Study Guide Exam 1 Chapters 1-4 Flashcards
Extracellular fluid contains large amounts of what?
Sodium chloride, bicarbonate ions, plus nutrients for the cells, such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, and also carbon dioxide
Intracellular fluid contains
Potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions
Homeostasis can be defined as what
Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment
Extra cellular fluid is transported through the body into stages
Stage one movement of blood through body in the blood vessels
Stage two movement of fluid between the blood capillaries and the intercellular spaces between the tissue cells
Blood passes through blood capillaries, continual exchange of extra cellular fluid, occurs between the plasma portion of the blood, and the interstitial fluid that fills the intercellular spaces 
Homogeneity of extra cellular fluid can be described as what
Extracellular fluid everywhere in the body, plasma and interstitial fluid is continually being mixed
 In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen in
Alveoli
In the G.I. tract as blood passes what nutrients are absorbed into the extra cellular fluid
Carbohydrates, fatty acids, amino acids
The membrane between the alveoli in the lumen of the pulmonary capillaries is called what
Alveolar membrane it is 0.4-2.0 micrometers thick
What are the functions of the liver?
Changes chemical compositions of substances to more usable forms and eliminates certain waste products
What is the most abundant of all metabolism products?
Carbon dioxide
Passage of blood through the kidneys remove what
Carbon dioxide, urea, uric acid 
Detoxification or removal of ingested, drugs and chemicals that’s turned into bile and eliminated in the feces, happens where
Liver
The nervous system is composed of what three major parts
Sensory input portion
Central nervous system
Motor output portion
CNS is composed of what
Brain and spinal cord
Autonomic system operates at a subconscious level and controls what
Heart, G.I. tract, secretion of many other glands
Hormones from the endocrine gland are transported in
Extra cellular fluid
The respiratory system and the nervous system control what
Amount of carbon dioxide an extra cellular fluid
The liver and pancreas control
Glucose concentration in the extracellular fluid
Kidneys, regulate concentrations of
Hydrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphate, and other ions in the extra cellular fluid
Regulation of oxygen concentration in the tissues relies on what
Oxygen buffering function of hemoglobin
The negative feedback control of high arterial pressure causes what
Decreased sympathetic activity, causing dilation of blood vessels
Baroreceptors are found where
Bifurcation of the carotid, arteries, arch of the aorta, thorax
Negative feedback control system is activated when
Some factor becomes excessive or deficient
What is the formula for gaining control system?
Gain equals correction divided by error
Gain of control system for temperature is much more effective than baroreceptor pressure control system
The initiating stimulus causes more of the same
Positive feedback system
Examples of positive feedback control system
Blood clotting, childbirth, generation of nerve signals, or action potential
Are the brand uses feed forward control to cause
Required muscle contractions 
 Continuous correction of feedforward signals from the brain to the muscle is called what
Adaptive control, which is delayed negative feedback
Average male body water is about 60% of body weight with age this decreases why
Declining, skeletal muscle mass and increasing fat mass
50 to 70% of the human body is fluid 2/3 is located where
2/3 inside the cells and 1/3 in extra cellular fluid surrounding the sauce and circulating blood
All substances that make up a cell collectively
Protoplasm
5 substances that make up the protoplasm
Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Most abundance substances in cells
- Water
- Proteins (10-20% cell mass)
Two types of proteins
Structural and functional
Structural proteins in long filaments to form
Microtubules which provides cytoskeleton’s of cellular organelles, such as cilia nerve axons
Functional proteins, responsible for
Splitting glucose using the components with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water by producing energy for cellular function
Highly organized, physical structures within the cell
Intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria, accounts for 95% of the cells, energy
The basic, lipid bilayer is composed of three main types of lipids
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Cholesterol
The most abundant cell membrane lipid type is
Phospholipids
The phosphate end of the phospholipid is
Hydrophilic, water, loving
The fatty acid portion of the phosphate end is
Hydrophobic water hating
These fat, soluble substances can easily penetrate the lipid layer of the membrane
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol
Sphingolipid serve these functions
Protection from harmful environmental factors
Signal transmission
Adhesion site for extra cellular proteins
Cholesterol molecules in the cell membrane do this
Determine the degree of permeability
Controls fluidity of the membrane
The two types of cell membrane proteins are
Integral, which protrude all the way through the membrane and peripheral
The integral proteins provide structural channels, or pores and other integral proteins act as carrier proteins to help substances get through the lipid bilayer
Membrane carbohydrates combine with proteins or lipids in the form of glycol, proteins or glycolipids. Most integral proteins are glycoproteins.
Proteoglycans are carbohydrates loosely attached to the outer surface of the cell, which has a loose carbohydrate coat called
Glycocalyx
Is known to regulate Vascular permeability, cellular interactions with the endothelium, signal, transduction, and molecular bio availability and signaling
Glycocalyx
Five important organelles found within the cytoplasm
The endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, lysosomes, peroxisome
The endoplasmic reticulum a network of tubular structure is called
Cisternae
The endoplastic reticulum helps process molecules and transport them to specific destinations inside or outside the cell
These can be found attached to the outer surfaces of the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosomes
Composed of a mixture of RNA and proteins. Their function is to synthesize new protein molecules in the cell.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes and serves this function
Synthesis of lipids, substances
The Golgi apparatus has four or more stacked layers of thin, flat vesicles and serves its function
Substances from the ER are transported here to form lysosome’s Secretário vesicles, which are sorted and packaged
Lysosomes are vascular, organelles that form by breaking off the Golgi apparatus and dispersed throughout the cytoplasm function to
Provide an intracellular digestive system they digest
Damaged cellular structures
Food particles
Unwanted matter, such as bacteria 
A hydrolytic enzymes does this
Splits organic compounds into two or more parts by combining hydrogen from a water, molecule and combining hydroxyl portion of water molecule with part of the compound examples, protein to form amino acids, glycogen to Farm glucose, lipids to Farm, fatty acids and glycerol
Hydrolytic enzymes are highly concentrated in
Lisosomes
Peroxisome’s – self replicate
Physically similar to lysosome’s, but contain oxidases rather than hydrolysis, combined oxygen and hydrogen ions from intracellular chemicals to form hydrogen peroxide, which is used in association with catalase
Converts alcohol into acetaldehyde
Major function of paroxysm is to catalyze long chain fatty acids 
Mitochondria the powerhouse, more prominent in cardiac cells than fat cells how many infoldings to form tubules called Kristi, which provided a large surface area for chemical reactions. This area is filled with matrix, I oxidative enzymes on the cristae, cause oxidation of nutrients forming carbon dioxide and water releasing energy a.k.a. ATP
Mitochondria can self replicate. They also are abundant in skeletal muscle, as well as cardiac muscle cells can range from 100 up to several thousand depending on the energy requirements of the cell.
Cristae can be found where
Infoldings of the mitochondria
Cisternae can be found where
Tubular structures within the endoplasmic reticulum
Describe the nucleus
Control center of the cell sends messages to the cell to grow and mature, replicate, or die, contains large quantities of DNA, which comprise the genes
The nucleolus is an organelle does not have a limiting membrane. It consists of large amounts of RNA and proteins of the types found in ribosomes. 
Endocytosis is ingestion by the cell. What are the two types
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
In pinocytosis, these things are used in the process of invagination
Clathrin, Actin, myosin after invagination, it forms a penis to the vesicle
This form of endocytosis uses ATP energy and digest molecules in fluid
Pinocytosis
This form of endocytosis involves large particles, and is typically macrophages and white blood cells
Often eats bacterium, dead cells or tissue debris
Phagocytosis
These digest Pinosa Sitarik, and phagocytic foreign substances in the cell immediately after phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Liza Zomes attach themselves to the vesicle and empty their acid, hydrolysis in the vesicle they hydrolyze proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, -the products of digestion are amino acids glucose and phosphates, which make their way into the cytoplasm left over is called residual body and his excreted by exocytosis
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis vesicles containing lysozymes can be called
Digestive organs of the cells
Cells extract energy from food Zach chemically react with
Oxygen, carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Carbohydrates convert to glucose in the digestive track and liver
Proteins convert two amino acids
Fats are converted into fatty acids
One ATP releases its energy, if phosphoric acid radical is split away to form
Adenosine diphosphate or ADP
95% of the cells ATP formation occurs in the
Mitochondria
Pyruvic acid from carbohydrates, fatty acids from lipids, amino acids, proteins is converted into
Acetyl coenzyme A (COA) in the mitochondria
In the Krebs cycle acetyl COA is split into hydrogen atoms and carbon dioxide then what happens
Carbon dioxide exit through the lungs. Hydrogen atoms are highly reactive and combine with oxygen in which the mitochondria convert large amounts of ADP to ATP this process is called chemioosmotic mechanism of ATP formation
Energy from ATP is used to promote three major categories of cellular function. What are they?
Transport of substance through multiple cell membranes - supply energy for transport of sodium through the cell membrane
Synthesis of chemical compounds through the cell - promote proteins synthesis by the ribosomes
Mechanical work - supply energy needed during muscle contraction
Renal tubular cells use as much as 80% of the ATP they form for membrane transport 
Ciliary and amoeboid motion require large quantities of ATP energy
Describe amoeboid locomotion. This is a crawling, like movement of an entire cell example white blood cells through tissues.
The pseudopodium projects away from the cell body and partially secures itself in a new tissue area. Then the remainder of the cell is pulled forward toward the pseudopodium. Appearance is an elongated cell 
Through aerobic respiration in the mitochondria and cytoplasm, one molecule of glucose produces
38 ATP molecules
The two types of cilia are mortal and non-mortal mortal. Celia undergo a whiplike movement on the surface of cells, and is found where in the human body.
Respiratory airways
Fallopian tubes
Nasal cavity -movement causes a layer of mucus to move at a rate of 1 cm per minute toward the pharynx, clearing the passage ways
The basic building blocks of RNA
Ribose and uracil
The four nucleotides used to farm RNA contain these bases
Adenine
Guanine
Cystocine
Uracil
Extra cellular fluid contains what
Higher sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, oxygen glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, carbon dioxide
Intracellular contains
Potassium, magnesium phosphate, ions
Extracellular fluid the internal environment 60% of the body, constant motion circulating blood capillary walls contains ions and nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty substances, calcium, potassium, sodium
What are the three phases of cell mitosis?
Interphase (s phase) - cell grows chromosomes are duplicated with DNA
Mitosis - what started can’t stop chroma zone copies are separated, and move to opposite ends of the cell
Cytokinesis - cell divides into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other into the parent cell
All DNA in a cell constitutes the cells?
Genome
DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into?
Chromosomes
Histones function is white
To package DNA into structural units called nucleosome’s. They also play a role in gene regulation.
DNA polymerase is proofread newly made DNA replacing any incorrect nucleotides. DNA can be damaged by exposure to harmful chemicals or physical agents.
What are the three phases in nucleotide excision Repair?
Nucleus cuts out the bad
DNA polymerase replaces
DNA ligase put it back together
There are five stages to mitosis with the acronym. Please pass me another tequila they are.
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
