Study guide chapter 2 Flashcards
Define propositional calculus
a logical language concerned with propositions built up out of other propositions.
Define propositional variables
They stand for proportions, which can vary from argument to argument
What are proportional operators.
The parts of the arguments that have not been replaced by propositional variables.
What are the most standard logical operators in English?
words like if, then, not, either, or, and e.tc
Give an example of a conditional proposition
If p then q
What does the antecedent mean
The “front bit” of a conditional proposition
What does the consequent mean?
The “second bit” of an argument.
If p then q is often written like p -> q. What are some other things which mean the same proposition?
If p, q
q if p
p only if q
only if q, p.
Generally, a proposition that appears immediately after only is is what?
The consequent of a conditional (and should appear after the arrow).
Generally, what is a proposition immediately after if?
The antecedent of a conditional (and should appear before the arrow).
What is the negation of p?
Not p.
What is the negand of not p?
p.
What does negation do?
Change the truth value of the proposition
Is the proposition of ‘some spaniards are not Catholics’ the negation of the proposition ‘some spaniards are catholics’?
No. The former does not deny what the latter one says.
unless is a word used often to indicate what?
A conditional, however it is hard to know how to then translate this to PC.
