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Chap 10-13 > Study Guide Chap 10-13 A&P > Flashcards

Study Guide Chap 10-13 A&P Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical substance released in one tissue & transported by bloodstream to regulate metabolic activity of other cells in body.

A

Hormone

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2
Q

Master Gland - Gland releases hormones that control other Endocrine glands

A

Pituitary Gland

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3
Q

Group of hormones that regulates activities of male & female sex organs (gonads) & the Anterior Pituitary Gland produces 2 gonadotropins: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH).

A

Gonadotropins

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4
Q

Regulates Endocrine activity of cortex portion of Adrenal Gland

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH

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5
Q

(Women) Stimulates follicle and egg development in ovaries and secretion of estrogen. (Men) Stimulates sperm production by the testes.

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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6
Q

(Women) Triggers ovulation of egg from ovaries causing producing progesterone & estrogen. (Men) Stimulates testosterone production by testes.

A

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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7
Q

Produced by Hypothalamus & stored in Posterior Pituitary until released.
ADH FUNCTION = Causes kidneys to reabsorb water from forming urine = Decreased urine volume & Increased blood volume.

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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8
Q

Anterior Petuitary produces how many hormones?

A

7

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9
Q

The Posterior Petuitary stores what 2 hormones?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin Released during childbirth, Stimulates powerful contractions of uterine muscles during labor, sex, and breastfeeding.

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10
Q

Produced by Outer Zone of Adrenal Cortex – Regulate Water & Electrolyte Balance

A

Mineralocorticoids:
• Aldosterone – Regulate mineral salt content of the blood = Na+ & K+ Ions.
Target kidney tubules.
• Increased Aldosterone = Increased Sodium & Potassium Ions into urine.
• When Sodium Reabsorbed, Water Follows
• Renin – Enzyme produced by kidneys that causes release of Aldosterone.

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11
Q

Middle Layer - Promote normal cell metabolism & resist long-term stressors by Increasing Blood Glucose. Suppresses Inflammation.

A

Glucocorticoids:
• Cortisone – Suppresses immune system by reducing inflammation, pain & swelling @ injury site.
• Cortisol – Released in response to stress & low blood glucose

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12
Q

Inner Zone – Produce male (Testosterone) & female sex hormones

A

Androgens

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13
Q

Increases rate and force of cardiac contractions, blood pressure, blood glucose, and dilate small passageways of lungs

A

Catecholamine

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14
Q

Released into bloodstream by Adrenal Medulla when stimulated by Sympathetic Nervous System & responsible for Fight or Flight response.

A

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

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15
Q

Secrete Insulin – Insulin released as Blood Glucose increases to sweep glucose out

A

Beta Cells

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16
Q

Secrete Glucagon – Target Organ = Liver. Glucagon released when Blood Glucose is Low to stimulate glycogen breakdown, glucose synthesis, & fatty acid release

A

Alpha Cells

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17
Q

Made by Thyroid Gland and is most important in childhood. Decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into the bones by stimulating Osteoblasts. (Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Antagonist)

A

Calcitonin

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18
Q

Islets of Langerhans are endocrine glands found where?

A

Pancreatic Islets

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19
Q

stimulates the Thyroid Gland to produce Thyroxine (T4), and then Triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.

A

• TSH

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20
Q

Excessive urination to flush out the glucose and ketones.

A

Polyuria

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21
Q

Excessive thirst resulting from water loss.

A

Polydipsia

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22
Q

Hunger due to the inability to use glucose, & loss of fats/proteins from body.

A

Polyphagia

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23
Q

• Hormone produced by the developing embryo and the fetal part of the placenta.
&
stimulates the ovaries to continue producing estrogen and progesterone, so that the lining of the uterus is not sloughed off in menses.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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24
Q

Connective/Vascular Tissue - Transports everything that must be carried from one place to another within the body: nutrients, hormones, wastes headed for elimination, and body heat.

A

Blood

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25
Q

Made by the Liver, are the most abundant solutes in plasma. Albumin, clotting protiens and antibodies.

A

Plasma Proteins

26
Q

Important blood Buffer, acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, and contributes to osmotic pressure (Water) of the blood.

A

• Albumin

27
Q

Normal PH of the blood?

A

7.35-7.45

28
Q

is an iron-binding protein that transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood.

A

Hemoglobin

29
Q

Determines the percentage of RBC’s in total blood volume Males 46% Females 42%

A

Hematocrit

30
Q

Substances, mostly protein, trigger an immune response & protects body from infection.

A

Antigens

31
Q

Found in membranes of all cells, are substances that your immune system recognizes as “normal” and ignores them.

A

Surface Antigens (Agglutinogens)

32
Q

Which Vitamin affects almost all aspects of clotting?

A

Vitamin K

33
Q

A thin, whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma.

A

Buffy Coat
• Contains Leukocytes (WBC’s) that act in various ways to protect the body.
• Contains Platelets, cell fragments that help stop bleeding

34
Q

Granule-containing WBCs with lobed nuclei = Basophil, Eosinophil, & Neutrophils.

A

Granulocytes

35
Q

Lack visible cytoplasmic granules, and have nuclei that are closer to normal – spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped = Lymphocyte & Monocyte.

A

Agranulocytes

36
Q

RBC Life span?

A

120 Days, 700 miles

37
Q

3 Phases of Blood homeostatsis (clotting)

A
  1. Vascular spasm- Vaso constriction
    1. Platelet Plug Formation – Injury to lining of vessel (endothelium) exposes collagen fibers, platelets become “sticky” and adhere to damaged site. Release chemical to attract more platelets that form a “platelet plug” or “white thrombus”.
  3. Coagulation (Clotting) - Phase includes conversion of circulating “fibrinogen” into the insoluble protein “fibrin” called a “Cascade” = chain-reaction
38
Q

How long does it take blood to clot?

A

Occurs within 3-6 minutes, but starts within 15 seconds of injury

39
Q

When a thrombus (clot) breaks away from vessel and floats freely in bloodstream; harmless until it lodges in vessel (PE, Ischemic stroke, etc.)

A

Embolus

40
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn, where Rh-negative mother produces massive amounts of anti-Rh antibodies, which attack and hemolyze the RBCs of the Rh-positive fetus, producing a dangerous anemia.

A

Hemolysis

41
Q

Given to pregnant women who are Rh-negative and are carrying an Rh-positive baby.
• Reacts with, and “covers up” the antigen sites on fetal cells, thus preventing the mother’s immune system from being stimulated to produce the antibodies.

A

RhoGAM (RhO Immune Globulin)-

42
Q

Efferent Vessels, carry blood AWAY from the Heart.

A

Arteries

43
Q

Afferent Vessels, return blood TO the heart

A

Veins

44
Q

2 Layers of the Pericardium

A
  1. Fiberous Pericardium

2. Serous Pericardium

45
Q

2 Layers of the Serous Pericardium

A
  1. Parietal Pericardium

2. Visceral Pericardium

46
Q

Space between the Parietal & Visceral layers of the Serous Pericardium that contains a small quantity of pericardial fluid that is secreted by the pericardial membranes.

A

Pericardial Cavity

47
Q

Backward flow of blood due to a valve that doesn’t close tightly = Incompetent Valve

A

Regurgitation

48
Q

Occurs when a stiff or narrowed valve causes Turbulent (Chaotic) blood flow.

A

Stenosis

49
Q

2 Branches of R coronary artery

A

Marginal Branch

Posterior Descending branch

50
Q

2 branches of the L coronary artery

A

Left anterior descending

Left circumflex

51
Q

Irregularities in the hearts electrical activity, some of which can be immediately fatal. Example: V-Tach, V-Fib


A

Dysrhythmia

52
Q

Amount of blood pumped out by each Ventricle in 1 minute.

A

Cardiac Output (CO)

53
Q

Heart Rate (bpm) x Stroke Volume (mLs/sec)

A

Cardiac Output

54
Q

Volume of blood pumped out of one Ventricle with each heartbeat.

A

Stroke Volume (SV)

55
Q

Heart Orientation

A
  • Apex is directed toward Left Hip, rests on Diaphragm at 5th intercostal space.
  • Base points toward the Right Shoulder, Lies beneath the 2nd Rib.
  • Sits at an angle to the Longitudinal Axis of the body
  • Rotated slightly toward the left = Anterior surface consists of Right Atrium/ Right Ventricle.
56
Q
  • Innermost layer of a blood vessel. It includes the endothelial lining of the vessel and an underlying layer of connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers. 

A

Tunica Interna

57
Q

Middle layer. It contains smooth muscle tissue in a framework of collagen and elastic fibers. These smooth muscles change the diameter of the vessel when they contract (decreases) and relax (increases). 


A

Tunica Media

58
Q

Forms a sheath of connective tissue around the vessel. The collagen fibers of this layer may intertwine with adjacent tissues to stabilize and anchor the vessel.

A

Tunica Externa

59
Q

The difference between Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure.

A

Pulse Pressure

60
Q

Normal Pulse Pressure

A

40 mmHg

61
Q

Arteries that Supply the Large Intestine

A

Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Supplies 1st half of large intestine & majority of small intestine.
Inferior Mesenteric Artery - Supplies the 2nd half of the large intestine.

62
Q

Veins that Return Blood to the Superior Vena Cava

A

Brachiocephalic Veins (Veins from Head & Arms) - Are the large veins, receiving drainage from subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins that drain into the superior vena cava

Chap 10-13 (1 decks)

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