Study Guide Chap 10-13 A&P Flashcards
Chemical substance released in one tissue & transported by bloodstream to regulate metabolic activity of other cells in body.
Hormone
Master Gland - Gland releases hormones that control other Endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland
Group of hormones that regulates activities of male & female sex organs (gonads) & the Anterior Pituitary Gland produces 2 gonadotropins: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
Gonadotropins
Regulates Endocrine activity of cortex portion of Adrenal Gland
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH
(Women) Stimulates follicle and egg development in ovaries and secretion of estrogen. (Men) Stimulates sperm production by the testes.
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
(Women) Triggers ovulation of egg from ovaries causing producing progesterone & estrogen. (Men) Stimulates testosterone production by testes.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Produced by Hypothalamus & stored in Posterior Pituitary until released.
ADH FUNCTION = Causes kidneys to reabsorb water from forming urine = Decreased urine volume & Increased blood volume.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Anterior Petuitary produces how many hormones?
7
The Posterior Petuitary stores what 2 hormones?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin Released during childbirth, Stimulates powerful contractions of uterine muscles during labor, sex, and breastfeeding.
Produced by Outer Zone of Adrenal Cortex – Regulate Water & Electrolyte Balance
Mineralocorticoids:
• Aldosterone – Regulate mineral salt content of the blood = Na+ & K+ Ions.
Target kidney tubules.
• Increased Aldosterone = Increased Sodium & Potassium Ions into urine.
• When Sodium Reabsorbed, Water Follows
• Renin – Enzyme produced by kidneys that causes release of Aldosterone.
Middle Layer - Promote normal cell metabolism & resist long-term stressors by Increasing Blood Glucose. Suppresses Inflammation.
Glucocorticoids:
• Cortisone – Suppresses immune system by reducing inflammation, pain & swelling @ injury site.
• Cortisol – Released in response to stress & low blood glucose
Inner Zone – Produce male (Testosterone) & female sex hormones
Androgens
Increases rate and force of cardiac contractions, blood pressure, blood glucose, and dilate small passageways of lungs
Catecholamine
Released into bloodstream by Adrenal Medulla when stimulated by Sympathetic Nervous System & responsible for Fight or Flight response.
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Secrete Insulin – Insulin released as Blood Glucose increases to sweep glucose out
Beta Cells
Secrete Glucagon – Target Organ = Liver. Glucagon released when Blood Glucose is Low to stimulate glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, & fatty acid release
Alpha Cells
Made by Thyroid Gland and is most important in childhood. Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into the bones by stimulating Osteoblasts. (Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Antagonist)
Calcitonin
Islets of Langerhans are endocrine glands found where?
Pancreatic Islets
stimulates the Thyroid Gland to produce Thyroxine (T4), and then Triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.
• TSH
Excessive urination to flush out the glucose and ketones.
Polyuria
Excessive thirst resulting from water loss.
Polydipsia
Hunger due to the inability to use glucose, & loss of fats/proteins from body.
Polyphagia
• Hormone produced by the developing embryo and the fetal part of the placenta.
&
stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone, so that the lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Connective/Vascular Tissue - Transports everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body: nutrients, hormones, wastes headed for elimination, and body heat.
Blood
Made by the Liver, are the most abundant solutes in plasma. Albumin, clotting protiens and antibodies.
Plasma Proteins
Important blood Buffer, acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, and contributes to osmotic pressure (Water) of the blood.
• Albumin
Normal PH of the blood?
7.35-7.45
is an iron-binding protein that transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.
Hemoglobin
Determines the percentage of RBC’s in total blood volume Males 46% Females 42%
Hematocrit
Substances, mostly protein, trigger an immune response & protects body from infection.
Antigens
Found in membranes of all cells, are substances that your immune system recognizes as “normal” and ignores them.
Surface Antigens (Agglutinogens)
Which Vitamin affects almost all aspects of clotting?
Vitamin K
A thin, whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma.
Buffy Coat
• Contains Leukocytes (WBC’s) that act in various ways to protect the body.
• Contains Platelets, cell fragments that help stop bleeding
Granule-containing WBCs with lobed nuclei = Basophil, Eosinophil, & Neutrophils.
Granulocytes
Lack visible cytoplasmic granules, and have nuclei that are closer to normal – spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped = Lymphocyte & Monocyte.
Agranulocytes
RBC Life span?
120 Days, 700 miles
3 Phases of Blood homeostatsis (clotting)
- Vascular spasm- Vaso constriction
- Platelet Plug Formation – Injury to lining of vessel (endothelium) exposes collagen fibers, platelets become “sticky” and adhere to damaged site. Release chemical to attract more platelets that form a “platelet plug” or “white thrombus”.
- Coagulation (Clotting) - Phase includes conversion of circulating “fibrinogen” into the insoluble protein “fibrin” called a “Cascade” = chain-reaction
How long does it take blood to clot?
Occurs within 3-6 minutes, but starts within 15 seconds of injury
When a thrombus (clot) breaks away from vessel and floats freely in bloodstream; harmless until it lodges in vessel (PE, Ischemic stroke, etc.)
Embolus
Hemolytic disease of the newborn, where Rh-negative mother produces massive amounts of anti-Rh antibodies, which attack and hemolyze the RBCs of the Rh-positive fetus, producing a dangerous anemia.
Hemolysis
Given to pregnant women who are Rh-negative and are carrying an Rh-positive baby.
• Reacts with, and “covers up” the antigen sites on fetal cells, thus preventing the mother’s immune system from being stimulated to produce the antibodies.
RhoGAM (RhO Immune Globulin)-
Efferent Vessels, carry blood AWAY from the Heart.
Arteries
Afferent Vessels, return blood TO the heart
Veins
2 Layers of the Pericardium
- Fiberous Pericardium
2. Serous Pericardium
2 Layers of the Serous Pericardium
- Parietal Pericardium
2. Visceral Pericardium
Space between the Parietal & Visceral layers of the Serous Pericardium that contains a small quantity of pericardial fluid that is secreted by the pericardial membranes.
Pericardial Cavity
Backward flow of blood due to a valve that doesn’t close tightly = Incompetent Valve
Regurgitation
Occurs when a stiff or narrowed valve causes Turbulent (Chaotic) blood flow.
Stenosis
2 Branches of R coronary artery
Marginal Branch
Posterior Descending branch
2 branches of the L coronary artery
Left anterior descending
Left circumflex
Irregularities in the hearts electrical activity, some of which can be immediately fatal. Example: V-Tach, V-Fib
Dysrhythmia
Amount of blood pumped out by each Ventricle in 1 minute.
Cardiac Output (CO)
Heart Rate (bpm) x Stroke Volume (mLs/sec)
Cardiac Output
Volume of blood pumped out of one Ventricle with each heartbeat.
Stroke Volume (SV)
Heart Orientation
- Apex is directed toward Left Hip, rests on Diaphragm at 5th intercostal space.
- Base points toward the Right Shoulder, Lies beneath the 2nd Rib.
- Sits at an angle to the Longitudinal Axis of the body
- Rotated slightly toward the left = Anterior surface consists of Right Atrium/ Right Ventricle.
- Innermost layer of a blood vessel. It includes the endothelial lining of the vessel and an underlying layer of connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers.
Tunica Interna
Middle layer. It contains smooth muscle tissue in a framework of collagen and elastic fibers. These smooth muscles change the diameter of the vessel when they contract (decreases) and relax (increases).
Tunica Media
Forms a sheath of connective tissue around the vessel. The collagen fibers of this layer may intertwine with adjacent tissues to stabilize and anchor the vessel.
Tunica Externa
The difference between Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure.
Pulse Pressure
Normal Pulse Pressure
40 mmHg
Arteries that Supply the Large Intestine
Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Supplies 1st half of large intestine & majority of small intestine.
Inferior Mesenteric Artery - Supplies the 2nd half of the large intestine.
Veins that Return Blood to the Superior Vena Cava
Brachiocephalic Veins (Veins from Head & Arms) - Are the large veins, receiving drainage from subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins that drain into the superior vena cava
