primary issue or concern that leads an individual to seek help.
What are Projective Personality Tests?
Tests that use ambiguous stimuli to elicit responses that reveal personality characteristics.
What is Psychological Assessment?
The process of evaluating an individual’s psychological state.
What are Rating Scales?
Tools used to quantify behaviors or symptoms.
What does Reliability refer to in assessment?
The consistency of a measure over time.
What is Role-playing?
A technique used in therapy to practice social interactions.
What is the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
A projective test using inkblots to assess personality and emotional functioning.
What is Self-monitoring?
The practice of observing and recording one’s own behavior.
What is the Sentence Completion Test?
A projective test where individuals complete sentences to reveal thoughts and feelings.
What are Signs in clinical assessment?
Objective indications of a disorder observed by a clinician.
What does Standardization mean in testing?
The process of making assessments uniform to ensure consistency.
What is a Structured Assessment Interview?
An interview with predetermined questions to assess psychological conditions.
What are Symptoms?
Subjective experiences reported by the individual related to a disorder.
What is T-score Distribution?
A method of standardizing scores for comparison.
What does TAT stand for?
Thematic Apperception Test, a projective psychological test.
What is an Unstructured Assessment Interview?
An interview that allows for open-ended responses and discussion.
What does Validity refer to in assessment?
The degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure.
