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Pathophysiology Fall 23 > Study Guide Exam 1 Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

Study Guide Exam 1 Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

Extracellular fluid contains large amounts of what?

A

Sodium chloride, bicarbonate ions, plus nutrients for the cells, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and also carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Intracellular fluid contains

A

Potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

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3
Q

Homeostasis can be defined as what

A

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

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4
Q

Extra cellular fluid is transported through the body into stages

A

Stage one movement of blood through body in the blood vessels

Stage two movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and the intercellular spaces between the tissue cells

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5
Q

Blood passes through blood capillaries, continual exchange of extra cellular fluid, occurs between the plasma portion of the blood, and the interstitial fluid that fills the intercellular spaces 

A
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6
Q

Homogeneity of extra cellular fluid can be described as what

A

Extracellular fluid everywhere in the body, plasma and interstitial fluid is continually being mixed

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7
Q

 In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen in

A

Alveoli

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8
Q

In the G.I. tract as blood passes what nutrients are absorbed into the extra cellular fluid

A

Carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids

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9
Q

The membrane between the alveoli in the lumen of the pulmonary capillaries is called what

A

Alveolar membrane it is 0.4-2.0 micrometers thick

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10
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A

Changes chemical compositions of substances to more usable forms and eliminates certain waste products

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11
Q

What is the most abundant of all metabolism products?

A

Carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Passage of blood through the kidneys remove what

A

Carbon dioxide, urea, uric acid 

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13
Q

Detoxification or removal of ingested, drugs and chemicals that’s turned into bile and eliminated in the feces, happens where

A

Liver

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14
Q

The nervous system is composed of what three major parts

A

Sensory input portion
Central nervous system
Motor output portion

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15
Q

CNS is composed of what

A

Brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Autonomic system operates at a subconscious level and controls what

A

Heart, G.I. tract, secretion of many other glands

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17
Q

Hormones from the endocrine gland are transported in

A

Extra cellular fluid

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18
Q

The respiratory system and the nervous system control what

A

Amount of carbon dioxide an extra cellular fluid

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19
Q

The liver and pancreas control

A

Glucose concentration in the extracellular fluid

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20
Q

Kidneys, regulate concentrations of

A

Hydrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and other ions in the extra cellular fluid

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21
Q

Regulation of oxygen concentration in the tissues relies on what

A

Oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin

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22
Q

The negative feedback control of high arterial pressure causes what

A

Decreased sympathetic activity, causing dilation of blood vessels

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23
Q

Baroreceptors are found where

A

Bifurcation of the carotid, arteries, arch of the aorta, thorax

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24
Q

Negative feedback control system is activated when

A

Some factor becomes excessive or deficient

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25
Q

What is the formula for gaining control system?

A

Gain equals correction divided by error

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26
Q

Gain of control system for temperature is much more effective than baroreceptor pressure control system

A
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27
Q

The initiating stimulus causes more of the same

A

Positive feedback system

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28
Q

Examples of positive feedback control system

A

Blood clotting, childbirth, generation of nerve signals, or action potential

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29
Q

Are the brand uses feed forward control to cause

A

Required muscle contractions 

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30
Q

 Continuous correction of feedforward signals from the brain to the muscle is called what

A

Adaptive control, which is delayed negative feedback

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31
Q

Average male body water is about 60% of body weight with age this decreases why

A

Declining, skeletal muscle mass and increasing fat mass

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32
Q

50 to 70% of the human body is fluid 2/3 is located where

A

2/3 inside the cells and 1/3 in extra cellular fluid surrounding the sauce and circulating blood

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33
Q

All substances that make up a cell collectively

A

Protoplasm

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34
Q

5 substances that make up the protoplasm

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates

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35
Q

Most abundance substances in cells

A
  1. Water
  2. Proteins (10-20% cell mass)
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36
Q

Two types of proteins

A

Structural and functional

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37
Q

Structural proteins in long filaments to form

A

Microtubules which provides cytoskeleton’s of cellular organelles, such as cilia nerve axons

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38
Q

Functional proteins, responsible for

A

Splitting glucose using the components with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water by producing energy for cellular function

39
Q

Highly organized, physical structures within the cell

A

Intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria, accounts for 95% of the cells, energy

40
Q

The basic, lipid bilayer is composed of three main types of lipids

A

Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol

41
Q

The most abundant cell membrane lipid type is

A

Phospholipids

42
Q

The phosphate end of the phospholipid is

A

Hydrophilic, water, loving

43
Q

The fatty acid portion of the phosphate end is

A

Hydrophobic water hating

44
Q

These fat, soluble substances can easily penetrate the lipid layer of the membrane

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol

45
Q

Sphingolipid serve these functions

A

Protection from harmful environmental factors
Signal transmission
Adhesion site for extra cellular proteins

46
Q

Cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane do this

A

Determine the degree of permeability
Controls fluidity of the membrane

47
Q

The two types of cell membrane proteins are

A

Integral, which protrude all the way through the membrane and peripheral

48
Q

The integral proteins provide structural channels, or pores and other integral proteins act as carrier proteins to help substances get through the lipid bilayer

A
49
Q

Membrane carbohydrates combine with proteins or lipids in the form of glycol, proteins or glycolipids. Most integral proteins are glycoproteins.

A
50
Q

Proteoglycans are carbohydrates loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell, which has a loose carbohydrate coat called

A

Glycocalyx

51
Q

Is known to regulate Vascular permeability, cellular interactions with the endothelium, signal, transduction, and molecular bio availability and signaling

A

Glycocalyx

52
Q

Five important organelles found within the cytoplasm

A

The endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisome

53
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum a network of tubular structure is called

A

Cisternae
The endoplastic reticulum helps process molecules and transport them to specific destinations inside or outside the cell

54
Q

These can be found attached to the outer surfaces of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Ribosomes
Composed of a mixture of RNA and proteins. Their function is to synthesize new protein molecules in the cell.

55
Q

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes and serves this function

A

Synthesis of lipids, substances

56
Q

The Golgi apparatus has four or more stacked layers of thin, flat vesicles and serves its function

A

Substances from the ER are transported here to form lysosome’s Secretário vesicles, which are sorted and packaged

57
Q

Lysosomes are vascular, organelles that form by breaking off the Golgi apparatus and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm function to

A

Provide an intracellular digestive system they digest
Damaged cellular structures
Food particles
Unwanted matter, such as bacteria 

58
Q

A hydrolytic enzymes does this

A

Splits organic compounds into two or more parts by combining hydrogen from a water, molecule and combining hydroxyl portion of water molecule with part of the compound examples, protein to form amino acids, glycogen to Farm glucose, lipids to Farm, fatty acids and glycerol

59
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes are highly concentrated in

A

Lisosomes

60
Q

Peroxisome’s – self replicate

A

Physically similar to lysosome’s, but contain oxidases rather than hydrolysis, combined oxygen and hydrogen ions from intracellular chemicals to form hydrogen peroxide, which is used in association with catalase
Converts alcohol into acetaldehyde
Major function of paroxysm is to catalyze long chain fatty acids 

61
Q

Mitochondria the powerhouse, more prominent in cardiac cells than fat cells how many infoldings to form tubules called Kristi, which provided a large surface area for chemical reactions. This area is filled with matrix, I oxidative enzymes on the cristae, cause oxidation of nutrients forming carbon dioxide and water releasing energy a.k.a. ATP

A

Mitochondria can self replicate. They also are abundant in skeletal muscle, as well as cardiac muscle cells can range from 100 up to several thousand depending on the energy requirements of the cell.

62
Q

Cristae can be found where

A

Infoldings of the mitochondria

63
Q

Cisternae can be found where

A

Tubular structures within the endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Control center of the cell sends messages to the cell to grow and mature, replicate, or die, contains large quantities of DNA, which comprise the genes

65
Q

The nucleolus is an organelle does not have a limiting membrane. It consists of large amounts of RNA and proteins of the types found in ribosomes. 

A
66
Q

Endocytosis is ingestion by the cell. What are the two types

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

67
Q

In pinocytosis, these things are used in the process of invagination

A

Clathrin, Actin, myosin after invagination, it forms a penis to the vesicle

68
Q

This form of endocytosis uses ATP energy and digest molecules in fluid

A

Pinocytosis

69
Q

This form of endocytosis involves large particles, and is typically macrophages and white blood cells
Often eats bacterium, dead cells or tissue debris

A

Phagocytosis

70
Q

These digest Pinosa Sitarik, and phagocytic foreign substances in the cell immediately after phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

Liza Zomes attach themselves to the vesicle and empty their acid, hydrolysis in the vesicle they hydrolyze proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, -the products of digestion are amino acids glucose and phosphates, which make their way into the cytoplasm left over is called residual body and his excreted by exocytosis

71
Q

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis vesicles containing lysozymes can be called

A

Digestive organs of the cells

72
Q

Cells extract energy from food Zach chemically react with

A

Oxygen, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Carbohydrates convert to glucose in the digestive track and liver
Proteins convert two amino acids
Fats are converted into fatty acids

73
Q

One ATP releases its energy, if phosphoric acid radical is split away to form

A

Adenosine diphosphate or ADP

74
Q

95% of the cells ATP formation occurs in the

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

Pyruvic acid from carbohydrates, fatty acids from lipids, amino acids, proteins is converted into

A

Acetyl coenzyme A (COA) in the mitochondria

76
Q

In the Krebs cycle acetyl COA is split into hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide then what happens

A

Carbon dioxide exit through the lungs. Hydrogen atoms are highly reactive and combine with oxygen in which the mitochondria convert large amounts of ADP to ATP this process is called chemioosmotic mechanism of ATP formation

77
Q

Energy from ATP is used to promote three major categories of cellular function. What are they?

A

Transport of substance through multiple cell membranes - supply energy for transport of sodium through the cell membrane

Synthesis of chemical compounds through the cell - promote proteins synthesis by the ribosomes

Mechanical work - supply energy needed during muscle contraction

78
Q

Renal tubular cells use as much as 80% of the ATP they form for membrane transport 

A
79
Q

Ciliary and amoeboid motion require large quantities of ATP energy

A
80
Q

Describe amoeboid locomotion. This is a crawling, like movement of an entire cell example white blood cells through tissues.

A

The pseudopodium projects away from the cell body and partially secures itself in a new tissue area. Then the remainder of the cell is pulled forward toward the pseudopodium. Appearance is an elongated cell 

81
Q

Through aerobic respiration in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, one molecule of glucose produces

A

38 ATP molecules

82
Q

The two types of cilia are mortal and non-mortal mortal. Celia undergo a whiplike movement on the surface of cells, and is found where in the human body.

A

Respiratory airways
Fallopian tubes
Nasal cavity -movement causes a layer of mucus to move at a rate of 1 cm per minute toward the pharynx, clearing the passage ways

83
Q

The basic building blocks of RNA

A

Ribose and uracil

84
Q

The four nucleotides used to farm RNA contain these bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cystocine
Uracil

85
Q

Extra cellular fluid contains what

A

Higher sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, oxygen glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, carbon dioxide

86
Q

Intracellular contains

A

Potassium, magnesium phosphate, ions

87
Q

Extracellular fluid the internal environment 60% of the body, constant motion circulating blood capillary walls contains ions and nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty substances, calcium, potassium, sodium

A
88
Q

What are the three phases of cell mitosis?

A

Interphase (s phase) - cell grows chromosomes are duplicated with DNA

Mitosis - what started can’t stop chroma zone copies are separated, and move to opposite ends of the cell

Cytokinesis - cell divides into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other into the parent cell

89
Q

All DNA in a cell constitutes the cells?

A

Genome

90
Q

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into?

A

Chromosomes

91
Q

Histones function is white

A

To package DNA into structural units called nucleosome’s. They also play a role in gene regulation.

92
Q

DNA polymerase is proofread newly made DNA replacing any incorrect nucleotides. DNA can be damaged by exposure to harmful chemicals or physical agents.

A
93
Q

What are the three phases in nucleotide excision Repair?

A

Nucleus cuts out the bad

DNA polymerase replaces

DNA ligase put it back together

94
Q

There are five stages to mitosis with the acronym. Please pass me another tequila they are.

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Pathophysiology Fall 23 (1 decks)

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