Study Guide Exam 1

Question 1

What is the World Health Organization’s definition of health?

Answer 1

“A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease”
This embodies the holistic view of health

Question 2

What is Healthy People 2030?

Answer 2

Released by US DHHS in August of 2020, a ten year plan aimed to improve the health and well-being of Americans.

Question 3

7 principles of Healthy people 2030?

Answer 3

Health/wellbeing of all people is essential to a thriving, equitable society
Promoting health and well being and preventing diseases are linked efforts that encompass all health dimensions
Investing to achieve the full potential for health and well-being for all provides valuable benefits to society
Achieving health and well-being requires eliminating health disparities, achieving health equity, and attaining health literacy
Healthy physical, social, and economic environments strenghten the potential to achieve health and wellbeing
Promoting and achieving the nation’s health and wellbeing is a shared responsibility that is distributed across the national, state, tribal, and community labels, including the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors
Working to attain the full potential for health and wellbeing of the population is a component of decision making and policy formation across all sectors (healthy people 2030)

Question 4

What is the Health Impact Pyramid?

Answer 4

shows potential impact of public health interventions on a population’s health
Addressing the problems at the bottom has more of an impact than the top.
Changing default (second tier) examples are like de-leading paint and iodizing salt.

Question 5

What are examples of behavioral risk factors?

Answer 5

Smoking, drug use, unsafe sex, not exercising, bad diet, unsafe driving

Question 6

What are the 9 infographic strategies?

Answer 6

1. Organize–establish role of geography, cause, chronological sequence and the facts of the objects involved (train accident infographic)
2. Make visible–visibly represent distance, etc
3. Establish context–let viewer experience from a perspective that shows the whole story
4. Simplify– be direct and omit extraneous properties of representation
5. Add redundancy– redundancy is the opposite of information–it offsets noise
6. Cause and effect–examining reasoning and causality (John Snow’s infographic)
7. Compare and Contrast–comparing the cause and effect to something else to put into context
8. Multiple Dimensions–showing lots of information in one graphic (Napoleons failed march due to size, latitude, temperature, longitude, date, etc)
9. Integrate–tell a coherent story

Question 7

What are ADLs and IADLs?

Answer 7

ADLs are personal care functions with which a disabled person may need assistance (dressing, bathing, toileting, transfering, ambulating grooming)
Instrumental activities of of daily living measures activities necessary for living independently in the community (using a phone, driving or using public transit, shopping, prepping meals)

Question 8

Explain Private and Public Insurance.

Answer 8

Public Insurance–Medicare (entitlement)–elderly and certain disabled people; Medicaid, CHIP–indigent poor people if eligibility is met, VA benefits
Private Insurance–employer given or self bought. After WWII wages were frozen but health insurance was offered as benefits. Tart Hartly Act made sure health insurance was a condition of employment and the IRS ruled that employer provided health insurance was not subject to tax

Question 9

Louis Pasteur:

Answer 9

created germ theory of disease and microbiology, sterilization techniques such as boiling to kill microorganisms, fermentation

Question 10

Robert Koch

Answer 10

provided experimental support for infectious disease, Germ theory of disease, Koch’s postulates to determine if microorganism is a cause of a disease

Question 11

Joseph Lister:

Answer 11

cleaning surgical sites with carbolic acid to reduce infection

Question 12

Alexander Fleming

Answer 12

penicillin

Question 13

Why did doctors lose their influence and when?

Answer 13

Insurance companies capping surgery costs during 1980s

Question 14

What is the significance of the ACA?

Answer 14

Created in 2010, this act implemented free preventative services for about 137 million people and children. This increased access to insurance, primary care, and preventative medicine which keeps them out of the ER which keeps costs down.

Question 15

Why is interoperability important?

Answer 15

Interoperability connects computers between hospitals which means patient medical records could be accessed across networks, eliminating wasted time and resources redoing tests.

Question 16

What are the differences between clinical, administrative, and decision-support information systems?

Answer 16

Clinical systems are EHR and computerized provider order entry. Administrative systems help with HR things (payment, billing, patient acccounting), and decision support are analytical tools or information to support managerial and clinical decision making. It can forecast patient volume and staff requirements and schedule patients

Question 17

What are the Stark Laws/Self referral?

Answer 17

Prohibits doctors from referring patients to healthcare services if they have a financial relationship with the entity providing the service

Question 18

What is the significance of HIPAA? HITECH?

Answer 18

Cannot use personal health information for marketing and mst ask to use for research
HITECH provided financial incentive to switch to EHR (questionable accomplishments)

Question 19

Compare pre-industrialization medicine to post-industrialization.

Answer 19

Pre: medical profession was a trade because there were no barriers/qualifications necessary. Demand was low and unstable. Barber poles signified blood and bandages because they used the same tools for both practices. Hospitals were undeveloped and there were asylums and dispenseries.
Post industrialization, there was lisencing, more stable demand, hospitals became center for medicine and urbanization led to roads and people would travel to drs. Public health and mental health developed.

Question 20

What is the significance of EMTALA?

Answer 20

EMTALA allows everyone to be seen in the ER even without insurance

Question 21

Describe Stickman 2 communities

Answer 21

Fence and safety net represent primary and secondary care

Question 22

How did the states deal with mental health crises?

Answer 22

imprison them

Question 23

What were public health methods in pre industrial era?

Answer 23

Quarantine ships to avoid illness

Question 24

What were the 7 industrial era things that gave doctors power?

Answer 24

Urbanization, science/tech, institutionalization (hospitals), dependency (get out of work), autonomy and organization (AMA), lisencing, educational reform

Question 25

What is the significance of the Flexner Report?

Answer 25

Made medical schools in the US to make higher standards for admission and graduation. Schools that did not meet the proposed standards were forced to close

Question 26

Compare osteopathic and allopathic medicine.

Answer 26

Osteopathic emphasizes musculoskeletal system and utilizes preventative med (more holistic). Allopathic is active intervention to counteract and neutralize the effects of disease. DOs usually generalists and MD usually specialists

Question 27

Who is the “gatekeeper” and why does that system exist? What are drawbacks to this system?

Answer 27

Gatekeepers are the primary care physicians which controls cost and utilization. Drawbacks could be danger for the patient if they need a specialists STAT