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Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the primary form of communication in patient-centered care?

A

Interpersonal communication: The exchange of information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: (Usually face to face).

  • The primary form of communication in patient-centered care.
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2
Q

What is the difference between Transference and Countertransference? (Froyd)

A

Transference is when a patient feels similar bonds/connections (emotions) with you that he/she feels for or experiences with other family members or friends.
- Either Positive or Negative

Countertransference: A patient reminds you of someone in your personal life and can also be positive or negative.

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3
Q

What is Carl Rodgers philosophy on Congruence?

A

Congruence: complete genuineness. Consistency between thoughts, feelings, expressions, and behaviors

  • Open, authentic, transparent = ability to take risks and share ourselves with our patients.
  • React to the “here and now”
  • It builds trust between patient and therapist
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4
Q

What is the difference between Positive Regard and Unconditional Positive Regard?

A

Positive Regard: All persons have inherent worth
- Does NOT mean that helpers must approve of every patient behavior

Unconditional Positive Regard – view the person as one who is real, valuable, who has dreams, needs, wishes, and hopes
- Never reject the person, but may reject the actions, or challenge distorted beliefs

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5
Q

What is the primary form of communication in patient-centered care?

A

Interpersonal communicationThe exchange of information, feelings, and meaning through verbal and non-verbal messages: (Usually face to face).

  • The primary form of communication in patient-centered care.
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6
Q

What are the forms of nonverbal communication?

A

Facial displays

  • Eye behaviors
  • Body movement
  • Touch behaviors
  • Use of smell
  • Use of space
  • Physical appearance
  • Use of time
  • Use of artifacts
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7
Q

A noncoercive invitation to talk which is a positive, nonjudmental response made during the initial phase of a contact is referred to as ___________.

A

Door openers.

eg. “You look down this morning, do you want to talk about it?”

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8
Q

What are Minimal Encouragers and what’s the purpose of them?

A

Brief supportive statements that convey attention and understanding.

  • They show interest and involvement.
  • Demonstrates that the listener is on track.
  • Reinforces more talking by client, often accompanied by an approving nod of the head.
  • Let’s the client know, you are “present.”
    eg. “I see” “Yes” “Right” “Mhmm”
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9
Q

Whether intentionally or not, we make judgments about others based on their appearance. The ______2 words_______ causes us to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people.

A

Halo Effect

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10
Q

(T/F)

Verbal communication is our primary form of communication. Over 70-90% of communication consists of verbal communication.

A

FALSE

Nonverbal communication is our primary form of communication.

  • Is always present
  • Harder to fabricate (Subconscious)
  • Believed over verbal communication
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11
Q

A close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other’s feelings or ideas and communicate well is referred to as ___________.

A

Rapport

  • Note: The provider needs to apply skills in verbal and nonverbal communication to elicit a thorough history until the provider can be sure they have all of the needed information for patient care. Poor rapport can lead to inaccurate patient histories
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12
Q

Define paraphrasing:

A

Paraphrasing: Distilled version of the content of the client’s message that restates the facts and thoughts in different words in a non-judgmental way.

  • Communicating and demonstrating empathy
  • It’s also an opportunity for the therapist to be corrected if there’s misunderstanding or confirm if there’s clear understanding
  • Elicits deeper emotions and invites clients to explore his/her experience at a deeper level
  • May offer different aspects or interpretations of the client’s experience that might have not been considered
  • People feel more comfortable talking about content and facts
  • Paraphrasing can offer an opportunity for clients to go deeper into their emotions
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13
Q

What is the general purpose and general outcome of paraphrasing in your initial encounter with patients?

A
  • Communicating and demonstrating empathy
  • It’s also an opportunity for the therapist to be corrected if there’s misunderstanding or confirm if there’s clear understanding
  • Elicits deeper emotions and invites clients to explore his/her experience at a deeper level
  • May offer different aspects or interpretations of the client’s experience that might have not been considered
  • People feel more comfortable talking about content and facts
  • Paraphrasing can offer an opportunity for clients to go deeper into their emotions
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14
Q

What is paraphrasing not?

A
  • Parroting
  • Word-for-word reiteration
  • Verbatim statements
  • It does not take sides in the story
  • It’s not judgmental: free from assumptions, biases, stereotypes
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15
Q

Awareness of one’s and other’s feelings, and being able to learn how to discriminate those feelings is referred to as ____2 words___.

A

Emotional Intelligence

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16
Q

_____2 words_____ focuses on emotion/feeling rather than content and thoughts. (paraphrasing)

A

Emotional Intelligence

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17
Q

Why should you never use this question? “How did that MAKE you feel? Why?

A

The word “make” is a forceful word and “why” is a never ending question that may put your clients in defense mode.

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18
Q

_____2 words_____ is when people feel and reflect emotions perceived around them and is a key to building rapport.

A

Emotional contagion

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19
Q

What are the 6 nonverbal and verbal skills used to build rapport?

A
  1. Smiling
  2. Emotional Contagion: feeling and reflecting others emotions
  3. Stereotype Content Model: People trust those and are more likely to mimic those they perceive as warm and competent
  4. Self Verification Theory: People prefer those that resemble the person they want to be
  5. Mere-Exposure Effect: People prefer things that appear more familiar to them (study only things that I know bc it makes me more confident)
  6. Mirroring: The practice of conscious or unconscious mimicking of another to build rapport
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20
Q

Conscious mimicking of one another that builds unconscious rapport is referred to as ___________.

  • Speaking like another
  • Sitting like another
A

Mirroring

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21
Q

When applying verbal and nonverbal skills to build rapport, the _____2 words_____ is when people treat others in a way that models their expectations

A

Pygmalion Effect

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22
Q

What are the 8 ADDITIONAL ways of using verbal and nonverbal skills to build rapport?

A
  1. Spontaneous Trait Transference: People begin to associate adjectives you use about other with yourself.
  2. Triadic closure: People are more likely to trust and befriend their friends’ friends
  3. Gain-Loss Theory: Comments make more of an impact the less you give them
  4. Pratfall effect: People like competent people that will admit mistakes
  5. Self-Disclosure: Very powerful technique for increasing relatedness. People feel closer to those that have disclosed personal feelings
  6. Reciprocity of liking: People like those who they think are like them.
  7. Pygmalion effect: People treat others in a way that models their expectations
  8. Humor: Studies prove that “appropriate” humor increases rapport in business relationships
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23
Q

What is the difference between High-Context Culture and Low-Context Culture?

A

H: communicate in ways that are implicit and rely heavily on context. NON-VERBAL

L: communicate info in direct, explicit, and precise ways. Verbal.

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24
Q

What is the difference between High-Power-Distance Culture and Low-Power-Distance Culture?

A

HPD: higher levels of inequality (lack of equality); hierarchy, defer and obey without questioning. Tradition, community, strict social rules about where you fit in society.

LPD: lower levels of inequality (lack of equality), less willing to accept unequal power distribution. Individualism, and representative governments.

“Some concepts YOU SHOULD KNOW”

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25
Q

The adoption of part of one dominant culture by members of another is referred to as ____2 words____.

  • Primarily seen as Exploitation vs. Appreciation
A

Cultural Appropriation

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26
Q

Commonplace inappropriate verbal or behavioral expression that conveys negative prejudicial slight towards another culture is referred to as ____2 words____.

A

Micro-aggression

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27
Q

What are the 5 Models of Behavioral Change Models ?

HINT: it’s all about the CASH Stupid

A
  1. Contemporary/Community Health Model
  2. ABC Behavior Theory
  3. Social Cognitive Theory
  4. Health Belief Model
  5. Stages of Change Model
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28
Q

Belief that the following community factors has a strong influence on ones behavior:
- Social Awareness
- Culture
- Economics
- Environment
Used to enact political change to address the behavior of the public. Recall DPH1: Health issues become public health issues when they affect others

The statements above describes:
A. Health  Belief Model
B. Stages of Change Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Contemporary/Community Health Model
E. ABC Behavior Theory
A

D. Contemporary/Community Health Model

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29
Q

Water fluoridation provides an easy environmental change to improve oral health without individuals behavior is an example of:

A. Health  Belief Model
B. Stages of Change Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Contemporary/Community Health Model
E. ABC Behavior Theory
A

D. Contemporary/Community Health Model

30
Q

Patient’s swollen gingiva influences him to brush and floss to find relief is an example of:

A. Health  Belief Model
B. Stages of Change Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Contemporary/Community Health Model
E. ABC Behavior Theory
A

E. ABC Behavior Theory

31
Q

A dentist provides oral health instruction on brushing teeth, the patient then models the behavior while brushing his own teeth, then the behavior is reinforced through social feedback is an example of:

A. Health  Belief Model
B. Stages of Change Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Contemporary/Community Health Model
E. ABC Behavior Theory
A

C. Social Cognitive Theory

32
Q

A Person is more likely to change who knows that poor oral hygiene results in pain or loss of teeth and is consistently reminded of need for good oral health through stimuli (presence of toothbrush, etc.) is an example of:

 A. Health  Belief Model
B. Stages of Change Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Contemporary/Community Health Model
E. ABC Behavior Theory
A

A. Health Belief Model

33
Q

A Person in pre-contemplation will unlikely make a behavioral change, in contemplation they are susceptible to recommendations for change, in action they require reinforced support of change (good job!), maintenance they must maintain the behavior is an example of:

A. Health  Belief Model
B. Stages of Change Model
C. Social Cognitive Theory
D. Contemporary/Community Health Model
E. ABC Behavior Theory
A

B. Stages of Change Model

34
Q

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events is referred to as:

A. Social Cognitive Theory
B. ABC Behavior Theory
C. Operant Conditioning
D. Classical Conditioning

A

D. Classical Conditioning

35
Q

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

A. Social Cognitive Theory
B. ABC Behavior Theory
C. Operant Conditioning
D. Classical Conditioning

A

C. Operant Conditioning

36
Q

(T/F)

Taking aspirin can relieve your headache is an example of Positive Reinforcement.

A

FALSE

Positive Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by presenting positive (pleasurable) stimuli. Such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
- removing or reducing something undesirable or unpleasant. Most likely you will repeat this behavior.

(Remember: negative reinforcement is not punishment).

37
Q

(T/F)

A mother gives her son praise (reinforcingstimulus) for doing homework (behavior) is an example of Positive Reinforcement.

A

TRUE

Positive Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by presenting positive (pleasurable) stimuli. Such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
- removing or reducing something undesirable or unpleasant. Most likely you will repeat this behavior.

(Remember: negative reinforcement is not punishment).

38
Q

(T/F)

A father gives his daughter candy for cleaning up toys is an example of Positive Reinforcement.

A

TRUE

Positive Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by presenting positive (pleasurable) stimuli. Such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
- removing or reducing something undesirable or unpleasant. Most likely you will repeat this behavior.

(Remember: negative reinforcement is not punishment).

39
Q

(T/F) Ending withdrawals can be a compelling reason to start using again is an example of Negative Reinforcement.

A

TRUE

Positive Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by presenting positive (pleasurable) stimuli. Such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
- removing or reducing something undesirable or unpleasant. Most likely you will repeat this behavior.

(Remember: negative reinforcement is not punishment).

40
Q

(T/F)

Pushing the snooze button will silence your annoying alarm is an example of Positive Reinforcement.

A

FALSE

Positive Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by presenting positive (pleasurable) stimuli. Such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Negative Reinforcement: Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
- removing or reducing something undesirable or unpleasant. Most likely you will repeat this behavior.

(Remember: negative reinforcement is not punishment).

41
Q

What does the acronym P.A.C.E stand for?

A

P.A.C.E.

Partnership: work collaboratively

Acceptance: of patient autonomy and beliefs

Compassion: do what is best for the patient

Evocation: most change comes from patients own discovery

42
Q

What does the acronym R.E.D.S stand for?

A

Roll with resistance (avoid arguing)

Express empathy

Develop discrepancy- help patients see the consequences of behavior compared to desired result

Support self-efficacy- empower patients to change

43
Q

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli, classical or operant conditioning which is referred to as ____2 words____. (hint: Ivan Pavlov)

A

Associative learning

44
Q

What are the 2 types of interpersonal communication?

A

Verbal and Nonverbal communication

45
Q

What is the difference between Patient-Centered Care and Person-Centered Care?

A

Patient-Centered Care:

Patient Role- wants, needs, and preferences to make decisions

Provider Role- clinical assessment, patient education, support/empowerment

Person-Centered Care: newer concept with a goal to further humanize and treat the person wholistically

46
Q

Why is self-care very important when dealing with patients?

A

Think about your thinking

  • Understand your own feelings
  • Why do I think, feel, and behave like this?
  • You are only as good for your clients as you are for yourself
  • Self-Care
  • Become a client to deal with your own baggage
47
Q

What are the 5 components of the Art of Healing?

A

“Listening Actively Reflects Support and Understanding”

  1. LISTEN
  2. Active listening
  3. Reflective listening
  4. Support
  5. Understanding
48
Q

What are 2 barriers of Effective Listening?

A
  1. Closed-mindedness: refusal even to listen to ideas which you disagree
  2. Competitive Interrupting: interrupting others to control the convo
49
Q

People trust those and are more likely to mimic those they perceive as warm and competent.
This is referred to as:

A. Mere-Exposure Effect
B. Self  Verification Theory
C. Emotional Contagion
D. Stereotype Content Model
E. Self Disclosure
A

D. Stereotype Content Model

50
Q

When people prefer those that resemble the person they want to be.
This is known as:

A. Mere-Exposure Effect
B. Self  Verification Theory
C. Emotional Contagion
D. Stereotype Content Model
E. Self Disclosure
A

B. Self Verification Theory

51
Q

The practice of conscious or unconscious mimicking of another to build rapport is known as:

A. Mere-Exposure Effect
B. Self  Verification Theory
C. Emotional Contagion
D. Mirroring 
E. Self Disclosure
A

D. Mirroring

52
Q

When people prefer things that appear more familiar to them. This is referred to as:

A. Mere-Exposure Effect
B. Self  Verification Theory
C. Emotional Contagion
D. Stereotype Content Model
E. Self Disclosure
A

A. Mere-Exposure Effect

53
Q

People treat others in a way that models their expectations:
This is referred to as:

A. Spontaneous trait transference
B. Triadic closure
C. Pygmalion effect
D. Pratfall effect
E. Self Disclosure
A

C. Pygmalion effect

54
Q

People like competent people that will admit mistakes.
This is referred to as:

A. Spontaneous trait transference
B. Triadic closure
C. Pygmalion effect
D. Pratfall effect
E. Self Disclosure
A

D. Pratfall effect

55
Q

A Very powerful technique for increasing relatedness. People feel closer to those that have disclosed personal feelings.
This is referred to as:

A. Spontaneous trait transference
B. Triadic closure
C. Pygmalion effect
D. Pratfall effect
E. Self Disclosure
A

E. Self Disclosure

56
Q

Comments make more of an impact the less you give them.
This is referred to as:

A. Gain-Loss Theory
B. Triadic closure
C. Pygmalion effect
D. Pratfall effect
E. Self  Verification Theory
A

A. Gain-Loss Theory

57
Q

People are more likely to trust and befriend their friends’ friends.
This is referred to as:

A. Gain-Loss Theory
B. Triadic closure
C. Pygmalion effect
D. Pratfall effect
E. Self  Verification Theory
A

B. Triadic closure

58
Q

What is the difference between Pseudolistening and Selective Listening?

A

Pseudolistening is using feedback behaviors to give the false impression that you’re listening

Selective listening is only listening to the points you want to hear

59
Q

________ is daydreaming while you should be listening.

A. Pseudolistening
B. Selective listening
C. Glazing over
D. Rebuttal tendency

A

C. Glazing over

60
Q

________ is using feedback behaviors to give the false impression that you’re listening.

A. Pseudolistening
B. Selective listening
C. Glazing over
D. Rebuttal tendency

A

A. Pseudolistening

61
Q

______ is the propensity to argue inwardly with a speaker and formulate your responses prematurely.

A. Pseudolistening
B. Selective listening
C. Glazing over
D. Rebuttal tendency

A

D. Rebuttal tendency

62
Q

The 3 misconceptions about listening are:

A. Listening is natural and effortless
B. All listeners experience the same thing
C. Hearing is the same as listening
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

63
Q

Commonplace inappropriate verbal or behavioral expression that conveys negative prejudicial slight towards another culture is referred to as ____________.

A

Microaggression

64
Q

What are the 4 types of countertransference? (hint: FART)

A

Counter with a “FART”

  1. Frustration
  2. Attraction
  3. Repulsion
  4. Trauma
65
Q

In the Health Belief Model, what are the 4 things that can make an individual change his/her behavior?

A

Health Belief Model = Consequences

  1. Perceived susceptibility to a problem
  2. Severity of consequences
  3. Perceived costs and benefits to change
  4. Action stimuli/cues that prompt or remind them of the behavior
66
Q

What are the 4 levels of the Stages of Change Model?

A

Stages of Change Model = Contemplation

  1. Pre-contemplation (Reflect, Empathic listening)
  2. Contemplation (Empathic, Active. Deliver inform)
  3. Action (Process, Support, Support with minimal new information)
  4. Maintenance: (
67
Q

What are the 3 ideas behind the Social Cognitive Theory?

A

Social Cognitive Theory “Can you do it?!”

  1. Self efficacy: Can they effectively do the behavior
  2. Behavioral Modeling: Can they witness and repeat the behavior
  3. Social Reinforcement: Positive Social Consequences
68
Q

Contemporary Community Health Model:
Belief that the following community factors has a strong influence on ones behavior:

What are the community factors?

A

“SEE C”

  1. Social Awareness
  2. Culture
  3. Economics
  4. Environment
69
Q

What is the acronym SBAR stand for?

A
  • Situation
  • Background
  • Assessment
  • Recommendation
70
Q

What 3 steps does Motivational Interviewing include? (hint: in order to get a person to change, bring them to My Personal Environment)

A

Motivational Interviewing includes:

  1. Measuring patients readiness
  2. Providing patient education
  3. Empowering behavioral change
71
Q

Eye behaviors can connote what 4 forms of meaning? (HACI)

Touch behaviors can convey what 4 forms of meaning? (PACA)

A

Eyes: (HACI)

  1. Honest
  2. Attraction
  3. Confidence
  4. Intimidation

Touch: (PACA)

  1. Power and control
  2. Agression
  3. Caregiving
  4. Affection
72
Q

Poor rapport can lead to ______.

A

Inaccurate patient histories

Behavioral Science (3 decks)

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