Study Guide Flashcards
Mood Disorders Depression?
May be known as unipolar depression
Occurs without a history of mania or mixed episode of depression or mania or hyper mania
What are the symptoms of depression?
Change in appetite Change if weight Change is sleep Lack of energy Feeling of guilt Problems thinking difficult making decisions Recurring thoughts of death or suicide
Manic Episode?
Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood lasting >1 week
Hypomanic Episode
Latest less than 4 days. it’s similar to mania but without impairment to occupation
Hypomanic and manic episode are assocaited with ?
self-esteem intractability
Physical and mental activity
risky behaviors and sleep depravation
Bipolar I have ?
1 manic episode and sometimes depressive episode
Bipolar II have?
Depression and hypomania
What is Dysthymia ?
At least 2 years of depression
What is Cyclothymia ?
At least 2 years of hypomanic and depressive symptoms
What are comorbidities associated with mood disorders?
Alcohol abuse/dependent
panic disorder
OCD
Social Anxiety
Major Depressive Disorder May occur?
In a single episode or may be recurrent.
Depressive Episode what is it?
Loss of interest in pleasure. Different than grief.
How depressive episode might look like in children and adolescence?
Running from home/school or do not want to go to school
What could cause depressive episodes in older people?
Lower socioeconomics status
Loss of spouse
Feeling socially isolated
What is mood disorder with psychotic features?
Congruent ( harmony with mood) I feel horrible and I deserve everything to be bad)
What are mood disorder with Melancholic features?
Associated with depression
Profound sad, deep feelings of sadness
What are mood disorder with rapid cycling?
More often in females having 4 episodes with 12 months.
What treatments can OT use with Mood disorders ?
Early detection
Educate workplace managers about the impact of depression and bipolar disorders
OT can implement screenings for employees to enhance early detection
OT can provide training in resilience and stress management
Provide materials and teach programs to help recognize triggers and self-management
Care seeking
What are two from of psychotherapy in mood disorder treatment?
CBT - help individuals decrease maladaptive behavior to stimulus
IPT (interpersonal psychotherapy) - Can improve social networks, role transitions, interpersonal disputes, social deficits, and maladaptive response to grief
OT has to be trained in …. to help clients with what?
IPSRT to help with stabilizing daily routines, wake/sleep cycles, and important relationships.
What are occupation-based interventions for Mood disorders/
ADLs and IADL
Sleep
Leisure
Social participation
What are examples of Psychoeducation in mood disorders intervention?
Manualized ADL and IADL
Sex
Skills training
What is cognition-based Intervention for mood disorders?
Sleep, ADL/IADL, social and technology0supported interventions
What is Anxiety Disorder?
It’s a genetic predisposition to a response to traumatic events and stress.
Can be accompanied by autonomic symptoms like headaches, tightness of the chest, sweating
What is Fear?
Response to external nonthreat
What is Anxiety?
Often internal and the response to unknown stress
What are the symptoms of Anxiety?
Physiological: Heart palpitation, sweating, nervous.
Cognitive - problems with thinking, concentration, ability to recall and make an association
What is a Panic disorder?
Intense attack of anxiety with feelings of doom. Feelings of fear.
What are the causes of panic disorder?
Recent divorce or separation
What is a panic attack?
It is a sudden period of intense apprehension it can last for minutes to several hours.
Not necessary to an external stimulus
Panic attacks can be a?
recurrent unexpected that follows with the persistence of concern of worry
What physiological symptoms would be noted with a panic attack?
Difficulty breathing Rapid heart rate cognitively ruminate on the subjects Difficulty speaking Memory and deep personalization
What are the examples of treatment for panic disorders?
Medication such as Benzo?
CBT
What are OT treatments for mood disorders?
Work on ADL, IADL
Copying strategies
Sleep
Sleep patterns and hygiene
Agoraphobia?
Fear or anxiety regarding places in which the escape might be the difficulty
What are some treatments in regards to Agoraphobia?
Pharmacology
Psychotherapy - adaptive coping skills
Inside-Oriented Therapy - Address the psychological complex
Behavioral - positive and negative reinforcement, sympathetic desensitization
Cognitive therapy - through creat maladaptive behavior
Virtual Therapy - big push for OT
What is a specific phobia?
Is an excessive fear of specific circumstance or situations. Specific and persistent
What treatments are there for specific phobias?
Behavioral therapy Insight-oriented therapy Virtual therapy -hypnosis Family therapy Exposing therapy Systematic desensitization
What is a social anxiety disorder?
Fear of social interaction.
Not feel of strangers but being embarrassed
General Anxiety Disorder?
A person will be anxious about everything for at least 6 months.
Respond inaccurately when perceiving the danger
What is the treatment for Anxiety?
1/3 seek treatment, chronic and lifelong disorder? Relaxation techniques Biofeedback Supportive therapy Psychoanalytic
What is an OT role with general anxiety when it comes to treatment?
healing with developing insight, body quest and coping strategies
What is Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders?
Group of symptoms that include intrusive task and rituals/time consuming
True or false someone with OCD may have either obsessions or compulsions or both?
Ture
Compulsion is a behavior of what?
Counting checking and washing
What is Obsession?
Recurrent intrusive thoughts feelings or idea or sensation
Due to what factor people will engage in OCD?
Anxiety
What OT can help with when it comes to individuals with OCD?
Recognize signals Modify expectations Remember people get better and different rates Avoid day-to-day comparison Recognize small improvements. Creating a supportive environment. Set limits for the sensitivity to mood. Supporting taking medications as prescribed. Keep communication clear and simple. Separate time is important. It has become all about the OCD. Keep a normal routine. Be aware of family recommendation behavior. Consider using a family contract
What is Trauma-and Stressor-Related Disorder?
Increased stress and anxiety following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event
What are some situations/examples of trauma and stress?
Witness to all being involved in a violent accident a crime, military combat or assault, being kidnapped natural disaster or being that knows the word life-threatening illness.
True or false PTSD can also depend on past experience in life
True
What does stressor have to do with PTSD?
IT’s a primary causative factor in the development of PTSD. But it does not fully contribute to PTSD?
What are the psychodynamic factors with PTSD?
Hypothesize that trauma has reactivated a previously unresolved psychological conflict
Causing regration and use of defense mechanism
What are Cognitive-Behavioral Factors?
Classic conditioning with stimuli. Certain stimuli such as sights, smell or sound can remind of trauma.
What are the symptoms of PTSD?
Intrusion, avoidance, alterations of mood and cognition, hyperarousal must be present for at least a month.
PTSD and gulf war resulted in what symptoms?
Irritability Chronic Fatigue SOB Muscle and joint pain Migraine headaches Digestive disturbances Rash Hair loss Forgetfulness Difficulty concentrating
Define coping?
The way we adjust to stressful demands in life
What are the 4 types of stressors?
Acute Stressor
Stressor sequence
Chronic Intermittent Stressor
chronic, permanent stressor
Define acute stressors…
Short term event that goes away quickly.
Define the stressor sequence..
Cascade of adversity often from a single event. (Snowball affect
Define Chronic intermittent stressor…
intermittently over a period of time. May the car is not reliable once a moth or weak breaks down causing the stress
Define Chronic permanent stressor
Conditions over time. Individuals themselves have a chronic illness can cause stress
What are 3 categories of types of coping?
Behavioral
Avoidance and Cognitive
What are behavioral strategies when it comes to coping?
Actions are made to manage stress
What are avoidance strategies when it comes to coping?
A person chooses to be distracted from the stress or use substance
What are cognitive strategies when it comes to coping?
efforts to analyze the situation to understand the nature of the stress
Does the dissociative disorder involve a disruption in one or more mental function such?
MEMORY, IDENTITY, PERCEPTION, CONSCIOUSNESS OR MOTOR BEHAVIOR.
Dissociative disorders may be?
be sudden or gradual, transient or chronic, and the signs and symptoms of the disorder are often caused by psychological trauma.
Dissociative Amnesia?
- The inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be explained by normal forgetfulness.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder are?
- Persistent or recurrent feeling of detachment or estrangement from one’s self
Derealization are feelings of?
unreality or of being detached from one’s environment.
What is - Dissociative Amnesia
Inability to remember a important personal information due to trauma. Translates without change to identity.
What is - Depersonalization Disorder
Sense of detachment from oneself. Common in collage age populations. Lack of sleep and drug use, feeling like a robot or watching themselves from above
What is- Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
most severe includes all other personality. Can have multiple personalities at any given time. Personality change of time with stress, Physical and sexual abuse
What is - Dissociative Fugue
Temporary loos of personal identity. Associated with travel to new location where they assume new identity. Due to war and natural disasters
Anorexia Nervosa what are the symptoms
unhealthy degree of weight loss and or fails to gain weight proportionally to growth
Intense fear to become fat
What are two types of Anorexia Nervosa?
Restriction and purging
Anorexia Nervosa and food restricting meaning?
they might eat salads
Anorexia nervosa and purging means they might?
Not eat at all
What are the treatments for Anorexia Nervosa?
Hospitalization – restore nutrition and rehydrate
Psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy affected gaining weight, monitor the emotions and feelings, and amount of food.
Dynamic Psychotherapy – build a therapy report and build empathy build relationships
Family Therapy – using family
Positive Reinforcement
Most patients resist treatment
Pharmacotherapy – none.
Bulima Nervosa what is it?
Binge eating combine with inappropriate wats to combat weight gain
Compensatory (Vomiting, laxatives, exercise diuretics) behaviors are used after binge eating
Typically have a normal body weight
OT treatment for eating disorders?
General Principles – treatment client to risk factors and change.
Self Help & Support Groups
Meal Planning and Meal Prep
Lifestyle Redesign & Independent Living Skills
Communication & Assertion Skills
Stress Management
Projective Art
Crafts
Relapse Prevention: PLEASE plan, looking for triggers, eating three meals a day, a needs, support from others and express feeling rather the from behaviors.
Body Image Improvement
What P stands for?
Plan
What L stands for?
Looking for triggers
What E stand for?
eating three meals a day
What A stand for?
A needs
What S stand for?
Support from others
What E stand for?
Express feeling rather than behaviors
Progressive Era started what?
Marked the beginning of OT
What are 3 Social movements
Mental Hygiene movement
Arts and Crafts
Settelment House movement
Mental Hygiene Movement
Late 1800/1908 – focused on providing hospital care and mental illness, focus on occupational engagement.
Arts and Crafts Movement
Late 1900 – simple produced good that individuals could create simple good. Those individuals were working
Settlement House Movement
Later 1900 – Poor placed where immigrates can learn skills.
Biomedical
Focused on parts of the person to treat or manage the disorder, diagnosis or symptom. OT would observe changes and outcomes to prove that OT was affected. Common in inpatient hospital setting
begun in 1940 the aim was to eliminate the symptoms and illness and get rid of disability. Psychosocial and Psychiatric rehabilitation emerge 1970s helped to reduce stigma in mental illness and prove community living and citizenship. Emphasis on anatomy self-determination decision making skills and empowerment. Seen in club house and community treatment models.
Rehabilitation
Recovery
– Process by which individual who lived experience with mental health or substance abuse they undergo a journey to health and reaching their full potential. sense of identity and sense of self. Personal responsibility and meaningful occupations
Empowerment
1980/90. 3 Elements. 1. Power to make choices in life. 2. Process involving self in community. 3 Access to resources such as housing and daily life.
Population and Public Health
Addresses the needs and experiences of large group of people. Peace, income, stability, shelter, ecosystem, social justice, inequality.
Stigma – Fight stigma
is to facilitate contact between public and those subject to stigma. Example would be. If you have individuals within the community that are fearful of diagnosis on schizophrenia you want them to interact and sit down with those kind of individuals to talk and communicate with each other.
Stigma – Fight stigma
is to facilitate contact between public and those subject to stigma. Example would be. If you have individuals within the community that are fearful of diagnosis on schizophrenia you want them to interact and sit down with those kind of individuals to talk and communicate with each other.
Discrete circumstances that are considered to impede one’s water or life-flow. They are life circumstances perceived by the client to be problematic and difficult to remove.
Rocks
The client’s environment, in the context of being inseparable from all of the other river structures- namely water and rocks.
River Walls & Bottom
The client’s personal attributes and resources, that can positively or negatively affect the subject’s circumstance and life flow. They are transient in nature.
Driftwood
The subject’slife energyorlife flow
Water
Factitious Disorder
is associated with an individual who is lying openly about physical or psychological signs and symptoms
malingering disorder
individual may demonstrate factitious signs and symptoms in order to gain external benefits such as financial compensation, evade the police or avoid a work
Neurocognitive
refers to cognitive functions closely linked to the function of particular brain regions, neural pathways, or cortical/subcortical networks in the brain
Psychiatric Disorders
is a behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and it reflects on underlying psychobiological dysfunction that is not solely a result of social deviance or conflicts with society
Somatic Disorder
is characterized by 6 or more months of a general and no delusional preoccupation with fear of having, or the idea that one has a serious disease based on the person misinterpretation of bodily symptoms
OT Treatment Somatic Disorder
Education with introduction on mindfulness medication therapy to reduces stress and anxiety in addition to help with coping strategies. A true medical disorder can be verified through physical and psychological examination to determine the validity of the symptoms. o
